Criminals and other threat actors are adapting to the growing reliance individuals, organisations, and nations have upon technology and the internet and have augmented their capabilities to be oriented in that direction for malevolent purposes. Cyberspace has become an extremely large vulnerability for countries because it facilitates any person with access to a computer or other technology along with malicious intent, to cause harm. The increased risk people and organisations now face in cyberspace is not isolated to just them. Nations now are also at an increased risk because of the evolving ubiquity of cyberspace and technology. States are at risk of cyber threats because of vulnerabilities in individual citizens and organisations. Nations have now become intended targets by a larger spectrum of threat actors. This research examines how the United Kingdom has developed their specific national cyber security strategy to improve national resilience to threats, and how well the UK government adapts to an ever- changing threat landscape. The UK is still deficient in the appropriate and thorough execution of their proposed strategies and strategic policies to attain national resilience and security. There have been strides to achieve that goal, but the national strategy continues to fail to...

Disruptive technologies developed in the digital age expose individuals, businesses, and government entities to potential cyber security vulnerabilities. Through the conceptual framework of general systems theory, this multiple case study was used to explore the strategies among owners of 4 retail small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) in Melbourne, Florida, who successfully protected their businesses against cyber attacks. The data were collected from a review of archival company documents and semistructured interviews. Yin's 5-phased cycles for analyzing case studies provided the guidelines for the data analysis process. Three themes emerged from thematic analysis across the data sets: cyber security strategy, reliance on third-party vendors for infrastructure services, and cyber security awareness. The study findings indicated that the SME owners' successful cyber security strategies might serve as a foundational guide for others to assess and mitigate cyber threat vulnerabilities. The implications for positive social change include the potential to empower other SME owners, new entrepreneurs, and academic institutions with successful cyber security strategies and resources to affect changes within the community. SME owners who survive cyber attacks may spur economic growth by employing local residents, thus stimulating the socioeconomic lifecycle. Moreover, implementation of these successful strategies may catalyze consumer confidence, resulting in greater economic prosperity.