A two-dimensional numerical model (RiverFLO-2D) has been enhanced to simulate flooding of urban areas by developing an innovative wet and dry surface algorithm, accounting for variable rainfall, and recoding the model computer program for parallel computing. The model formulation is based on the shallow water equations solved with an explicit time-stepping element-by-element finite element method. The dry-wet surface algorithm is based on a local approximation of the continuity and momentum equations for elements that are completely dry. This algorithm achieves global volume conservation in the finite element, even for flows over complex topographic surfaces. A new module was implemented to account for variable rainfall in space and time using NEXRAD precipitation estimates. The resulting computer code was parallelized using OpenMP Application Program Interface, which allows the model to run up to 5 times faster on multiple core computers. The model was verified with analytical solutions and validated with laboratory and field data. Model application to the Malpasset dam break and Sumacarcel flooding event show that the model accurately predicts flood wave travel times and water depths for these numerically demanding real cases. To illustrate the predictive capability of the enhanced model, an application was made of the city of Sweetwater flooding in Miami-Dade County, FL caused by the Hurricane Irene. The simulation starts with dry bed and rainfall is provided by NEXRAD estimates. Integrating NEXRAD rainfall estimates, developing a novel dry-wet area algorithm and parallelizing RiverFLO-2D code, this dissertation presents a proof of concept to accurately and efficiently predict floods in urban areas, identifying future improvements along this line of research.

Orientador: Geraldo de Freitas Maciel / Banca: Sérgio Said Mansur / Banca: Jean Paul Vila / Resumo: Denominam-se problemas tipo rompimento de barreira os fenômenos nos quais um fluido é liberado de maneira abrupta. Quando o fluido apresenta natureza hiperconcentrada, a relação entre a tensão de cisalhamento e a taxa de deformação pode se tornar não-linear, passando a apresentar reologia não-Newtoniana. Problemas deste tipo podem ser encontrados em muitos fenômenos tanto na natureza quanto em processos industriais. O estudo de tal problema é, geralmente, conduzido usando simplificações, como a aproximação de águas rasas e a separação do escoamento em regimes dominantemente inerciais ou viscosos. O presente trabalho é composto de duas partes, uma experimental e outra, numérica. No campo experimental, duas soluções controladas são usadas: soluções aquosas de açúcar e de Carbopol 940, esta última com várias concentrações volumétricas. O aparato experimental consiste em um canal retangular de acrílico, contendo uma comporta, a montante da qual, o fluido é retido e, pela ruptura (levantamento da comporta), começa a escoar. O escoamento é estudado através de técnicas avançadas de filmagem. No campo numérico, são realizadas simulações usando o programa CFX, no qual é usado um método de rastreamento de interface, o VOF e sem o emprego das simplificações citadas. Os resultados experimentais são comparados com os numéricos e com resultados da literatura que usam tais simplificações. Na comparação a aproximação de águas rasas, apesar de descrever bem a forma da interface, se distancia dos valores reais da posição da frente de onda. / Abstract: The dam break problem describes a phenomenon in which there is an abrupt release of fluid. When the fluid is hiperconcentrated, the relation between the shear stress and the strain rate can become non-linear, and so present a non-Newtonian rheology. The non-Newtonian dam break problem may be found in many phenomena in nature and industrial process. The study of such a problem is, generally, conducted using simplified hypothesis such as the shallow water approximation and the separation of the flow in inertial and viscous dominated regimes. The present work is composed of two parts, one experimental and other, numerical. In the experimental field, two controlled solutions were used: water solutions of sugar and of Carbopol 940, the last one with a wide range of volume concentrations. These fluids have, respectively, Newtonian and non-Newtonian rheologies. The experimental setup consists of an acrylic rectangular channel, which has a dam and upstream of that the fluid is retained and, by the rupture, it begins to flow. The flow is studied by using advanced filming techniques. In the numerical field, simulations are conducted using the CFX software, which uses an interface tracking method, the VOF, and without the shallow water approximation and the division of the flow. So the experimental, numerical and literature results, that uses such simplifications, are compared and it is showed that the shallow water approximation, however describes very well the shape of the surface, is not accurate in calculate the wave front position. / Mestre

O início da construção de estruturas para reserva de água no mundo é conhecido há milhares de anos, e, desde então, as barragens são consideradas alternativas viáveis não apenas para reserva de água para consumo, mas também para as finalidades de geração de energia hidrelétrica, contenção de rejeitos, entre outras. Entretanto, mesmo com os contínuos avanços nas técnicas construtivas e na fiscalização da segurança destas estruturas, a possibilidade de rompimento de barragens é uma realidade constante. Nesta perspectiva, o presente texto objetiva analisar os aspectos hidráulicos de metodologias simplificadas para estimativa de parâmetros de inundação proveniente do rompimento de barragens, a saber, as vazões e respectivas profundidades atingidas no vale a jusante, em um evento de rompimento hipotético. Para tal, analisaram-se os resultados de três metodologias simplificadas existentes, aplicadas em três barragens estudo de caso, com características estruturais e geometria do vale a jusante distintas. Os resultados das metodologias simplificadas foram comparados com os estudos de Dam Break das três barragens estudo de caso, obtidos com o uso do software HEC-RAS unidimensional e cedidos por empreendedores. O presente texto também sugere uma nova equação empírica para previsão da vazão máxima resultante do rompimento de barragens por galgamento, e propõe uma nova metodologia simplificada para análise preliminar de rompimento de barragens, com base nos métodos analisados e nas respectivas conclusões obtidas. Os resultados indicam que o uso de metodologias simplificadas na análise preliminar de rompimento de barragens é uma alternativa viável em vales cuja declividade do talvegue é acentuada e cujas características geométricas são aproximadamente constantes. Identificou-se que pequenas alterações no coeficiente de rugosidade do terreno e na declividade da linha de energia refletiram em diferenças nos resultados de profundidades e larguras máximas de 20%, em média. A proposta de nova equação empírica para previsão de vazão máxima na seção da barragem baseou-se na análise de 39 casos reais envolvendo ruptura de barragens por galgamento e resultou em um coeficiente de determinação (R²) de 0,79. Quando comparada com as principais equações semelhantes indicadas na bibliografia, a equação proposta obteve vazões máximas próximas ou superiores às dos demais pesquisadores analisados sempre que a altura da barragem foi inferior a 30 m. Evidencia-se a importância na estimativa cautelosa da vazão máxima na seção da barragem, uma vez que essa reflete em diferenças significativas nas vazões e respectivas profundidades alcançadas ao longo do vale a jusante da estrutura. Nos casos analisados, diferentes vazões máximas na seção da barragem refletiram em distinções de até 50%, em média, nas profundidades e larguras máximas a jusante. A nova metodologia proposta para definição de características de inundação provenientes do rompimento de barragens pode contribuir em estudos preliminares para tal, especialmente aos empreendedores que possuem número expressivo de barragens. Nesses casos, a metodologia poderá nortear a prioridade a ser dada em estudos detalhados de Dam Break. / For thousands of years, water reservoir structures have been built worldwide. Since then, dams have been considered viable alternatives not only for reserving water for consumption but also for the purposes of hydroelectric power generation and sediment retention, among others. Despite the continuous advances in the construction techniques and in the safety inspection of these structures, the possibility of breaking of dams remains a constant reality. Hence, this paper aims to analyze the hydraulic aspects of simplified methodologies for estimating flood parameters on dam ruptures, namely, the flows and respective depths reached in the downstream valley in a hypothetical breach event. Results of three existing simplified methodologies were studied applied in three dams with different structural characteristics and downstream valley geometry. The results of simplified methodologies were compared with dam break studies of three study case dams, obtained with one-dimensional HEC-RAS and provided by entrepreneurs. The present paper suggests also a new empirical equation for predicting the maximum flow resulting from the overtopping dam failure and proposes a new simplified methodology for preliminary analysis of dam rupture, based on the analyzed methods and respective obtained conclusions. The results indicate that the use of simplified methodologies in the preliminary dam break analysis is a viable alternative in valleys with high thalweg declivities and close to constant geometric characteristics. It was identified that small changes in the coefficient of rough terrain and in the energy line slope reflected in differences in the results of depths and maximum widths of 20%, on average. The proposed new empirical equation for maximum flow prediction in the dam section was based on the analysis of 39 actual cases involving overtopping dam failure and resulted in a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.79. When compared to similar main equations indicated in the bibliography, the proposed equation obtained maximum flows near or higher than those of other researchers analyzed whenever the height of the dam did not exceed 30 m. The importance of a cautious estimation of the maximum flow rate in the dam section is to be highlighted, since it results in significant variations of flow and respective depths along the valley and downstream of the structure. Different maximum flows were found in the dam section, which reflected in distinctions of up to 50%, in average, in the maximum depths and widths downstream. The new proposed methodology for defining dam break characteristics caused by dam rupture may contribute to preliminary studies, especially to entrepreneurs who own a significant number of dams. In these cases, the methodology may guide the priority to be given in detailed studies of dam break.

La stabilité gravitaire des ouvrages hydrauliques (digues fluviales, barrage en remblai, ...) est un problème complexifié par la présence d'infiltration d'eau au sein même de l'ouvrage et de ses fondations. Le territoire national compte près de 10000 km de digues, d'où un enjeu important en terme de risque d'inondation. Les déstabilisations gravitaires observées sur les ouvrages hydrauliques se distinguent par leur brièveté et par leur faible emprise spatiale. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier spécifiquement ces instabilités brèves et de faible déplacement cumulé le long de la pente dans le cas de matériaux granulaires saturés. Dans un premier temps, une campagne expérimentale a été effectuée sur la base d'un protocole de chargement progressif dans lequel un échantillon de sol est lentement incliné jusqu'à obtenir une déstabilisation massive. Il en ressort une phénoménologie complexe composée d'un nombre de précurseurs d'avalanche dépendant de la fraction volumique de l'échantillon. Une forte influence de la fraction volumique du sol sur le seuil de stabilité est également mise en avant. Une deuxième campagne expérimentale basée sur un protocole d'effondrement contrôlé, à inclinaison imposée, a été menée dans le but d'amplifier la cinématique de déstabilisation observée en chargement progressif. Mis à part les échantillons les plus denses qui produisent de simples avalanches de surface, on observe dans les autres cas un ou plusieurs événements successifs, d'allure circulaire, mobilisant des profondeurs très importantes contrairement aux avalanches de surface.. Outre l'inclinaison, on voit bien que, là encore, la fraction volumique est un paramètre clé dans le contrôle de la cinématique de déstabilisation. Des essais préliminaires laissent cependant entendre que, au-delà de la fraction volumique, c'est la microstructure qui semble être le vrai paramètre de contrôle à travers notamment la forme des grains et leur enchevêtrement. / Gravitational stability of hydraulic structures (river dykes, embankment dam,...) is a problem complicated by the presence of water infiltration within the structure and its foundations. Our country has about 10,000 km of dikes and gravitational failure is a major challenge in terms of flood risk. In hydraulic structures, these destabilizations are characterized by their brevity and their small spatial extent. The objective of this thesis is to study specifically this type of brief instabilities in the case of a saturated granular material. A first series of experiments was carried out on the basis of a progressive loading protocol in which a soil sample is tilted slowly until a massive destabilization is triggered. It shows a phenomenology complex consisting of a number of precursory events prior final avalanching, dependent on the solid volume fraction of the sample. A strong impact of the solid volume fraction of the soil on the stability threshold is also highlighted. A second series of experiments based on a protocol of collapse controlled at imposed slope was conducted to amplify the kinematics of destabilization observed by progressive loading. Apart from the denser samples that produce simple surface avalanches, one or more successive events are observed in other cases. Unlike surface avalanches, these events mobilize grains much deeper, in an almost semi-circular area. In addition to slope angle, solid volume fraction is once again a key parameter in controlling the kinematics of destabilization. Preliminary tests suggest, however, that, beyond solid volume fraction, microstructure appears to be the true control parameter, particularly through grain shape and texture.

O início da construção de estruturas para reserva de água no mundo é conhecido há milhares de anos, e, desde então, as barragens são consideradas alternativas viáveis não apenas para reserva de água para consumo, mas também para as finalidades de geração de energia hidrelétrica, contenção de rejeitos, entre outras. Entretanto, mesmo com os contínuos avanços nas técnicas construtivas e na fiscalização da segurança destas estruturas, a possibilidade de rompimento de barragens é uma realidade constante. Nesta perspectiva, o presente texto objetiva analisar os aspectos hidráulicos de metodologias simplificadas para estimativa de parâmetros de inundação proveniente do rompimento de barragens, a saber, as vazões e respectivas profundidades atingidas no vale a jusante, em um evento de rompimento hipotético. Para tal, analisaram-se os resultados de três metodologias simplificadas existentes, aplicadas em três barragens estudo de caso, com características estruturais e geometria do vale a jusante distintas. Os resultados das metodologias simplificadas foram comparados com os estudos de Dam Break das três barragens estudo de caso, obtidos com o uso do software HEC-RAS unidimensional e cedidos por empreendedores. O presente texto também sugere uma nova equação empírica para previsão da vazão máxima resultante do rompimento de barragens por galgamento, e propõe uma nova metodologia simplificada para análise preliminar de rompimento de barragens, com base nos métodos analisados e nas respectivas conclusões obtidas. Os resultados indicam que o uso de metodologias simplificadas na análise preliminar de rompimento de barragens é uma alternativa viável em vales cuja declividade do talvegue é acentuada e cujas características geométricas são aproximadamente constantes. Identificou-se que pequenas alterações no coeficiente de rugosidade do terreno e na declividade da linha de energia refletiram em diferenças nos resultados de profundidades e larguras máximas de 20%, em média. A proposta de nova equação empírica para previsão de vazão máxima na seção da barragem baseou-se na análise de 39 casos reais envolvendo ruptura de barragens por galgamento e resultou em um coeficiente de determinação (R²) de 0,79. Quando comparada com as principais equações semelhantes indicadas na bibliografia, a equação proposta obteve vazões máximas próximas ou superiores às dos demais pesquisadores analisados sempre que a altura da barragem foi inferior a 30 m. Evidencia-se a importância na estimativa cautelosa da vazão máxima na seção da barragem, uma vez que essa reflete em diferenças significativas nas vazões e respectivas profundidades alcançadas ao longo do vale a jusante da estrutura. Nos casos analisados, diferentes vazões máximas na seção da barragem refletiram em distinções de até 50%, em média, nas profundidades e larguras máximas a jusante. A nova metodologia proposta para definição de características de inundação provenientes do rompimento de barragens pode contribuir em estudos preliminares para tal, especialmente aos empreendedores que possuem número expressivo de barragens. Nesses casos, a metodologia poderá nortear a prioridade a ser dada em estudos detalhados de Dam Break. / For thousands of years, water reservoir structures have been built worldwide. Since then, dams have been considered viable alternatives not only for reserving water for consumption but also for the purposes of hydroelectric power generation and sediment retention, among others. Despite the continuous advances in the construction techniques and in the safety inspection of these structures, the possibility of breaking of dams remains a constant reality. Hence, this paper aims to analyze the hydraulic aspects of simplified methodologies for estimating flood parameters on dam ruptures, namely, the flows and respective depths reached in the downstream valley in a hypothetical breach event. Results of three existing simplified methodologies were studied applied in three dams with different structural characteristics and downstream valley geometry. The results of simplified methodologies were compared with dam break studies of three study case dams, obtained with one-dimensional HEC-RAS and provided by entrepreneurs. The present paper suggests also a new empirical equation for predicting the maximum flow resulting from the overtopping dam failure and proposes a new simplified methodology for preliminary analysis of dam rupture, based on the analyzed methods and respective obtained conclusions. The results indicate that the use of simplified methodologies in the preliminary dam break analysis is a viable alternative in valleys with high thalweg declivities and close to constant geometric characteristics. It was identified that small changes in the coefficient of rough terrain and in the energy line slope reflected in differences in the results of depths and maximum widths of 20%, on average. The proposed new empirical equation for maximum flow prediction in the dam section was based on the analysis of 39 actual cases involving overtopping dam failure and resulted in a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.79. When compared to similar main equations indicated in the bibliography, the proposed equation obtained maximum flows near or higher than those of other researchers analyzed whenever the height of the dam did not exceed 30 m. The importance of a cautious estimation of the maximum flow rate in the dam section is to be highlighted, since it results in significant variations of flow and respective depths along the valley and downstream of the structure. Different maximum flows were found in the dam section, which reflected in distinctions of up to 50%, in average, in the maximum depths and widths downstream. The new proposed methodology for defining dam break characteristics caused by dam rupture may contribute to preliminary studies, especially to entrepreneurs who own a significant number of dams. In these cases, the methodology may guide the priority to be given in detailed studies of dam break.

Autour de nous, les systèmes granulaires sont omniprésents et rarement dissociés d'une phase liquide ou gazeuse. L'interaction entre les deux phases (solide et fluide) implique une dynamique d'écoulement complexe de ces systèmes couplés. Cette thèse expérimentale a pour but de caractériser la dynamique d'effondrement gravitaire instationnaire d'une colonne fluide-grains dans différentes configurations de mélange diphasique. Considérant uniquement l'effet des grains au sein du fluide, la dynamique d'écoulement d'une suspension isodense dans l'air est d'abord abordée avec une description macroscopique. En particulier, La rhéologie du fluide apparent est extraite à partir de l'évolution temporelle du front en utilisant des solutions auto-similaires, modèles de la dynamique de propagation aux temps longs. Sur la gamme du nombre de Reynolds étudiée, la dynamique d'écoulement de la suspension est décrite comme celle d'un fluide apparent Newtonien ou non-Newtonien (rhéofluidifiant, rhéoépaississant, viscoplastique) dépendant des paramètres considérés (fraction volumique, viscosité du fluide interstitiel, diamètre des grains, protocole de préparation). Afin de décrire la configuration opposée d'un massif sédimentaire pour lequel les interactions entre particules solides deviennent dominantes, la configuration d'une colonne granulaire dense saturée en fluide, i.e. où les grains sont plus lourds que le fluide porteur, est ensuite étudiée. Un travail préliminaire est consacré à la caractérisation de l'effondrement d'une colonne granulaire totalement immergée dans un fluide. Le rôle dissipatif de ce dernier sur le milieu granulaire est mis en évidence par une analyse de la dynamique d'effondrement et des caractéristiques du dépôt final. Cette caractérisation permet de classifier les régimes d'effondrement en fonction de la viscosité et de la masse volumique du fluide environnant, i.e. du nombre de Stokes et du rapport de masse volumique entre le fluide et les grains. Dans le cas triphasique, i.e. lorsque la colonne fluide-grains s'effondre dans l'air, la dynamique peut être fortement affectée par les effets capillaires à travers le nombre de Bond qui contrôle alors la mise en mouvement de la colonne initiale. Quand ces effets deviennent négligeables à l'échelle de la colonne et à celle du grain, le fluide interstitiel peut jouer un rôle moteur ou dissipatif vis-à-vis dumilieu granulaire conduisant à une longueur d'étalement plus ou moins importante en comparaison au cas sec. Le rôle du fluide interstitiel dépend essentiellement de sa viscosité modifiant, par la même occasion, la dynamique d'effondrement. Enfin, une étude préliminaire sur la dynamique d'écoulement d'une suspension non-isodense, initialement homogène, est réalisée. Cette configuration, à la transition des situations décrites précédemment, permet d'aborder le couplage de la dynamique de sédimentation des grains et celle du courant. En particulier, nous observons que la vitesse de sédimentation décroît avec l'augmentation de la fraction volumiqueinitiale en particules. / On the Earth's surface, granular medias are ubiquitous and they are rarely dissociated from a liquid or a gas. The fluid-solid interaction leads to a complex flow dynamics of these coupled systems. This experimental work aims at characterizing the dynamics of the unsteady gravitydrivencollapse of a granular-fluid column within different configurations of the diphasic mixture. First, the flow dynamics of a neutrally buoyant suspension in air are characterized based on a macroscopic description of the flow. In particular, the rheological parameters of the apparent fluid have been extracted using the temporal evolution of the propagating front and self-similar solutions, models of the propagating dynamics at long times. In the considered range of the Reynolds number, the flow dynamics are described as an apparent Newtonian or non-Newtonian (shear-thinning/-thickening, viscoplastic) fluid depending on the various parameters (volume fraction, viscosity of the interstitial fluid, particle diameter, mixing protocol). In order to describe the opposite case of a sedimentary environment where particle-particle interaction becomes dominant, a second part of this work investigates the case of a fluid-saturated granular collapse, i.e. for which particles are heavier than the carrier fluid, in a dense packing configuration. For this purpose, a first part of the study is dedicated to characterize the collapse of an immersed granular column. The dissipative role of the fluid on the granular media is highlighted by an analysis of the collapse dynamics and the characteristics of the final deposit. This characterization allows to classify the regimes of the collapse depending on the viscosity and the density of the surrounding fluid, i.e. the Stokes number and the fluid-grain density ratio. In the triphasic case, i.e. when the granular-fluid column collapses in air, the dynamics may be strongly affected by capillary effects through the Bond number which controls the initial dynamics of the column. When these effects can be neglected (large Bond number) at the column and grain scales, the interstitial fluid can have a driven or a dissipative role on the granular media leading to a runout length more or less extended in comparison to the dry case. The role of the interstitial fluid depends mainly on its viscosity which also modifies the collapse dynamics. Finally, a preliminary study is realized on the flow dynamics of an initially homogeneous negative buoyant suspension column. This case, which makes the transition between the above mentioned configurations, allows to study the coupling between the settling dynamics of particles and this of the current. In particular, we observe that the settling velocity decreases with the increase of the initial volume fraction of particles.

O início da construção de estruturas para reserva de água no mundo é conhecido há milhares de anos, e, desde então, as barragens são consideradas alternativas viáveis não apenas para reserva de água para consumo, mas também para as finalidades de geração de energia hidrelétrica, contenção de rejeitos, entre outras. Entretanto, mesmo com os contínuos avanços nas técnicas construtivas e na fiscalização da segurança destas estruturas, a possibilidade de rompimento de barragens é uma realidade constante. Nesta perspectiva, o presente texto objetiva analisar os aspectos hidráulicos de metodologias simplificadas para estimativa de parâmetros de inundação proveniente do rompimento de barragens, a saber, as vazões e respectivas profundidades atingidas no vale a jusante, em um evento de rompimento hipotético. Para tal, analisaram-se os resultados de três metodologias simplificadas existentes, aplicadas em três barragens estudo de caso, com características estruturais e geometria do vale a jusante distintas. Os resultados das metodologias simplificadas foram comparados com os estudos de Dam Break das três barragens estudo de caso, obtidos com o uso do software HEC-RAS unidimensional e cedidos por empreendedores. O presente texto também sugere uma nova equação empírica para previsão da vazão máxima resultante do rompimento de barragens por galgamento, e propõe uma nova metodologia simplificada para análise preliminar de rompimento de barragens, com base nos métodos analisados e nas respectivas conclusões obtidas. Os resultados indicam que o uso de metodologias simplificadas na análise preliminar de rompimento de barragens é uma alternativa viável em vales cuja declividade do talvegue é acentuada e cujas características geométricas são aproximadamente constantes. Identificou-se que pequenas alterações no coeficiente de rugosidade do terreno e na declividade da linha de energia refletiram em diferenças nos resultados de profundidades e larguras máximas de 20%, em média. A proposta de nova equação empírica para previsão de vazão máxima na seção da barragem baseou-se na análise de 39 casos reais envolvendo ruptura de barragens por galgamento e resultou em um coeficiente de determinação (R²) de 0,79. Quando comparada com as principais equações semelhantes indicadas na bibliografia, a equação proposta obteve vazões máximas próximas ou superiores às dos demais pesquisadores analisados sempre que a altura da barragem foi inferior a 30 m. Evidencia-se a importância na estimativa cautelosa da vazão máxima na seção da barragem, uma vez que essa reflete em diferenças significativas nas vazões e respectivas profundidades alcançadas ao longo do vale a jusante da estrutura. Nos casos analisados, diferentes vazões máximas na seção da barragem refletiram em distinções de até 50%, em média, nas profundidades e larguras máximas a jusante. A nova metodologia proposta para definição de características de inundação provenientes do rompimento de barragens pode contribuir em estudos preliminares para tal, especialmente aos empreendedores que possuem número expressivo de barragens. Nesses casos, a metodologia poderá nortear a prioridade a ser dada em estudos detalhados de Dam Break. / For thousands of years, water reservoir structures have been built worldwide. Since then, dams have been considered viable alternatives not only for reserving water for consumption but also for the purposes of hydroelectric power generation and sediment retention, among others. Despite the continuous advances in the construction techniques and in the safety inspection of these structures, the possibility of breaking of dams remains a constant reality. Hence, this paper aims to analyze the hydraulic aspects of simplified methodologies for estimating flood parameters on dam ruptures, namely, the flows and respective depths reached in the downstream valley in a hypothetical breach event. Results of three existing simplified methodologies were studied applied in three dams with different structural characteristics and downstream valley geometry. The results of simplified methodologies were compared with dam break studies of three study case dams, obtained with one-dimensional HEC-RAS and provided by entrepreneurs. The present paper suggests also a new empirical equation for predicting the maximum flow resulting from the overtopping dam failure and proposes a new simplified methodology for preliminary analysis of dam rupture, based on the analyzed methods and respective obtained conclusions. The results indicate that the use of simplified methodologies in the preliminary dam break analysis is a viable alternative in valleys with high thalweg declivities and close to constant geometric characteristics. It was identified that small changes in the coefficient of rough terrain and in the energy line slope reflected in differences in the results of depths and maximum widths of 20%, on average. The proposed new empirical equation for maximum flow prediction in the dam section was based on the analysis of 39 actual cases involving overtopping dam failure and resulted in a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.79. When compared to similar main equations indicated in the bibliography, the proposed equation obtained maximum flows near or higher than those of other researchers analyzed whenever the height of the dam did not exceed 30 m. The importance of a cautious estimation of the maximum flow rate in the dam section is to be highlighted, since it results in significant variations of flow and respective depths along the valley and downstream of the structure. Different maximum flows were found in the dam section, which reflected in distinctions of up to 50%, in average, in the maximum depths and widths downstream. The new proposed methodology for defining dam break characteristics caused by dam rupture may contribute to preliminary studies, especially to entrepreneurs who own a significant number of dams. In these cases, the methodology may guide the priority to be given in detailed studies of dam break.

La thèse constitue une juxtaposition de plusieurs contributions originales à lélaboration et lanalyse de modèles numériques capables de décrire une vaste gamme découlements à surface libre ainsi que les phénomènes de transport associés. Deux axes principaux sous-tendent les recherches entreprises. Il sagit, dune part, dune contribution à létude de modèles visant à reproduire adéquatement les interactions du fluide avec divers constituants transportés, tels que de lair entraîné, un polluant ou des sédiments. Cette phase du travail inclut également la caractérisation et la prédiction du comportement de lécoulement en présence dune topographie mobile ou érodable, y compris dans le cas dun barrage en remblai subissant une surverse. Dautre part, partant du constat quune modélisation fidèle des processus de transport, notamment hydrosédimentaires, passe inévitablement par un raffinement du calcul hydrodynamique proprement dit, une partie des travaux effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse est spécifiquement orientée vers un enrichissement de la connaissance des champs hydrodynamiques au sein du modèle.

Dans un contexte industriel, l’utilisation de modèles diphasiques d’ordre réduit est nécessaire pour pouvoir effectuer des simulations numériques prédictives d’injection de combustible liquide dans les chambres de combustion automobiles et aéronautiques, afin de concevoir des équipements plus performants et moins polluants. Le processus d’atomisation du combustible, depuis sa sortie de l’injecteur sous un régime de phases séparées, jusqu’au brouillard de gouttelettes dispersées, est l’un des facteurs clés d’une combustion de bonne qualité. Aujourd’hui cependant, la prise en compte de toutes les échelles physiques impliquées dans ce processus nécessite une avancée majeure en termes de modélisation, de méthodes numériques et de calcul haute performance (HPC). Ces trois aspects sont abordés dans cette thèse. Premièrement, des modèles de mélange, dérivés par le principe variationnel de Hamilton et le second principe de la thermodynamique sont étudiés. Ils sont alors enrichis afin de pouvoir décrire des pulsations des interfaces au niveau de la sous-échelle. Des comparaisons avec des données expérimentales dans un contexte de milieux à bulles permettent de vérifier la cohérence physique des modèles et de valider la méthodologie. Deuxièmement, une stratégie de discrétisation est développée, basée sur une séparation d’opérateur, permettant la résolution indépendante de la partie convective des systèmes à l’aide de solveurs de Riemann approchés standards et les termes sources à l’aide d’intégrateurs d’équations différentielles ordinaires. Ces différentes méthodes répondent aux particularités des systèmes diphasiques compressibles, ainsi qu’au choix de l’utilisation de maillages adaptatifs (AMR). Pour ces derniers, une stratégie spécifique est développée : il s’agit du choix de critères de raffinement et de la projection de la solution d’une grille à une autre (plus fine ou plus grossière). Enfin, l’utilisation de l’AMR dans un cadre HPC est rendue possible grâce à la bibliothèque AMR p4est, laquelle a montré une excellente scalabilité jusqu’à plusieurs milliers de coeurs de calcul. Un code applicatif, CanoP, a été développé et permet de simuler des écoulements fluides avec des méthodes de volumes finis sur des maillages AMR. CanoP pourra être utilisé pour des futures simulations d’atomisation liquide. / In an industrial context, reduced-order two-phase models are used in predictive simulations of the liquid fuel injection in combustion chambers and help designing more efficient and less polluting devices. The combustion quality strongly depends on the atomization process, starting from the separated phase flow at the exit of the nozzle down to the cloud of fuel droplets characterized by a disperse-phase flow. Today, simulating all the physical scales involved in this process requires a major breakthrough in terms of modeling, numerical methods and high performance computing (HPC). These three aspects are addressed in this thesis. First, we are interested in mixture models, derived through Hamilton’s variational principle and the second principle of thermodynamics. We enrich these models, so that they can describe sub-scale pulsations mechanisms. Comparisons with experimental data in a context of bubbly flows enables to assess the models and the methodology. Based on a geometrical study of the interface evolution, new tracks are then proposed for further enriching the mixture models using the same methodology. Second, we propose a numerical strategy based on finite volume methods composed of an operator splitting strategy, approximate Riemann solvers for the resolution of the convective part and specific ODE solvers for the source terms. These methods have been adapted so as to handle several difficulties related to two-phase flows, like the large acoustic impedance ratio, the stiffness of the source terms and low-Mach issues. Moreover, a cell-based Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) strategy is considered. This involves to develop refinement criteria, the setting of the solution values on the new grids and to adapt the standard methods for regular structured grids to non-conforming grids. Finally, the scalability of this AMR tool relies on the p4est AMR library, that shows excellent scalability on several thousands cores. A code named CanoP has been developed and enables to solve fluid dynamics equations on AMR grids. We show that CanoP can be used for future simulations of the liquid atomization.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to determine the extent of territory endangered by dam break flood wave under Plumlov dam, using 2D mathematic modelling of water flow under the dam and in the inundation nearby. Output results of the model are maps of the extent territory with highlighted flood area.