The first continous set of observations made over the seasonal cycle of the vertical structure and currents in the Clyde Sea, Scotland's largest fjord, are used to show that the vertical structure is controlled by a balance between mixing and stratifying processes within the basin, and exchange with the North Channel of the Irish Sea. Stratification was observed to change from being entirely saline in the winter to being thermally dominated in the summer. Deep water renewal occurred throughout the winter. The inflow rate peaked in the early spring and also in the summer, resulting in an annual mean flushing time of -3.5 months, in satisfactory agreement with previous estimates. Within the basin, a two layered flow structure was observed throughout the year, and a residual anti-cyclonic surface circulation was seen to be persistent. A 3- dimensional modelling study supports the hypothesis that this flow is driven by currents associated with the density gradients at the basin's mouth. A positive density difference across the sill is a necessary but not sufficient condition for deep water renewal; when the difference was maximum in the winter, the rate of exchange was below average. Renewal was generally episodic, which is suggestive of wind induced exchange. The 3-dimensional model confirmed that changes in the wind direction could substantially increase or diminish exchange by enhancing or blocking the estuarine circulation. Rapid renewals in the spring time of 1993 and 1994 were initiated by storm events. In the summer of 1993, persistently high rates of exchange were observed. 3-dimensional modelling supported the hypothesis that this was due to the presence of saline water over the sill, which results from the summer time retreat of the front at the mouth of the Clyde Sea due to low freshwater inflow. An existing 1- dimensional filling-box model was developed in the light of the new observations. It showed that significant entrainment of Clyde Sea bottom water into this summer inflow was a possible mechanism to explain the deep water properties in the summer. Mixing was found to be predominantly wind driven. A positive correlation was found between the wind and the amplitude of intemal oscillations at sub-tidal frequencies, which dominated the velocity field in winter. A mode 1 internal tide at the M2 frequency was observed, and had a horizontal velocity at the mooring sites of -2 cms-l throughout the year. The mixing associated with the internal tide was -0.01 mWm-2 , which is 2 orders of magnitUde lower than the wind mixing. The residual surface anti-cyclonic circulation prevents surface fresh water from entering the Kilbrannan Sound, which reduces the potential energy anomaly by -60 Jm-) relative to than that of the Arran Deep. Consequently, the wind induces relatively deeper mixing in the Kilbrannan Sound, which in the winter resulted in the reduction of the bottom water temperature without a significant decrease in salinity, and explains how the Clyde Sea bottom water may cool more rapidly than the deeper North Channel.

The aim of the research was to generate a cyclonic model for understanding the influences and processes of continuously improving management education in an environment rich in online learning technologies. The research questions were: 1. What is the nature of the cyclonic interactions observed in the transactions of a team of online management educators? 2. How might an understanding of cyclonic interactions, a. help refine action research, and, b. generate rich insight for online management education? The methodology was an action research project. The research team worked in an online Master of Business Administration (MBA) to continuously develop teaching practice in one unit of the MBA. The methodology matched the objectives of the project, and the appropriate rigour associated with qualitative, interpretive research. The results showed that theories of systems and relational dynamics, adapted to hermeneutics and aligned with other learning theories, can be framed by the metaphor of a cyclone to conduct research into teaching practice and build upon the theory base in the field of online education. Online management education is subject to reinterpretations. The cyclonic framework explains some of the changes. The project showed that a chaotic but organised cyclonic program development process in one particular MBA course was informative for and informed by the chaotic and cyclonic globalized business world. For the education of managers the cyclonic view was relevant. The approach was metaphorical and, therefore, opened new ways of seeing and speaking. Findings pertained to the nature of the cyclonic interactions, how an understanding of cyclonic interactions helped to refine action research, and how an understanding of cyclonic interactions helped generate rich insight for online management education. It was found that it was the asymmetrical impetus of imperfection that created the examples of cyclonic learning spirals formed as double feedback loops for improved understanding. Online education in the action research required cyclical enhancement of connectedness by teachers, stronger emphasis on relational considerations in learning, and heightened expectations of collaboration by educators. It became possible to correlate earlier conceptions of action research with cyclonic categories and analyse the parallels with events in this action research project. Models were developed and presented to explain cyclonic connections with hermeneutics, collaborative teaching, online resource development, and the environment of online management education.

A spectral shallow water model is used at the 850 mb level to investigate the effects of cyclonic vorticity on heating in the lower troposphere and how this in turn causes an increase in cyclonic vorticity generation, creating a nonlinear vorticity feedback mechanism. The model is initialized with NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data from the period 1990-2003 and then used to simulate a heating forcing function centered in east Africa. The model is simulated using a Gaussian damped basic state, a zonally symmetric basic state, and a zero basic state. The heating forcing function is applied to these different basic states with a scaled mass sink to simulate heating in the atmosphere. The heating forcing function creates a vorticity feedback mechanism that increases cyclonic vorticity. The analysis of these different basic states shows that the Gaussian damped basic state reduces the amplitude of the observational fields at the poles, increases the observational fields in the tropical region and increases the stability of the model at shallow depths. The zero basic state does have a significant effect on cyclonic vorticity generation, but does not improve the capability of the wave to propagate westward into the Atlantic Ocean. The zonally symmetric basic state succeeds in increasing the amount of cyclonic vorticity generated. The zonally symmetric basic state, once the vorticity non-feedback region is extended, is also very effective at increasing the amount of cyclonic vorticity generated and increasing the propagation of this wave westward into the Atlantic Ocean. The analysis suggests that the vorticity feedback mechanism created by the heating forcing function is affected by cyclonic vorticity when a zero and zonally symmetric basic state are used.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T20:13:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANA PIMENTEL MACÊDO FARIAS - TESE PPGEP 2006..pdf: 6819431 bytes, checksum: 61825d33b2b61b2732d80e7e82b96b05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T20:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANA PIMENTEL MACÊDO FARIAS - TESE PPGEP 2006..pdf: 6819431 bytes, checksum: 61825d33b2b61b2732d80e7e82b96b05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-19 / Os ciclones são equipamentos utilizados em processos químicos, em diversas operações unitárias, com o objetivo de promover a separação de sólido e/ou líquido de uma corrente gasosa e secar sólidos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho propõe um estudo teórico da termofluidodinâmica de um ciclone como secador. O modelo matemático considera escoamento tri-dimensional, turbulento e estacionário para a fase gasosa, e o modelo Lagrangeano para as partículas. As equações diferenciais que representam o fenômeno físico foram resolvidas numericamente pelo método dos volumes finitos, com esquema de interpolação UPWIND para os termos convectivos e o algoritmo SIMPLEC para o acoplamento pressão-velocidade. Como aplicação, a metodologia foi usada para predizer a secagem do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar em um ciclone. As simulações foram realizadas utilizando o código computacional CFX-3D. Resultados do teor de umidade, temperatura e variações dimensionais da partícula, distribuição de velocidade, pressão e temperatura do ar de secagem, para diversas condições do ar, geometria do ciclone e velocidade inicial da partícula são apresentados e analisados. Constatou-se o caráter tridimensional do escoamento gás-partícula no interior do ciclone com presenças de regiões de zonas de recirculação e de inversão de fluxo, apresentando razoável concordância com os dados experimentais. Verificou-se que a cinética de secagem, o aquecimento e o tempo de residência das partículas são afetadas pelas condições do ar de secagem e geometria do ciclone, e quando comparadas com dados experimentais apresentaram boa aproximação. O ciclone com seção de entrada quadrada se mostrou mais eficiente, do ponto de vista de secagem, quando comparados com os dutos de seção retangulares vertical e horizontal. / Cyclones are equipments very used in chemical processes, in several units operations. Their aim is to promote the solid and/or a liquid separation from a gas stream and dry solids. In this sense, the present work proposes a theoretical study of thermal fluid dynamics of a cyclone as dryer. The mathematical model considers three-dimensional, turbulent and stationary flow for gas phase, and Lagrange model for particles. The governing equations were solved numerically with the finite-volumes method, using UPWIND interpolation scheme for convective terms and algorithm SIMPLEC for pressure-velocity coupling. As an application, the methodology was used to predict the sugar cane bagasse drying in a cyclone. Simulations had been carried out using the computational code CFX-3D. Results of the moisture content, temperature and dimensional variations of the particles and velocity, pressure and temperature distributions of the air drying, to several air conditions, shape of the cyclone and initial velocity of particle is presented and analyzed. Three-dimensional gas-particle flow, recirculation zones and inversion flow were verified inside the cyclone. Numerical data fitted well experimental ones. It was verified that the kinetic drying, temperature and residence time of the particles were affected by air drying conditions and cyclone geometry. Cyclone with square inlet section were more efficient to dry than cyclone with vertical and horizontal rectangular section duct.

A sequence of autonomous underwater glider deployments were used to characterize the spatial-temporal variability of the region over an eight month period from late September to May. Strongly stratified system was found in early fall with significant gradients in both temperature (T) and salinity (S), during winter T < 23°C and minimum S of 40.3 psu was observed and resulting in weakened stratification that enables deep convective mixing and upwelling of deep water by cyclonic circulations in the region leading to significant biomass increase. Throughout the entire observational period the slope of the 28 and 28.5 kg/m3 isopycnals remained sloping downward from offshore toward the coast reflected a persistent northward geostrophic flow. The depth of the 180 μmol/kg isopleth of oxygen, indicative of the top of the nutricline, paralleled the depth of the 28 kg/m3, but remained slightly deeper than the isopycnal. The deep winter mixing did not penetrate the nutricline where the mixed layer was deeper near the coast. However, because of the cyclonic signature the 28 kg/m3 rose to the surface offshore, injecting nutrients into the surface layer and promoting increased biomass in the central Red Sea. With the presence of cyclonic eddies, there was evidence of subduction associated with the cross-eddy circulation. This subducted flow was toward the coast within the domain of the glider observations. During this period, increases in the particulate backscatter were associated with increased chlorophyll indicating that the suspended particles were primarily phytoplankton particles. Within the mean northward flow there is a cross-basin flow wherein water is upwelled near the center of the Red Sea, there is a eastward component to the northward flow, and subsequent downwelling near the coasts. Within the surface flow subductive processes lead not only to a horizontal flow, but also a downward component toward the coast. Overall transport is very 3-dimensional in the northern Red Sea, such that northward transport and its associated embedded circulations are northward, while southward transport occurs on the western side of the Red Sea, in contrast to some of the descriptions of flow provided in earlier papers.

No description available.

O meandramento da Corrente do Brasil (CB) ao sul da Bifurcação de Santos é investigada por meio de imagens satelitárias, dados quase-sinóticos, análise de funções ortogonais empíricas (EOF) de correntômetros de fundeios e um modelo analítico semi-teórico. A análise das imagens satelitárias revelam que em média 1,2 meandros ciclônicos de grande amplitude são formados anualmente nas vizinhanças do Cabo de Santa Marta (&#8764;28,5°S). Os meandros parecem ser geostroficamente instáveis e a taxa de crescimento típica estimada é de 0,05 m s-1 . Eles ainda se propagam para sul com velocidade de fase de 0,07 m s-1 . A seção de velocidade, como a inferida por perfis de L-ADCP obtidos durante cruzeiros hidrográficos, revelam que os meandros do Cabo de Santa Marta possuem estrutura de velocidade distinta daquelas observadas em Cabo Frio (23°S) e Cabo de São Tomé (22°S). Os meandros alcançam profundidades maiores que 1400 m e recirculam Água Tropical, Água Central do Atlântico Sul, Água Intermediária Antártica e Água Circumpolar Superior. Ocasionalmente, a estrutura do vórtice se funde com a camada subjacente da Corrente de Contorno Oeste Profunda. O padrão geostrófico horizontal dos meandros foram mapeados usando dados de temperatura e salinidade de cruzeiros históricos e foi obtido que a estrutura ciclônica do meandro possui número de Rossby (&#8764;0,07) e número de Burger (&#8764;0,06) pequenos. Portanto, vorticidade de estiramento parece ter papel importante na dinâmica de meandramento e, consequentemente, instabilidade baroclínica é o fenômeno primariamente responsável pelo crescimento do ciclone. O número de Burger pequeno também sugere que a dinâmica do meandro é influênciada pela topografia. A análise de EOFs bidimensionais conduzida no transecto WOCE 28°S de fundeios históricos dos anos 90 mostram que o primeiro modo seccional explica cerca de 54% da variância das séries e está relacionado ao meandramento da CB. A amplitude do meandro ciclônico é aproximadamente 200 km uma vez que cruza o transecto e a onda de vorticidade baroclínica associada tem tipicamente 26 dias. Finalmente, um modelo de Dinâmica de Contornos idealizado de 2 camadas é construído para isolar o mecanismo de instabilidade baroclínica e para investigar as razões do crescimento e velocidade de fase para sul. A estrutura do fluxo básico do modelo é construído baseado no ajuste por mínimos quadrados das funções teóricas à média das observações nas espessuras das camadas. A simulação mostrou que o meandro evolui e se desenvolve devido ao fechamento de fase da camada inferior mais lenta relativo à camada superior mais rápida. Além disso, a propagação de fase para sul ocorre como uma consequência direta da componente barotrópica robusta, adquirida pela CB devido o ramo sul da Bifurcação de Santos. / The Brazil Current (BC) meandering south of the so-called Antarctic Intemediate Water\'s Santos Bifurcation is investigated by means of satellite imagery, quasi-synoptic data, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of currentmeter moorings and a semi-theoretical dynamical model. The analysis of the infrared imagery revealed that on average 1.2 large amplitude cyclonic meanders are formed annualy in the vicinities of Cape Santa Marta (&#8764;28.5°S). The meanders seem to be geophysically unstable and the estimated typical growth rate is of 0.05 days-1 . They also propagate southward with phase speed of 0.07 m s-1 . The sectional velocity distributions, as inferred from L-ADCP profiles obtained during hydrographic cruises, revealed that the Cape Santa Marta meanders have a very distinct vertical structure from those observed off Cape Frio (23°S) and Cape São Tomé (22°S). The meanders reach much depths of 1400 m and recirculated Tropical Water, South Atlantic Central Water, Antarctic Intemediate Water and Upper Circumpolar Waters. Occasionally, the eddy structure melds with the underlying Deep Western Boundary Current. Geostrophic horizontal patterns of the meanders were mapped using T-S information from historical cruises and it is obtained that the meander is a low-Rossby number (&#8764;0.07) and low-Burger(&#8764;0.06) number cyclone feature. Therefore, stretching vorticity seems to play a major role on the meandering dynamics and, consequently, baroclinic instability is the phenomenon primairily responsible for the cyclone growth. The low-Burger number also suggests that the meander dynamics is influenced by the topography. The two-dimensional EOF analysis conducted on the historical 28°S WOCE mooring transect from the 90s shows that the first sectional mode explains about 54% of the series variance and is related to the BC meandering. The amplitude of the cyclonic meander is roughly 200 km as it crosses the transect and the associated baroclinic vorticity wave period is typically 26 days. Finally, an idealized 2-layer Contour Dynamics model is constructed to isolate the baroclinic instability mechanism and to investigate the reasons for the growth and the southward phase speeds. The model\'s basic flow structure is built based on least-square fits of the observations averaged within the two layer\'s vertical extensions. The simulation showed that the meander evolve and grow due to the phase-locking of the slower lower layer relative to the faster upper layer. Also, the southward phase speed occurs as a direct consequence of the robust barotropic component acquired by the BC due to the southern branch of the Santos Bifurcation of the Antarctic Intemediate Water.

Bio-optical variability of surface waters in Northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM) was examined using satellite and in situ data. Relatively high chlorophyll-a concentration (chl>=1 mg m-3) and high colored dissolved organic mater (ag443>=0.1 m-1) were generally observed inshore, near major river mouths, and in plumes of Mississippi River water that extended offshore during the three consecutive summer seasons (1998, 1999, and 2000). River discharge dominated chlorophyll-a concentration variability inshore, particularly near major river mouths. Strong interannual variability in chlorophyll-a concentration was observed inshore from Escambia to Tampa Bay region during the winter to spring transition, which was different in 1998 compared to the winter to spring transition in 1999 and 2000. This was related to higher fresh water discharge during the 1997-1998 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event as well as strong upwelling in spring 1998. The Mississippi plume extended >500 km southeast of the Mississippi delta and up to the Florida Keys was observed for the periods extending over 14 weeks between May and September every year of the study. In general, ag443 covaried linearly and inversely with salinity inshore during spring and fall, indicating conservative mixing. The NEGOM salinity-ag443 relationship of fall 1998, i.e., Salinity=36.59-29.86*ag443 (n=8771, r2=0.86; 0.01<=ag443<=0.52, 16 <=S<=36), served as the best predictor of NEGOM salinity based on in situ ag443 observations for spring and fall seasons from all years (<3% mean percentage errors; corresponding to <1.03 psu). This may help estimate salinity from satellite ocean color data, but further testing using data from multiple years is needed to improve such relationship. While river discharge was an important source of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), phytoplankton blooms also contributed to CDOM formation in the NEGOM. Using a pigment index of phytoplankton taxonomic groups, the variability in biomass proportion of microphytoplankton explained up to 76% of the variability of the average of normalized phytoplankton absorption coefficients (545, 625, and 673 nm). The clorophyll-specific absorption coefficient, a*ph(440), varies by a factor of 7 (0.02-0.15 m2mg-1). Particle size and pigment composition played important roles in determining a*ph(440) variability. This must be accounted for in chlorophyll-a concentration algorithms based on aph.

O meandramento da Corrente do Brasil (CB) ao sul da Bifurcação de Santos é investigada por meio de imagens satelitárias, dados quase-sinóticos, análise de funções ortogonais empíricas (EOF) de correntômetros de fundeios e um modelo analítico semi-teórico. A análise das imagens satelitárias revelam que em média 1,2 meandros ciclônicos de grande amplitude são formados anualmente nas vizinhanças do Cabo de Santa Marta (&#8764;28,5°S). Os meandros parecem ser geostroficamente instáveis e a taxa de crescimento típica estimada é de 0,05 m s-1 . Eles ainda se propagam para sul com velocidade de fase de 0,07 m s-1 . A seção de velocidade, como a inferida por perfis de L-ADCP obtidos durante cruzeiros hidrográficos, revelam que os meandros do Cabo de Santa Marta possuem estrutura de velocidade distinta daquelas observadas em Cabo Frio (23°S) e Cabo de São Tomé (22°S). Os meandros alcançam profundidades maiores que 1400 m e recirculam Água Tropical, Água Central do Atlântico Sul, Água Intermediária Antártica e Água Circumpolar Superior. Ocasionalmente, a estrutura do vórtice se funde com a camada subjacente da Corrente de Contorno Oeste Profunda. O padrão geostrófico horizontal dos meandros foram mapeados usando dados de temperatura e salinidade de cruzeiros históricos e foi obtido que a estrutura ciclônica do meandro possui número de Rossby (&#8764;0,07) e número de Burger (&#8764;0,06) pequenos. Portanto, vorticidade de estiramento parece ter papel importante na dinâmica de meandramento e, consequentemente, instabilidade baroclínica é o fenômeno primariamente responsável pelo crescimento do ciclone. O número de Burger pequeno também sugere que a dinâmica do meandro é influênciada pela topografia. A análise de EOFs bidimensionais conduzida no transecto WOCE 28°S de fundeios históricos dos anos 90 mostram que o primeiro modo seccional explica cerca de 54% da variância das séries e está relacionado ao meandramento da CB. A amplitude do meandro ciclônico é aproximadamente 200 km uma vez que cruza o transecto e a onda de vorticidade baroclínica associada tem tipicamente 26 dias. Finalmente, um modelo de Dinâmica de Contornos idealizado de 2 camadas é construído para isolar o mecanismo de instabilidade baroclínica e para investigar as razões do crescimento e velocidade de fase para sul. A estrutura do fluxo básico do modelo é construído baseado no ajuste por mínimos quadrados das funções teóricas à média das observações nas espessuras das camadas. A simulação mostrou que o meandro evolui e se desenvolve devido ao fechamento de fase da camada inferior mais lenta relativo à camada superior mais rápida. Além disso, a propagação de fase para sul ocorre como uma consequência direta da componente barotrópica robusta, adquirida pela CB devido o ramo sul da Bifurcação de Santos. / The Brazil Current (BC) meandering south of the so-called Antarctic Intemediate Water\'s Santos Bifurcation is investigated by means of satellite imagery, quasi-synoptic data, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of currentmeter moorings and a semi-theoretical dynamical model. The analysis of the infrared imagery revealed that on average 1.2 large amplitude cyclonic meanders are formed annualy in the vicinities of Cape Santa Marta (&#8764;28.5°S). The meanders seem to be geophysically unstable and the estimated typical growth rate is of 0.05 days-1 . They also propagate southward with phase speed of 0.07 m s-1 . The sectional velocity distributions, as inferred from L-ADCP profiles obtained during hydrographic cruises, revealed that the Cape Santa Marta meanders have a very distinct vertical structure from those observed off Cape Frio (23°S) and Cape São Tomé (22°S). The meanders reach much depths of 1400 m and recirculated Tropical Water, South Atlantic Central Water, Antarctic Intemediate Water and Upper Circumpolar Waters. Occasionally, the eddy structure melds with the underlying Deep Western Boundary Current. Geostrophic horizontal patterns of the meanders were mapped using T-S information from historical cruises and it is obtained that the meander is a low-Rossby number (&#8764;0.07) and low-Burger(&#8764;0.06) number cyclone feature. Therefore, stretching vorticity seems to play a major role on the meandering dynamics and, consequently, baroclinic instability is the phenomenon primairily responsible for the cyclone growth. The low-Burger number also suggests that the meander dynamics is influenced by the topography. The two-dimensional EOF analysis conducted on the historical 28°S WOCE mooring transect from the 90s shows that the first sectional mode explains about 54% of the series variance and is related to the BC meandering. The amplitude of the cyclonic meander is roughly 200 km as it crosses the transect and the associated baroclinic vorticity wave period is typically 26 days. Finally, an idealized 2-layer Contour Dynamics model is constructed to isolate the baroclinic instability mechanism and to investigate the reasons for the growth and the southward phase speeds. The model\'s basic flow structure is built based on least-square fits of the observations averaged within the two layer\'s vertical extensions. The simulation showed that the meander evolve and grow due to the phase-locking of the slower lower layer relative to the faster upper layer. Also, the southward phase speed occurs as a direct consequence of the robust barotropic component acquired by the BC due to the southern branch of the Santos Bifurcation of the Antarctic Intemediate Water.

No description available.