A oxidação do resíduo de cisteína 56 (ANT-cys56) do transportador de nucleotídeos de adenina (ANT) é descrita como evento crítico da Transição de Permeabilidade Mitocondrial (TPM), fenômeno caracterizado pela sensibilidade ao fármaco imunossupressor ciclosporina A (CsA), responsável pela ligação e inibição do componente promotor da abertura do Poro de Transição de Permeabilidade (PTP), a enzima peptidil-prolil-cis trans isomerase (cyp D). Aspectos bioquímico-estruturais do ANT, das cardiolipinas (CDL) que envolvem o transportador e da cyp D na TPM foram avaliados por meio de ensaios turbidimétricos de inchamento mitocondrial e estado conformacional do ANT em mitocôndrias isoladas de fígado de rato, associados a abordagens de química computacional para análises de campos de interação molecular (MIF) e dinâmica molecular (MD), visando a predição de eventos envolvidos na abertura do PTP. As análises computacionais revelaram aumento da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56, como resultado da interação preferencial do Ca2+ com a molécula de CDL ligada à hélice 4 do transportador, enquanto que a inversão da configuração do resíduo de prolina do ANT (ANT-pro61) potencializou o efeito induzido por Ca2+. A presença de ADP no interior do ANT preveniu o aumento da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56 promovida pelo Ca2+, enquanto que a inversão da configuração do ANT-pro61, de trans para cis, potencializou o efeito promovido pelo Ca2+ na mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56, de forma insensível ao nucleotídeo. Os ensaios com mitocôndrias isoladas demonstraram que o Ca2+ induz a conformação c do ANT e promove abertura do PTP, de forma sensível à CsA e ADP. A presença de cyp D estabilizou a conformação c do ANT induzida por Ca2+, sendo que Atractilosídeo (ATR) tornou o efeito parcialmente insensível aos inibidores da TPM. Os resultados sugerem que a abertura do PTP induzida por Ca2+ envolve a mudança conformacional do ANT para o estado c, cuja estabilização é obtida pela cyp D na função de inversão do ANT-pro61, com base na avaliação da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56 parcialmente sensível ao ADP. / Oxidation of the Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT) cysteine residue 56 (ANT-cys56) is potentially involved in Ca2+-induced Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT), a process which is prevented by cyclosporine A (CsA), due to its inhibition of Permeability Transition Pore (PTP) opener component, the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase cyclophylin D (cyp D). The main aspects of ANT, cardiolipins (CDL) and cyp D on Ca2+-induced PTP opening were addressed by employing light scattering techniques in isolated rat liver mitochondria to assess both ANT conformational change and mitochondrial swelling in association with computational chemistry analysis of Molecular Interaction Fields (MIF) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) for PTP events predictions. Computational analysis revealed that Ca2+ interacts preferentially with the ANT surrounding CDL bound to the H4 helix of the carrier and weakens the CDL/ANT interactions accounting for the ADP-sensitive increase of ANT-cys56 relative mobility while ANT-pro61 cis to trans configuration inversion intensified the Ca2+ effect in a ADP-insensitive way. The ANT conformation and mitochondrial swelling analyses demonstrated that Ca2+ induces conformation c of ANT and opens PTP in a CsA- and ADP-sensitive way. Cyp D stabilizes Ca2+-induced ANT conformation c, whereas ATR renders a PTP opening less sensitive to the inhibition by CsA or ADP. The results suggest that Ca2+-induced PTP opening involves ANT conformation c change supported by a cyp D-induced trans to cys ANT-pro61 configuration inversion based on the relative mobility of ANT-cys56, in a ADP-sensitive manner.

Les mitochondries et le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) interagissent au niveau de points de contacts appelés « Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes » (MAM), afin d'échanger du Ca2+ via le complexe TP3Rl/Grp75/VDACl et maintenir l'homéostasie énergétique. Bien que des dysfonctions mitochondriales, un stress du RE et des altérations de l'homéostasie du Ca2+ participent au développement de l'insulino-résistance, on ne sait pas si ce sont des facteurs indépendants ou s'ils sont inter-reliés par une altération des MAM. Mes travaux de thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence un nouveau rôle des MAM dans l'insulino-résistance hépatique. J'ai mis au point et validé la technique d'in situ PLA pour visualiser et quantifier les interactions mitochondrie-RE dans les cellules. J'ai montré que l'intégrité des MAM était nécessaire pour la signalisation de l'insuline dans le foie, et qu'un défaut d'intégrité des MAM était impliqué dans l'insulino-résistance hépatique. Des données préliminaires suggèrent qu'une altération des MAM est également associée à l'insulino-résistance musculaire. J'ai ensuite mis en évidence la présence de la protéine kinase B, une protéine clé de la signalisation de l'insuline, dans les MAM, et démontré que sa phosphorylation par l'insuline est altérée dans cette fraction dans le foie de souris diabétique. Enfin, j'ai participé à la mise en évidence l) de la présence de la cyclophilin D à l'interface des MAM régulant les échanges calciques entre les deux organites dans les cardiomyocytes et les hépatocytes, et 2) d'une régulation des MAM par le glucose dans le foie qui permet un contrôle de la dynamique et de la fonction mitochondriale au cours des transitions nutritionnelles. Par conséquent, mes travaux ont permis d'améliorer les connaissances actuelles sur les partenaires, la fonction et la régulation des MAM et de dévoiler les MAM comme une nouvelle cible pour moduler la signalisation de l'insuline et le métabolisme hépatique / Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) are functional domains between both organelles involved in Ca2+ exchange, through the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)-1/glucose regulated protein 75 (Grp75)/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (TP3R)-1 complex, and regulating energy metabolism. Whereas mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, and altered Ca2+ homeostasis are associated with altered insulin signalling, the implication of MAM dysfunctions in insulin resistance is unknown. During my PhD, my work has underlined a new role of MAM in hepatic insulin- resistance. T have developed a quantitative method called in situ Proximity Ligation Assay to visualise and quantify the interactions between ER and mitochondria. T have shown that MAM integrity is required for insulin signalling and that disruption of MAM is implicated in hepatic insulin resistance. Preliminary data also suggest that MAM alterations are also associated with muscle insulin resistance. T have also identified the presence of the protein kinase B (PKB), a key protein involved in metabolic effects of insulin, at the MAM interface, and demonstrated that its phosphorylation by insulin is altered in this fraction in liver of diabetic mice. Lastly, T have also participated to the identification of: 1) the presence of cyclophilin D (CypD) at MAM interface which regulates calcium transfer from ER to mitochondria in both cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes, and 2) a regulation of MAM by glucose in liver, which is involved in the regulation of mitochondria dynamics and function during nutritional transitions. Consequently, my work improved the knowledge on the composition, function and regulation of MAM, and highlighted MAM as a potential new target for the modulation of hepatic insulin action and metabolism

A oxidação do resíduo de cisteína 56 (ANT-cys56) do transportador de nucleotídeos de adenina (ANT) é descrita como evento crítico da Transição de Permeabilidade Mitocondrial (TPM), fenômeno caracterizado pela sensibilidade ao fármaco imunossupressor ciclosporina A (CsA), responsável pela ligação e inibição do componente promotor da abertura do Poro de Transição de Permeabilidade (PTP), a enzima peptidil-prolil-cis trans isomerase (cyp D). Aspectos bioquímico-estruturais do ANT, das cardiolipinas (CDL) que envolvem o transportador e da cyp D na TPM foram avaliados por meio de ensaios turbidimétricos de inchamento mitocondrial e estado conformacional do ANT em mitocôndrias isoladas de fígado de rato, associados a abordagens de química computacional para análises de campos de interação molecular (MIF) e dinâmica molecular (MD), visando a predição de eventos envolvidos na abertura do PTP. As análises computacionais revelaram aumento da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56, como resultado da interação preferencial do Ca2+ com a molécula de CDL ligada à hélice 4 do transportador, enquanto que a inversão da configuração do resíduo de prolina do ANT (ANT-pro61) potencializou o efeito induzido por Ca2+. A presença de ADP no interior do ANT preveniu o aumento da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56 promovida pelo Ca2+, enquanto que a inversão da configuração do ANT-pro61, de trans para cis, potencializou o efeito promovido pelo Ca2+ na mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56, de forma insensível ao nucleotídeo. Os ensaios com mitocôndrias isoladas demonstraram que o Ca2+ induz a conformação c do ANT e promove abertura do PTP, de forma sensível à CsA e ADP. A presença de cyp D estabilizou a conformação c do ANT induzida por Ca2+, sendo que Atractilosídeo (ATR) tornou o efeito parcialmente insensível aos inibidores da TPM. Os resultados sugerem que a abertura do PTP induzida por Ca2+ envolve a mudança conformacional do ANT para o estado c, cuja estabilização é obtida pela cyp D na função de inversão do ANT-pro61, com base na avaliação da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56 parcialmente sensível ao ADP. / Oxidation of the Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT) cysteine residue 56 (ANT-cys56) is potentially involved in Ca2+-induced Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT), a process which is prevented by cyclosporine A (CsA), due to its inhibition of Permeability Transition Pore (PTP) opener component, the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase cyclophylin D (cyp D). The main aspects of ANT, cardiolipins (CDL) and cyp D on Ca2+-induced PTP opening were addressed by employing light scattering techniques in isolated rat liver mitochondria to assess both ANT conformational change and mitochondrial swelling in association with computational chemistry analysis of Molecular Interaction Fields (MIF) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) for PTP events predictions. Computational analysis revealed that Ca2+ interacts preferentially with the ANT surrounding CDL bound to the H4 helix of the carrier and weakens the CDL/ANT interactions accounting for the ADP-sensitive increase of ANT-cys56 relative mobility while ANT-pro61 cis to trans configuration inversion intensified the Ca2+ effect in a ADP-insensitive way. The ANT conformation and mitochondrial swelling analyses demonstrated that Ca2+ induces conformation c of ANT and opens PTP in a CsA- and ADP-sensitive way. Cyp D stabilizes Ca2+-induced ANT conformation c, whereas ATR renders a PTP opening less sensitive to the inhibition by CsA or ADP. The results suggest that Ca2+-induced PTP opening involves ANT conformation c change supported by a cyp D-induced trans to cys ANT-pro61 configuration inversion based on the relative mobility of ANT-cys56, in a ADP-sensitive manner.

L’I/R et la cardioprotection par PreC et PostC impactent la fonction mitochondriale et plus précisément le mPTP. Le mPTP est non seulement modulé par des protéines qui participent à sa formation comme la CypD mais aussi par l’environnement cellulaire. Le but de ma thèse a été d’étudier la régulation du mPTP par la CypD, le complexe I et le Ca2+ durant l’I/R et la cardioprotection. Nos conclusions sont : 1. Le complexe I de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale régule l’ouverture du mPTP et cela de façon CypD-dépendante. 2. Le PostC est un inhibiteur du complexe I, l’Iso, est le seul PostC efficace chez le rat in vivo. 3. L’inhibition pharmacologique ou génétique de la CypD cardioprotège en modulant l’ouverture du mPTP et l’homéostasie calcique. 4. La CypD a un nouveau rôle dans la cardioprotection, indépendamment de son action sur le mPTP. En effet, elle module le transfert calcique au niveau des MAM et plus précisément le transfert de Ca2+ entre les RS et la mitochondrie. Son inhibition prévient la surcharge calcique mitochondriale intervenant lors de l’I/R. L’ensemble de ces résultats nous permet de conclure que le mPTP est régulé par de nombreux facteurs interconnectés. Le Ca2+ est l’effecteur principal de l’ouverture du mPTP. La CypD a une action Ca2+ dépendante et module l’homéostasie calcique au niveau des MAM. Le complexe I régule l’ouverture du mPTP de façon CypD dépendante. Enfin les fonctions mitochondriales cardioprotecteurs mPTP-dépendants englobe la CypD, le Ca2+, le complexe I et les fonctions mitochondriales. Cette vision plus large et intégrée de la régulation du mPTP pourra donner des pistes plus efficaces dans le développement de traitements pharmacologiques cardioprotecteurs / Reperfusion of the heart after an ischemic event leads to the opening of a nonspecific pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Inhibition of mPTP opening is an effective strategy to prevent cardiomyocyte death. For example, inhibition of mPTP opening via ischaemic preconditioning (PreC) and post-conditioning (PostC) decreased the myocardial infarct size after ischemia–reperfusion. Although the molecular composition of the mPTP remains unclear, the matrix protein cyclophilin-D (CypD) is the best defined regulatory component of mPTP. In this thesis, we demonstrated that Complex I of the respiratory mitochondrial chain also regulates mPTP in a CypD-dependent manner. We also proved that inhibition of Complex I by isoflurane prevents lethal reperfusion injury in an in vivo rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. Finally, we proved that cardioprotective inhibition of CypD modulates calcium homeostasis and fluxes between mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum. In summary, our results suggest that mPTP is regulated by several interconnected factors like calcium, CypD, complex I and mitochondrial functions

Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for around two thirds of all dementia cases and an increase in life expectancy of the population has resulted in a substantial increase in dementia cases and with that a rise in AD. AD is a debilitating and ultimately fatal neurodegenerative disorder of the elderly, and despite being identified over a century ago, the current treatments do not treat the underlying causes behind the disease, instead they help to mask the symptoms of the disease and prolong the brain's remaining function. It is therefore vital that an effective, disease modifying treatment for this disease is established as soon as possible. Soluble intracellular forms of amyloid β (peptide Aβ), a hallmark of AD have been identified and intracellular targets of Aβ are being investigated as potential drug targets for the disease. Two key intracellular, mitochondrial proteins investigated as potential drug targets: amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) and cyclophilin D (CypD) are the focus of the work reported in this thesis. To begin identifying potential inhibitors of the ABAD-Aβ interaction, a two-pronged approach was taken. Firstly, a series of analogues based on a known inhibitor of the interaction were tested using a variety of biophysical assays, for their therapeutic affect on the interaction, and secondly a fragment based screening approach was used to identify new small molecule binding partners of ABAD which could potentially be modified to produced inhibitors of the ABAD-Aβ interaction. Three different CypD constructs have been successfully expressed and purified, and taken into crystal trials. It is hoped that these constructs can be used to significantly aid the progress of identifying any potential inhibitors and binding partners of CypD that may produce therapeutic effects, and in the future could lead to the identification of an effective disease modifying drug in the treatment of AD. The work reported in this thesis has built upon previously reported findings and the groundwork has also been established for several in vitro biophysical assays, these include for example: measuring ABAD enzyme activity, and the novel morphology specific Aβ aggregation assay, which can be used as screening tools to help identify potential inhibitors of these interactions. Both the ABAD-Aβ interaction, and the blockade of CypD are known to be drug targets in the treatment of AD, and by elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind these interactions, through implementing biophysical assays, this will help in the identification and design of potential new therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.