Low-head dams are capable of creating dangerous counter-currents just downstream from the structure. These dangerous counter-currents are known as submerged hydraulic jumps and are responsible for hundreds of fatalities at numerous low-head dams across the United States. The counter-current creates high upstream-directed surface velocities across the width of the channel, making it nearly impossible for an individual to escape. This submerged jump can occur during a range of upstream and downstream conditions. Effective, safe and low-cost remediation options must be explored in order to prevent further fatalities at these structures. This document explores such a remediation option: the Multiple Staggered Deflector Design. This remediation option will disrupt uniform upstream-directed surface velocities across the channel within a submerged jump for nearly all downstream conditions that create a submerged jump for a range of upstream conditions. The dam modification is designed such that an individual will escape the submerged jump without severe injury or harm, while being relatively inexpensive and simple to install.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Zoology)) -- University of the North, 1994 / Refer to the document

The safety of migrating salmon, especially salmonids, in the Pacific Northwest has been a concern for decades. With the advent of fish bypass systems, and safer turbines the focus of salmon safety has turned to total dissolved gases. Produced by entrainment of air into tailrace waters, total dissolved gases (TDG) can cause gas bubble disease, a harmful and potential lethal disease in fish. Avian predators are another danger for migrating salmon. In some areas of the world birds common in the Pacific Northwest can account for as much as 65% of salmon smolt losses. The goal of this thesis is to determine the effects of changing operational conditions at McNary dam on fish exposure to predator habitats and TDG. Computational fluid dynamic models were implemented to predict the hydrodynamics, TDG distribution and inert particle trajectories in the tailrace of McNary dam for varying operational conditions. A 3D volume of fluid (VOF) model was used first to capture the free surface shape in the tailrace. A rigid-lid model was then used to simulate the hydrodynamics and TDG distribution within the tailrace using the free surface shape from the VOF model. This 3D two phase model utilized an anisotropic Reynolds Stress turbulence model. All grids were generated using the commercial Gridgen software. A lagrangian particle tracking model that followed Newton's laws of motion were used to track inert particles throughout the domain. Validation of the model was performed. A grid refinement study with four different refinement levels was performed. Velocities for each grid type were compared against field data taken in 2004, and TDG was compared amongst the four grids. It was determined the medium level of refinement could accurately predict the velocities, and the TDG was relatively independent of grid density; TDG averages at the grid outlets were within 1.435% of one another. The TDG distribution was then compared, using the grid of medium refinement against field data measured in 1997and were between 1.5 and 3% of error depending on the transect. After validation of the model 16 predictive simulations were run with varying levels of total river flow and operational conditions. Tailrace hydrodynamics along with TDG production and distribution were compared for simulations with comparable total river flow rates. Fish trajectories were tracked using the particle tracking model. Inert particles were injected into the domain and properties such as velocity, distance to the shore and depth about each were recorded. Statistics were then generated for the particles based on criteria that defined dangerous predation zones within the tailrace. After completion of the simulations, it was determined that existing operations consistentlyproduced higher levels of TDG due to increased entrainment of the powerhouse flows into the spillway regions. It was also found that with increasing total river flows, TDG levels increased. On average, summer operations had lower TDG than spring due to the lower total river flows. Predation zones were similar for all simulations, but particle statistics varied depending on operational conditions. In general, particles were safer for higher flowrates as fewer low velocity eddies where particles could be trapped formed in simulations with high flowrates.

DNA adenine methyltransferase (Dam) plays an important role in different bacterial functions. It has been shown that Dam is required for regulation of bacterial replication initiation and is required for proofreading newly synthesized DNA through methylation directed mismatch repair. Dam is also involved in the regulation of different genes and is required for virulence in several different bacterial genera though its degree of importance depends on the specific bacteria being studied. During this work, a Dam-negative strain (JSM1) was constructed in Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 43816 to ascertain its importance for K. pneumoniae viability and virulence. To test JSM1 for expression of fimbrial virulence factors, agglutinations were used to detect the presence of type three and type one fimbriae, respectively. No differences between 43816 and JSM1 were discernable. Similarly, JSM1 production of capsular material appeared to be unaltered. K. pneumoniae JSM1 virulence in a murine model was examined following intranasal or intraperitoneal inoculation, and it was determined that JSM1 is partially attenuated. Quantitative analysis of 43816 and JSM1 biofilm growth revealed only slight decreases in JSM1 biofilm mass and thickness, but live/dead staining of developed biofilms showed decreased JSM1 biofilm viability over time compared to 43816 biofilms. JSM1 was also examined for alterations in the frequency of spontaneous antibiotic resistance mutations and tested for increased susceptibility to various DNA damaging agents, and statistically significant differences were found for some of the spontaneous antibiotic resistance mutation frequencies tested. Fimbriae in K. pneumoniae are important virulence factors which facilitate respiratory and urinary tract infections in vivo. They also contribute to formation of biofilms which are believed to cause chronic infections and increased antibiotic resistance. Searches for homologous regions within the Klebsiella chromosome using the chaperone and usher components of E. coli type 1 fimbriae revealed five putative fimbrial gene clusters on the Klebsiella chromosome which had not been characterized. Mutations created within select gene clusters did not yield detectable deficiencies in biofilm formation or murine respiratory virulence. However, based on the multiplicity of fimbrial expression observed in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, combinational mutations may be required prior to detection of a discernable phenotype.

This study examines the role of politics in the removal of the 106-foot tall San Clemente Dam. The removal project and negotiations provide a case study of the contemporary phenomenon of dam removal. My analysis joins a growing body of social science literature on the social, political, and human dimensions of removal. The San Clemente Dam, which impounded the Carmel River near Monterey, California, was removed in 2015, the largest such project completed in California. Drawing on political ecology and science and technology studies, and using a mixed qualitative approach, I assess both the role of politics in shaping the project and the politics affected through or by the removal. I use a broad, historically attentive analysis of the region to contextualize the political elements of the project. My findings demonstrate and focus on several political dimensions of the removal project, including funding, micro-political strategies, and the prioritizing of particular ecosystem functions and services in the post-removal landscape.

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of rotenone applied during a fish control operation in September 1962 and the installation of Flaming Gorge Dam in November 1962 upon the distribution of invertebrates in the Green River. Since these two events, the river has changed from a warm, turbid stream to a cold, clear trout stream for about 45 miles below the dam. Totals of 234 bottom samples and 394 drift samples were collected between the dam and Ouray, Utah (166 miles below the dam). The species composition of the fauna above Carr Ranch was much simpler during 1964-65 than the reported pre-impoundment composition. Below Carr Ranch the species composition of the invertebrate fauna has changed little. Bottomfauna densities were highest near the dam (max. 6347/ft. 2) and decreased with increasing distance below the dam. Population densities below Carr Ranch (42.7 miles below the dam) appeared to be similar to reported pre-impoundment densities. Drift rates of Baetis nymphs and Simuliidae larvae were highest near the dam. Illumination, population density. of other organisms, and water temperature had significant effects on drift-net catches of Baetis and Simuliidae. Turbidity and water - level fluctuations had important effects under certain circumstances, while date, dissolved oxygen, and depth of water had little effect on drift - net catches.

Scar: A lingering sign of damage or injury, either mental or physical. Technological advancement scars the landscape. It has been our practice to ignore, or worse, hide these marks that have been made as society continues to advance. Industries past left us relics and ruins of bygone eras of promise and production. The time we live in has recognized the untenable failures of past generations, however there are methods of industry that continue to injure the landscape. We will leave our scars. In this time we must rethink the scar, define it, and recognize its beauty. The first step of reclamation is acquiring awareness of where the scar came from. Whether it is an injury, an accident, or a natural disaster, some traumatic event caused lasting damage. Traumatic events whether natural - hurricanes, floods and earthquakes - or manmade - wars, genocide and assaults - can cause both physical and emotional scars. Human tissues can repair themselves leaving scars, but there are also the scars of repair. Even technological advancements in medicine cannot eliminate the scar. Scarring is the natural healing process, yet we view them as unnatural. Once recognized, we must accept the scar so that we do not destroy it. We must accept the traumatic cause/effect relationships, and be conscious of the healing process. The scar must be appreciated: the time that it takes to make it, the time that it takes to heal, the history it can teach, and the story that it can tell. To hide it would only be an injustice to those who came before us and to those yet to come. With acceptance a scar’s beauty can be seen. Every new era of technology, every successive generation, leaves a scar. The opportunity to aid the greatest healer – time – is now. Every scar tells a story. Reclamation: A restoration, as to productivity, usefulness, or morality.

The self-potential method responds to the electrokinetic phenomenon of streaming potential and has been applied in hydrogeologic and engineering investigations to aid in the evaluation of subsurface hydraulic conditions. Of specific interest is the application of the method to embankment dam seepage monitoring and detection. This demands a quantitative interpretation of seepage conditions from the geophysical data. To enable the study of variably saturated flow problems of complicated geometry, a three-dimensional finite volume algorithm is developed to evaluate the self-potential distribution resulting from subsurface fluid flow. The algorithm explicitly calculates the distribution of streaming current sources and solves for the self-potential given a model of hydraulic head and prescribed distributions of the streaming current cross-coupling conductivity and electrical resistivity. A new laboratory apparatus is developed to measure the streaming potential coupling coefficient and resistivity in unconsolidated soil samples. Measuring both of these parameters on the same sample under the same conditions enables us to properly characterize the streaming current cross-coupling conductivity coefficient. I present the results of a laboratory investigation to study the influence of soil and fluid parameters on the cross-coupling coefficient, and characterize this property for representative well-graded embankment soils. The streaming potential signals associated with preferential seepage through the core of a synthetic embankment dam model are studied using the forward modelling algorithm and measured electrical properties to assess the sensitivity of the self-potential method in detecting internal erosion. Maximum self-potential anomalies are shown to be linked to large localized hydraulic gradients that develop in response to piping, prior to any detectable increase in seepage flow through the dam. A linear inversion algorithm is developed to evaluate the three-dimensional distribution of hydraulic head from self-potential data, given a known distribution of the cross-coupling coefficient and electrical resistivity. The inverse problem is solved by minimizing an objective function, which consists of a data misfit that accounts for measurement error and a model objective function that incorporates a priori information. The algorithm is suitable for saturated flow problems or where the position of the phreatic surface is known.

The ruins of the La Colle Falls Hydro Dam encompass two very distinct topographies: the physical landscape of the vast Canadian Northwest, and the complex emotional terrain of the urban mythology of the city of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. In 1912 the city embarked on the ambitious project, building a dam and shipping lock on the North Saskatchewan River to supply the city with cheap and plentiful hydroelectric power and create a navigable inland shipping route from Winnipeg to Edmonton. The people of the community believed that it was poised to become a new commercial centre of the west, a key manufacturing and industrial metropolis. Instead, the project became an enormous and ruinous financial debacle that embarrassed the residents and crippled the urban growth of the city for nearly a century. Its failure, and the consequent suffering it brought permeate local legend to this day. The solution to this negative residual memory exists in the hydro dam’s own genesis: the spiritual and functional significance of the North Saskatchewan River as a site of traditional Aboriginal healing and a crucial regional amenity. Unable to bridle the waters of the North Saskatchewan, the dam instead comprises a dramatic visual testimony to the effects of an enormous work of construction on the panoramic Saskatchewan landscape, and an ideal setting to address the interface of man, structure, and the human body in the natural world. This thesis uses the ruins of the dam as a physical armature on which to construct a spa complex, an architectural insertion that will complete the dam, and present a positive alternative ending to its story. The spa is viewed as a place of intimate physical contact and remedial personal reflection that acknowledges the dramatic landscapes surrounding it, engages the senses, and simultaneously heals the bodies of the patrons while reconciling the latent negative historical memory of the original hydro dam project.

Gardiner Dam is located on the South Saskatchewan River approximately 100 km south of Saskatoon, SK. After the start of construction, the River Embankment experienced downstream movement in the shale portion of the foundation. Observed movements are occurring on a well-defined shear plane within the shale layer. This continuing foundation deformation raises concerns regarding the long-term stability of the structure and the effect of continuing deformation on the integrity of the embankment and ancillary works. The mechanism(s) responsible for the ongoing movements are not fully understood. As such, prediction of on-going deformation has had only a limited success. In the work presented in this dissertation, historic geotechnical instrumentation data was used to identify a potential mechanism of movement within the shale foundation. The potential mechanism thus identified can be briefly described as a combination of elastic deformation and consolidation within the shale. As the reservoir level rises, part of the increase in horizontal thrust is transferred to the shale. Since the shale is relatively stiff and has a low hydraulic conductivity, the increase in loading is; therefore, transferred to the porewater, resulting in generation of excess porewater pressures in shale. When the reservoir is high a portion of the excess porewater pressure dissipates. The observed horizontal movement along the shear zone is then developed from elastic deformation and horizontal consolidation of the shale from dissipation of excess porewater pressure. An analytical model was developed from the proposed conceptual model and had general success predicting the horizontal displacement based on the reservoir level and time period. However, the model was sensitive to the reservoir level and several variables within the shale including the hydraulic conductivity and porewater parameter B. Overall, the material variables such as hydraulic conductivity and B can be refined; however, without having an accurate reservoir prediction into the future, the ability for this model to predict the displacement in the foundation will be limited.