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Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) derives its name from the likeness of the fruit to a beech-nut (German :Buchweizen). It probably originated in the Himalayas (Stoletova, 1940). The earliest record of buckwheat cultivation was found in Germany in an old register dated 1436 (Hill, 1937; Ames, 1939). It is in no way related to wheat except that it has some importance as a "cereal" and is hence called a pseudo-cereal. [...]

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Early identification of mutant embryos prior to the manifestation of a defect facilitates the study of dysmorphogenesis. The In(l)lRk inversion was used as a cytogenetic marker to distinguish embryonic day 9 (D9) splotch (Sp) and splotch-delayed $(Sp sp{d})$ mouse mutants from heterozygous and wild-type littermates, and cellular aspects of abnormal neurulation and NCC migration were examined before inherent neural tube defects (NTDs) and deficiencies in neural crest cell (NCC) derivatives developed. In vitro analysis of NCC emigration from D9 neural tube explants revealed a delay in the release of NCCs from mutant neural tubes compared to controls, suggesting that the primary effect of the mutation was intrinsic to the neuroepithelium. Immunofluorescent localization of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) antibody in situ demonstrated an increased intensity of antibody fluorescence in mutant tissue compared to controls, and further characterization by immunoblot analysis showed an altered embryonic N-CAM profile in both Sp and $Sp sp{d}$ mutants at D9 of gestation. The importance of N-CAMs in mediating cellular organization and communication has been well documented, supporting the idea that an alteration in this adhesion mechanism could result in the types of defects seen in splotch locus mouse mutants.

Dysfunction of the vascular endothelium can initiate atherosclerosis. Mechanical forces, particularly wall shear stress (WSS) are believed to cause endothelial dysfunction. Present in vitro cell culture models are often simplified and thus, ignore the wall shear stress spatial gradients inherent in complex geometries. The aim of this project was to study endothelial cell response in an anatomically correct right coronary artery model (RCA) under more physiologically realistic flow conditions. / Human Abdominal Aortic Endothelial Cells (HAAECs) were seeded in the lumen of a pre-treated faithful RCA and a straight tubular model. The cells were subjected to steady or non-reversing oscillatory flow (Re=196, alpha=1.82) at a mean physiological flow rate of 20 dynes/cm2 for 8, 12 and 24 hours of flow. The results show that under all flow conditions, the cells became progressively more elongated and aligned. Moreover, differences in endothelial morphology in the inner (myocardial) and outer (pericardial) walls were seen in the inlet region. The morphologic adaptation to steady and oscillatory flow was similar. The results suggest that spatial, not temporal gradients in shear in the inlet region are responsible for the differential endothelial cell response.

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