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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
231

Characterization of Slr1098, a Protein with Similarity to the Bilin Lyase Subunit CpcE from the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Hicks, Kali 06 August 2009 (has links)
The goal of this research is to investigate the role of the slr1098 gene in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a gene with similarity to cpcE which encodes a subunit of an enzyme involved in bilin attachment to phycocyanin. This protein is hypothesized to be involved in oligomerization of phycocyanin due to previous results showing the mutant made shorter phycocyanin rods. The recombinant Slr1098 protein was produced and purified from E. coli cells. Binding assays showed interaction between Slr1098 and both apo- and holo-phycocyanin, but not to apo-allophycocyanin. Slr1098 blocked bilin addition at Cys-82 on CpcB by the CpcS/CpcU bilin lyase. Size exclusion chromatography and sucrose density gradient analysis of complexes formed suggest that Slr1098 strongly interacts with all intermediate forms of phycocyanin and may be an important checkpoint in the biosynthesis and oligomerization of this protein, but that by itself, Slr1098 does not increase oligomerization of phycocyanin.
232

Estrutura e dinâmica da comunidade fitoplanctônica dos reservatórios Billings e Guarapiranga, SP, Brasil. / Billings and Guarapiranga reservoirs (SP, Brazil): phytoplankton community structure and dynamics.

Gemelgo, Marcina Cecilia Ponte 02 December 2008 (has links)
Os reservatórios Billings e Guarapiranga integram uma das principais fontes de abastecimento público da cidade de São Paulo, suprindo água para milhões de pessoas. O aporte de nutrientes em corpos hídricos, advindos de efluentes domésticos e industriais, fertilizantes agrícolas, leva à eutrofização das águas propiciando condições ideais para a proliferação do fitoplâncton. Os objetivos do trabalho foram acompanhar a dinâmica da comunidade fitoplanctônica durante um ciclo sazonal e verificar a influência das variáveis físicas e químicas sobre a estrutura dessa comunidade. A maior densidade (ind.mL-1) da comunidade fitoplanctônica em ambos os reservatórios, foi representada por organismos das classes Chlorophyceae e Cyanobacteria, sendo a última dominante no reservatório Billings e abundante no reservatório Guarapiranga. Os fatores ambientais que interferiram na dinâmica da comunidade fitoplanctônica, em ambos os reservatórios, foram elevados valores de temperatura da água, pH e nutrientes. / Billings and Guarapiranga reservoirs are part of the main public water supply of São Paulo city, supplying water to millions of people. The nutrient input to hidric resources from domestic and industrial effluents, fertilizers causes eutrophication, thus creating ideal conditions to phytoplankton blooms to occur. The objectives of the present work were to follow up the phytoplankton community along one seasonal cycle and to identify the influence of physical and chemical parameters of the water on the community structure. The greatest phytoplankton density (ind.mL-1) in both reservoirs was due to individuals of Chlorophyceae and Cyanobacteria classes, the last being dominant in Billings reservoir and abundant in Guarapiranga reservoir, be it rainy or dry season. The environmental factors that interferred in phytoplankton dynamics were high temperature values, pH and nutrients, in both reservoirs.
233

A influência da variabilidade climática na qualidade da água do reservatório Guarapiranga e possíveis impactos à saúde / The influence of climate variability on water quality of the reservoir Guarapiranga and possible impacts on health

Oliver, Sofia Lizarralde 11 September 2013 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existe associação entre a qualidade da água para abastecimento público proveniente do Sistema Guarapiranga e o clima da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Realizou-se a análise dos dados meteorológicos adquiridos junto à Estação Meteorológica do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas da Universidade de São Paulo (IAG/USP) e dos resultados de análises laboratoriais da água do Reservatório Guarapiranga adquiridos junto à Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP). A partir da relação entre as variáveis observadas em gráficos e testes de associação/correlação, verificou-se a associação/correlação entre a densidade de cianobactérias e as variáveis meteorológicas na RMSP, tais como temperatura atmosférica (T°C), insolação (horas de brilho do sol) e precipitação (mm). Para analisar as interações e relações de cada uma das variáveis meteorológicas em relação à densidade de cianobactérias, foram feitos diferentes recortes de tempo. Todos os dados foram organizados em Planilhas Microsoft® Excel 15.0 (Office 2013) e analisados em gráficos e testes estatísticos. Segundo os resultados deste estudo, a densidade de cianobactérias apresenta associação positiva com os períodos de chuva e temperaturas elevadas (outubro a março) e, juntamente com as análises de dados climáticos dos últimos 42 anos, verificou-se que as condições climáticas ideais para a proliferação de cianobactérias no Reservatório Guarapiranga vêm se acentuando ao longo das últimas quatro décadas, particularmente nos últimos 20 anos. Conclui-se que há indicações de que a densidade de cianobactérias no Reservatório do Sistema Guarapiranga tenha relação temperaturas mais elevadas e pluviosidade e que a proliferação de cianobactérias pode aumentar caso se mantenha a tendência do clima. / This study has aimed to verify if there is a relation between the quality of the water in the Guarapiranga System (reservoir), as it is supplied to the inhabitants, and the climate in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (RMSP). We have analyzed the data obtained from the Weather station of the Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospherical Sciences Institute at the University of São Paulo (IAG/USP), as well as the results of the reservoir water laboratory analysis, provided by the basic sanitation company in the State of São Paulo (SABESP). Cyanobacteria density and meteorological variables in the RMSP, such as atmospheric temperature (ToC), insolation (daily solar irradiance) and precipitation (mm), were verified through association/correlation tests and graphics. To analyze the interaction and relation between cyanobacteria density and meteorological variables, were have resorted to different time spans. Data was organized in Microsoft® Excel 15.0 (Office 2013) tables and graphics, and statistically analyzed. According to this study results, cyanobacteria density might be positively associated to periods of rainfall and high temperatures (October to March). Also, along with data analysis of climate throughout the last 42 years, we have observed that the ideal climate conditions for cyanobacteria proliferation in the Guarapiranga reservoir have been stressed in the last four decades, especially during the last 20 years. Therefore, frequency and intensity of cyanobacteria proliferation in the Guarapiranga reservoir may increase according to climate trend in the RMSP.
234

Transposição das águas do braço Taquacetuba da represa Billings para a represa Guarapiranga: aspectos relacionados à qualidade de água para abastecimento / Water transposition from Billings reservoir's Taquacetuba branch to Guarapiranga reservoir: aspects related to water quality for water supply.

Matsuzaki, Mayla 23 April 2007 (has links)
Objetivo. O Sistema Produtor Taquacetuba-Guarapiranga consiste na transposição das águas do Braço Taquacetuba da Represa Billings para a Represa Guarapiranga, e tem por objetivo incrementar o suprimento de água à população da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Diante dos problemas potenciais à saúde pública envolvidos na operação desse sistema foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar os aspectos sanitários das águas da Represa Guarapiranga após a transposição das águas. Metodologia. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de dados secundários obtidos junto a SABESP, correspondentes ao período de monitoramento de março de 2001 a fevereiro de 2003, em pontos localizados nas represas Guarapiranga e Billings. Foram analisados os dados das seguintes variáveis ambientais, biológicas e toxicológica: pluviosidade, temperatura da água e do ar, turbidez, pH, nutrientes, E. coli, contagens de células de cianobactérias, e concentrações de microcistinas. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados. Foram verificadas densidades elevadas de Microcystis, Cylindrospermopsis e Oscillatoriales nos períodos de maior pluviosidade. As variáveis que apresentaram correlações significativas com a densidade de cianobactérias foram: temperatura, pH, turbidez, nutrientes e microcistinas. No período de estudo foram verificadas não conformidades em relação à Resolução CONAMA 357/05, para águas classe 2, principalmente quanto aos teores de fósforo e nitrogênio totais. Conclusões. Algumas variáveis ambientais favoreceram o desenvolvimento de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas nos reservatórios. A transposição das águas do braço Taquacetuba pode estar influenciando a qualidade das águas da represa Guarapiranga, especialmente no que se refere às densidades de cianobactérias. Recomenda-se o contínuo monitoramento das águas destinadas ao abastecimento público, o desenvolvimento de pesquisas voltadas ao gerenciamento de risco associado às cianobactérias, e a revisão periódica dos planos de contingência. / Objective. The Taquacetuba-Guarapiranga productive system consists of water transposition from Billings reservoir's Taquacetuba branch to Guarapiranga Reservoir in order to increase water supply to the population in São Paulo Metropolitan Area. Due to the risks to public health involving such procedure, a study aiming to evaluate the sanitary aspects of Guarapiranga Reservoir water after the transposition was carried out. Method. The present work was based on secondary data obtained from SABESP in the period between March 2001 and February 2003, in sampling stations located in Guarapiranga and Billings Reservoirs. The environmental, biological and toxicological variables studied were: rainfall, water and air temperature, turbidity, pH, nutrients, E. coli, cyanobacterial cell counting and microcystin concentration. The results were analyzed using Spearman's correlation test. Results. High densities of Microcystis, Cylindrospermopsis and Oscillatoriales were obtained in periods of intense rainfall. The variables showing significant correlation to cyanobacteria density were: temperature, pH, turbidity, nutrients and microcystin. During the period studied herein, nonconformities to CONAMA's Resolution 357/05 for class 2 waters were verified, concerning total phosphorous and total nitrogen. Conclusions. Some environmental variables favored the development of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in the reservoirs. Water transposition from Taquacetuba branch may be influencing the water quality in Guarapiranga reservoir, mainly in what concerns cyanobacteria densities. It is recommended that a continuing monitoring of water used to public supply is performed, as well as risk management related to cyanobacteria and the periodic revision of contingency plans.
235

Transposição das águas do braço Taquacetuba da represa Billings para a represa Guarapiranga: aspectos relacionados à qualidade de água para abastecimento / Water transposition from Billings reservoir's Taquacetuba branch to Guarapiranga reservoir: aspects related to water quality for water supply.

Mayla Matsuzaki 23 April 2007 (has links)
Objetivo. O Sistema Produtor Taquacetuba-Guarapiranga consiste na transposição das águas do Braço Taquacetuba da Represa Billings para a Represa Guarapiranga, e tem por objetivo incrementar o suprimento de água à população da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Diante dos problemas potenciais à saúde pública envolvidos na operação desse sistema foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar os aspectos sanitários das águas da Represa Guarapiranga após a transposição das águas. Metodologia. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de dados secundários obtidos junto a SABESP, correspondentes ao período de monitoramento de março de 2001 a fevereiro de 2003, em pontos localizados nas represas Guarapiranga e Billings. Foram analisados os dados das seguintes variáveis ambientais, biológicas e toxicológica: pluviosidade, temperatura da água e do ar, turbidez, pH, nutrientes, E. coli, contagens de células de cianobactérias, e concentrações de microcistinas. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados. Foram verificadas densidades elevadas de Microcystis, Cylindrospermopsis e Oscillatoriales nos períodos de maior pluviosidade. As variáveis que apresentaram correlações significativas com a densidade de cianobactérias foram: temperatura, pH, turbidez, nutrientes e microcistinas. No período de estudo foram verificadas não conformidades em relação à Resolução CONAMA 357/05, para águas classe 2, principalmente quanto aos teores de fósforo e nitrogênio totais. Conclusões. Algumas variáveis ambientais favoreceram o desenvolvimento de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas nos reservatórios. A transposição das águas do braço Taquacetuba pode estar influenciando a qualidade das águas da represa Guarapiranga, especialmente no que se refere às densidades de cianobactérias. Recomenda-se o contínuo monitoramento das águas destinadas ao abastecimento público, o desenvolvimento de pesquisas voltadas ao gerenciamento de risco associado às cianobactérias, e a revisão periódica dos planos de contingência. / Objective. The Taquacetuba-Guarapiranga productive system consists of water transposition from Billings reservoir's Taquacetuba branch to Guarapiranga Reservoir in order to increase water supply to the population in São Paulo Metropolitan Area. Due to the risks to public health involving such procedure, a study aiming to evaluate the sanitary aspects of Guarapiranga Reservoir water after the transposition was carried out. Method. The present work was based on secondary data obtained from SABESP in the period between March 2001 and February 2003, in sampling stations located in Guarapiranga and Billings Reservoirs. The environmental, biological and toxicological variables studied were: rainfall, water and air temperature, turbidity, pH, nutrients, E. coli, cyanobacterial cell counting and microcystin concentration. The results were analyzed using Spearman's correlation test. Results. High densities of Microcystis, Cylindrospermopsis and Oscillatoriales were obtained in periods of intense rainfall. The variables showing significant correlation to cyanobacteria density were: temperature, pH, turbidity, nutrients and microcystin. During the period studied herein, nonconformities to CONAMA's Resolution 357/05 for class 2 waters were verified, concerning total phosphorous and total nitrogen. Conclusions. Some environmental variables favored the development of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in the reservoirs. Water transposition from Taquacetuba branch may be influencing the water quality in Guarapiranga reservoir, mainly in what concerns cyanobacteria densities. It is recommended that a continuing monitoring of water used to public supply is performed, as well as risk management related to cyanobacteria and the periodic revision of contingency plans.
236

Proposta de modelo de exposição humana à saxitoxina em águas de recreação e de abastecimento público do reservatório Itupararanga / Proposal of a model of human exposure to saxitoxin in recreational waters and public supply of the Itupararanga reservoir

Luciana Haipek Mosolino Lerche 04 July 2018 (has links)
O aporte artificial de nutrientes nos ambientes aquáticos tem favorecido a incidência de florações de cianobactérias, causando impactos na qualidade da água e colocando em risco a saúde humana. O gênero de cianobactéria Cylindrospermopsis, amplamente distribuído em água doce pelo mundo, é capaz de produzir diversas cianotoxinas, dentre elas saxitoxina e análogos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um modelo de exposição referente à ingestão de água contaminada por saxitoxina e análogos através da recreação de contato primário e do consumo de água. Os dados de densidade de células de Cylindrospermopsis e de concentrações de saxitoxina e análogos na água bruta foram obtidos da Rede de Monitoramento de Qualidade de Águas Superficiais da CETESB (2015 e 2016) do reservatório Itupararanga. O modelo conceitual de exposição e o cálculo da ingestão diária crônica de saxitoxina e análogos consideraram: concentrações máxima e mínima de saxitoxina e análogos encontradas na água bruta do reservatório, vias de exposição, população exposta, taxa de ingestão de água, frequência e duração da exposição, peso corporal para adultos (maiores de 21 anos) e crianças (menores de 5 anos), para cenários de exposição relativos à recreação de contato primário e consumo de água potável. Os valores de células de cianobactérias estiveram entre 2.216 e 203.082 céls.mL-1 e as concentrações de saxitoxina e análogos estiveram entre 0,04 e 0,37 µg equivalente STX..L-1. Os resultados obtidos na análise da água bruta do reservatório, estiveram abaixo do valor estabelecido na legislação brasileira para água potável (3 µg equivalente STX.L-1), mas não atenderiam as especificações adotadas por Oregon e Ohio (0,3 µg equivalentes STX.L-1) e à proposta em discussão no Comitê Permanente para Gestão Integrada da Qualidade da Água destinada ao Consumo Humano no Estado de São Paulo (0,13 µg equivalente STX.L-1), indicando a possibilidade da ocorrência de efeito adverso à saúde em grupos sensíveis que utilizem água do reservatório, dependendo da eficiência de remoção dessas cianotoxinas no processo de tratamento. Os valores de ingestão diária crônica estimados, para recreação, variaram de 2,55 x 10-6 a 1,08 x 10-4 µg equivalente STX. kg-1.dia-1 (adultos) e 2,78 x 10-9 a 4,35 x 10-4 µg equivalente STX. kg-1.dia-1 (crianças). Para ingestão de água potável, esses valores variaram de 2,5 x 10-4 a 1,47 x 10-2 µg equivalente STX. kg-1.dia-1 (adultos) e 5,36 x 10-5 a 2,55 x 10-2 µg equivalente STX. kg-1.dia-1 (crianças). Esses valores indicaram que as crianças estão mais expostas que os adultos, fato preocupante, pois elas são mais sensíveis aos efeitos de substâncias tóxicas, e apesar de estudos indicarem efeitos da saxitoxina em cultura de células neurais, sua capacidade de atravessar a barreira hematoencefálica e de causar danos cognitivos em ratos, os efeitos da exposição crônica em humanos ainda são desconhecidos. Não foi possível estimar os riscos à saúde da população exposta à saxitoxina e análogos, pela falta de dados na literatura, porém o modelo de exposição proposto é um avanço para a identificação de lacunas para a condução da avaliação de risco à saúde humana considerando a exposição crônica. / The artificial enrichment of nutrients in aquatic environments has favored the incidence of cyanobacteria blooms, causing impacts on water quality and putting human health at risk. The genus of cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis, widely distributed throughout the world in freshwater environments, is able to produce cianotoxin, among them saxitoxin and its analogues. The objective of this work was to elaborate a model of exposure referring to the ingestion of water contaminated by saxitoxin and analogues through recreation of primary contact and water consumption. Cylindrospermopsis cell density and saxitoxin and analogues concentrations in surface water were obtained from the CETESB Surface Water Quality Monitoring Network for the Itupararanga reservoir in 2015 and 2016. The development of the conceptual model of exposure and the calculation of the chronic daily intake of saxitoxin and analogues, considered: maximum and minimum concentrations of saxitoxin and analogues found in the raw water of the reservoir, route of exposure, exposed population, rate of water intake, frequency and duration of exposure, body weight for adults (over 21 years) and children (under 5 years), for exposures scenarios concerning recreation of primary contact and consumption of drinking water. The values of cyanobacteria cells were between 2,216 and 203,082 cells.L-1 and the concentrations of saxitoxin and analogues were between 0.04 and 0.37 µg STX equivalent. L-1. The comparison of these variables indicated a significant positive correlation between them. The results obtained in the raw water analysis of the reservoir were below the value established in Brazilian legislation for drinking water (3 µg equivalent STX.L-1), but would not meet the specifications adopted by US states Oregon and Ohio (0.3 µg equivalents.L-1) and the proposed value for the Standing Committee for Integrated Water Quality Management for Human Consumption in the State of São Paulo (0,13 µg equivalent STX.L-1), indicating the possibility of adverse health effects in sensitive groups using water from the reservoir. Estimated chronic daily intake values, for recreation, ranged from 2.55 x 10-6 to 1.08 x 10-4 µg STX equivalent. kg-1.day-1 (adults) and 2.78 x 10-9 to 4.35 x 10-4 µg STX equivalent. kg-1.day-1 (children). For water intake, these values ranged from 2.5 x 10-4 to 1.47 x 10-2 µg STX equivalent. kg-1 day-1 (adults) and 5.36 x 10-5 to 2.55 x 10-2 µg STX equivalent. kg-1. day-1 (children). These values indicated that children are more exposed than adults, a worrying fact because they are generally more sensitive to the effects of toxic substances than adults, and although studies indicate that saxitoxin was able to cross the blood brain barrier and to cause cognitive damage in rats, as well as changes in neural cell cultures, the effects of chronic exposure in humans are still unknown. It was not possible to estimate the health risks of the population exposed to saxitoxin and the like, due to the lack of data in the literature, but the proposed exposure model is an advance for the identification of gaps for conducting the human health risk assessment considering the exposure chronic.
237

Proposta de modelo de exposição humana à saxitoxina em águas de recreação e de abastecimento público do reservatório Itupararanga / Proposal of a model of human exposure to saxitoxin in recreational waters and public supply of the Itupararanga reservoir

Mosolino Lerche, Luciana Haipek 04 July 2018 (has links)
O aporte artificial de nutrientes nos ambientes aquáticos tem favorecido a incidência de florações de cianobactérias, causando impactos na qualidade da água e colocando em risco a saúde humana. O gênero de cianobactéria Cylindrospermopsis, amplamente distribuído em água doce pelo mundo, é capaz de produzir diversas cianotoxinas, dentre elas saxitoxina e análogos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um modelo de exposição referente à ingestão de água contaminada por saxitoxina e análogos através da recreação de contato primário e do consumo de água. Os dados de densidade de células de Cylindrospermopsis e de concentrações de saxitoxina e análogos na água bruta foram obtidos da Rede de Monitoramento de Qualidade de Águas Superficiais da CETESB (2015 e 2016) do reservatório Itupararanga. O modelo conceitual de exposição e o cálculo da ingestão diária crônica de saxitoxina e análogos consideraram: concentrações máxima e mínima de saxitoxina e análogos encontradas na água bruta do reservatório, vias de exposição, população exposta, taxa de ingestão de água, frequência e duração da exposição, peso corporal para adultos (maiores de 21 anos) e crianças (menores de 5 anos), para cenários de exposição relativos à recreação de contato primário e consumo de água potável. Os valores de células de cianobactérias estiveram entre 2.216 e 203.082 céls.mL-1 e as concentrações de saxitoxina e análogos estiveram entre 0,04 e 0,37 µg equivalente STX..L-1. Os resultados obtidos na análise da água bruta do reservatório, estiveram abaixo do valor estabelecido na legislação brasileira para água potável (3 µg equivalente STX.L-1), mas não atenderiam as especificações adotadas por Oregon e Ohio (0,3 µg equivalentes STX.L-1) e à proposta em discussão no Comitê Permanente para Gestão Integrada da Qualidade da Água destinada ao Consumo Humano no Estado de São Paulo (0,13 µg equivalente STX.L-1), indicando a possibilidade da ocorrência de efeito adverso à saúde em grupos sensíveis que utilizem água do reservatório, dependendo da eficiência de remoção dessas cianotoxinas no processo de tratamento. Os valores de ingestão diária crônica estimados, para recreação, variaram de 2,55 x 10-6 a 1,08 x 10-4 µg equivalente STX. kg-1.dia-1 (adultos) e 2,78 x 10-9 a 4,35 x 10-4 µg equivalente STX. kg-1.dia-1 (crianças). Para ingestão de água potável, esses valores variaram de 2,5 x 10-4 a 1,47 x 10-2 µg equivalente STX. kg-1.dia-1 (adultos) e 5,36 x 10-5 a 2,55 x 10-2 µg equivalente STX. kg-1.dia-1 (crianças). Esses valores indicaram que as crianças estão mais expostas que os adultos, fato preocupante, pois elas são mais sensíveis aos efeitos de substâncias tóxicas, e apesar de estudos indicarem efeitos da saxitoxina em cultura de células neurais, sua capacidade de atravessar a barreira hematoencefálica e de causar danos cognitivos em ratos, os efeitos da exposição crônica em humanos ainda são desconhecidos. Não foi possível estimar os riscos à saúde da população exposta à saxitoxina e análogos, pela falta de dados na literatura, porém o modelo de exposição proposto é um avanço para a identificação de lacunas para a condução da avaliação de risco à saúde humana considerando a exposição crônica. / The artificial enrichment of nutrients in aquatic environments has favored the incidence of cyanobacteria blooms, causing impacts on water quality and putting human health at risk. The genus of cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis, widely distributed throughout the world in freshwater environments, is able to produce cianotoxin, among them saxitoxin and its analogues. The objective of this work was to elaborate a model of exposure referring to the ingestion of water contaminated by saxitoxin and analogues through recreation of primary contact and water consumption. Cylindrospermopsis cell density and saxitoxin and analogues concentrations in surface water were obtained from the CETESB Surface Water Quality Monitoring Network for the Itupararanga reservoir in 2015 and 2016. The development of the conceptual model of exposure and the calculation of the chronic daily intake of saxitoxin and analogues, considered: maximum and minimum concentrations of saxitoxin and analogues found in the raw water of the reservoir, route of exposure, exposed population, rate of water intake, frequency and duration of exposure, body weight for adults (over 21 years) and children (under 5 years), for exposures scenarios concerning recreation of primary contact and consumption of drinking water. The values of cyanobacteria cells were between 2,216 and 203,082 cells.L-1 and the concentrations of saxitoxin and analogues were between 0.04 and 0.37 µg STX equivalent. L-1. The comparison of these variables indicated a significant positive correlation between them. The results obtained in the raw water analysis of the reservoir were below the value established in Brazilian legislation for drinking water (3 µg equivalent STX.L-1), but would not meet the specifications adopted by US states Oregon and Ohio (0.3 µg equivalents.L-1) and the proposed value for the Standing Committee for Integrated Water Quality Management for Human Consumption in the State of São Paulo (0,13 µg equivalent STX.L-1), indicating the possibility of adverse health effects in sensitive groups using water from the reservoir. Estimated chronic daily intake values, for recreation, ranged from 2.55 x 10-6 to 1.08 x 10-4 µg STX equivalent. kg-1.day-1 (adults) and 2.78 x 10-9 to 4.35 x 10-4 µg STX equivalent. kg-1.day-1 (children). For water intake, these values ranged from 2.5 x 10-4 to 1.47 x 10-2 µg STX equivalent. kg-1 day-1 (adults) and 5.36 x 10-5 to 2.55 x 10-2 µg STX equivalent. kg-1. day-1 (children). These values indicated that children are more exposed than adults, a worrying fact because they are generally more sensitive to the effects of toxic substances than adults, and although studies indicate that saxitoxin was able to cross the blood brain barrier and to cause cognitive damage in rats, as well as changes in neural cell cultures, the effects of chronic exposure in humans are still unknown. It was not possible to estimate the health risks of the population exposed to saxitoxin and the like, due to the lack of data in the literature, but the proposed exposure model is an advance for the identification of gaps for conducting the human health risk assessment considering the exposure chronic.
238

Synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

May, Terry J. January 2016 (has links)
The emergence of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis has led to a demand for the development of new antibiotics. One new target is the cell wall biosynthesis enzyme UDP-Galp mutase (UGM), which aids the formation of the bacteria’s characteristic mycolic acid cell wall. LQ10 and LQ6 were discovered through a library screen. The synthesis of LQ10 was achieved along with 4 analogues. Another class of compounds, 2-aminothiazoles, were produced. Thirteen of these compounds were produced and along with the LQ10 analogues, initially gave encouraging results in silico. To test their biological activity, a fluorescent probe was synthesised for use in a high-throughput fluorescence polarization (FP) assay against UDP-Galp Mutase which was expressed from E. coli. The compounds were screened using the fluorescence polarisation assay initially at a concentration of 50 µM, 9 of which demonstrated >70 % inhibition of UGM. Two of which had inhibition greater than 90 %. These preliminary results suggest that some of these compounds are, and can be developed into potent UGM inhibitors. However, it should be noted that these are only single-point results due to limitations in the quantity of UGM available, and that these will need be repeated in triplicate to determine any errors and give more reliable values.
239

Molecular epidemiology and transmission dynamics of S. uberis bovine clinical mastitis

Davies, P. L. January 2016 (has links)
Mastitis remains one of the most common, costly and intractable diseases affecting the dairy cattle industry worldwide. In spite of concerted efforts meaningful progress in reducing the incidence of mastitis has been limited over the past thirty years by our partial understanding of the epidemiology of key pathogens, such as S.uberis. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the epidemiology of S.uberis mastitis by analysis of the population structure and transmission dynamics of clinical mastitis patterns within and between commercial dairy herds in England and Wales. In Chapter 3 Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) was used to describe the sub-species (sequence type) genetic heterogeneity of S.uberis isolates collected from a longitudinal study of clinical mastitis on 52 farms. The clinical cases were classified according the pattern of occurrence of the sequence types in the herds. The findings suggested that a small subset of MLST sequence types were disproportionally important in the epidemiology of S.uberis mastitis, with cow-to-cow transmission of S.uberis, potentially occurring in the majority of herds in the United Kingdom; this may be the most important route of S.uberis transmission in approximately one third of herds. In Chapter 4 cow and herd level variables, including monthly recorded milk constituents, yield and parity were evaluated against the clinical case classifications defined in Chapter 3. The temporal relationships between clinical cases and classifications were also evaluated as potential predictors of transmission dynamics within a herd. The findings indicated that the time interval between clinical cases classified by genotype as potentially contagious transmission was significantly shorter than that between successive mastitis clinical cases attributed to environmental transmission. The distribution of clinical cases throughout lactation also indicated a higher proportion of potentially contagious isolates were cultured from clinical cases originating from lactation rather than the dry period compared to those attributed to environmental transmission. In Chapter 5 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption (MALDI) mass spectroscopy was used to generate spectral profiles of S.uberis isolates cellular composition. Spectral profiles were used successfully as an alternative method of discriminating between clinical mastitis isolates associated with contagious transmission from those associated with and environmental origin of infection defined in Chapter 3. The findings of this chapter demonstrated marked variation between herds in the spectral profiles of isolates from the same clinical case classification. In Chapter 6 selected isolates of S.uberis associated with contagious transmission and persistent intramammary infections were sequenced using next generation technology and compared by core genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST) to evaluate the discriminatory capacity of the MLST and MALDI. The results from this chapter confirmed the importance of the herd unit in the genotypic population structure of S.uberis suggested by the results of Chapter 5 and also support the results of Chapter3 which suggest ‘low grade’ contagious transmission of S.uberis is superimposed on a ubiquitous, environmental S.uberis mastitis pattern in many herds This thesis demonstrated that the S.uberis population is complex with variation at the bacterial, cow and herd level suggesting different patterns of disease and bacterial evolution occurring in different circumstances. Categorisation of sub-species of S.uberis within herds as being transmitted via contagious or environmental routes appears to be eminently achievable using modern, high throughput technologies; this could lead to a step change in mastitis control.
240

Potencijal cijanobakterija u formulaciji prehrambenih proizvoda sa dodatom vrednošću / Potential of cyanobacteria in formulation ofvalue-added food products

Milovanović Ivan 18 May 2016 (has links)
<p>U okviru disertacije je ispitan hemijski sastav odabranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva roda Anabaena, Nostoc i Spirulina, kao i uticaj azota na sastav rodova Anabaena i Nostoc. U ispitivanim sojevima određen je sadržaj lipida, proteina, mineralnih materija, sastav i sadržaj lakoisparljivih jedinjenja, aminokiselina i masnih kiselina. U heksanskim i metanolno/vodenim ekstraktima sojeva određen je sadržaj ukupnih fenola, sastav i sadržaj<br />karotenoida i proteinskih pigmenata, kao i antioksidativni potencijal ekstrakata prema DPPH radikalu. Takođe, ispitan je antihiperlipidemijski potencijal roda Spirulina S2 u biolo&scaron;kom ogledu, pri čemu je određen nivo ukupnog holesterola, LDL i HDL čestica, izračunati su relevantni biohemijski markeri hiperlipidemije, kao i koncentracija ALS i AST u plazmi eksperimentalnih životinja. Određen je hemijski sastav fecesa eksperimentalnih životinja, kao i sadržaj holesterola i sastav i sadržaj žučnih kiselina u fecesu. Na bazi<br />hemijskog sastava ispitivanih sojeva cijanobakterija: visokog sadržaja proteina, izbalansiranog aminokiselinskog i masnokiselinskog sastava i visokog sadržaja karotenoida, može se zaključiti da oni imaju potencijal kao sirovine za unapređenje nutritivnog sastava prehrambenih proizvoda. Dokazana antihiperlipidemijska aktivnost soja S2 dodatno ga čini atraktivnim za razvoj proizvoda sa dodatom vredno&scaron;ću namenjenih osobama sa poremećajem u metabolizmu lipida. Rezultati na&scaron;ih ispitivanja su pokazali i da se na hemijskih sastav pojedinih sojeva može uticati putem promene sastave hranljive podloge &scaron;to svakako ostavlja prostora za buduća istraživanja.</p> / <p>In this thesis, the chemical composition of the selected strains of cyanobacteria belonging to Anabaena, Nostoc and Spirulina genus was determined. Influence of nitrogen addition on the chemical composition of Anabaena and Nostoc strains has also been investigated. Content of lipids, crude protein, and minerals, as well as composition and content of volatile organic compounds, amino acids, fatty acids was determined in the investigated strains. Total phenolic content and composition and content of carotenoids, protein pigments and antioxidative action toward DPPH radical was determined in the hexane and methanol/water extracts of the investigated strains. Antihyperlipidemic potential of the Spirulina S2 strain was investigated in a biological<br />assay, and content of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL was determined in plasma of the experimental animals, which allowed calculation of relevant biochemical parameters for hyperlipidemia. ALT and AST concentrations were also determined in the plasma of the experimental animals. Chemical composition, as well as content of cholesterol and composition and content of bile acids in the feces of the experimental animals was also<br />determined. Based on the determined chemical composition of the investigated cyanobacterial strains: high protein and carotenoid content, balanced amino acid and fatty acid profiles, it can be concluded that these strains have a potential as ingredients for improving nutritional characteristics of food products. Antihyperlipidemic activity shown by the tested strain S2 makes it attractive for creation of value-added food products intended for people with lipid disorders. The results of this research also show that manipulation of composition of the growing medium can influence the chemical composition of certain investigated strains, which makes it viable to conduct further research on this topic.</p>

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