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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Posouzení učenlivosti koní a adaptace na stres

POKORNÁ, Barbora January 2019 (has links)
Today's use of horses is primarily for sports purposes, thus increasing the demands of their mental and physical readiness. That depends on their character and ability to adapt to sudden stressful circumstances. The object of the thesis is to create an artificially constructed alley with stress barriers and to assess the appreciation of horses of different uses, breeding and sex. Than to draw their adaptation to changing environmental conditions, which may be a stress factor. The ability of horses was tested through four tasks. Passing through the empty alley, crossing the sail, passing the balloons and passing the fringes. The individual tasks had to be completed with a conductor for familiarization with the stressors. Then they were admitted into the alley separately. When the horse passed, next task was added and everything was repeated. At the end of the alley, a positive motivation based on the food reflex was always prepared for the horse. The results demonstrated how horses responded to the addition of stressors to the alley and their difficulty. The speed and success of the aisle passage was evaluated by a point scale of 1 to 4. The statistical method of Anova was used to evaluate the difference between Czech warm-blooded breeds and other breeds. There were 83.33% of representatives of Czech warm-blooded horses able to go through the alley with all the tasks to the end. Only 12.5% of horses from the group of other breeds of horses managed to complete this task. The statistically demonstrable difference was not found in gender groups and groups distinguishing use. Even though the gelding reaction was different from the mares reaction, it was not conclusive on this amount of horses.
2

Effet de l’hôte et de la température sur la structure de la population de Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, agent de la rouille jaune du blé au Moyen Orient / Effect of host and temperature on the population structure of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, responsible of yellow rust in the Middle East

El Amil, Rola 25 September 2015 (has links)
L’adaptation des pathogènes à leurs hôtes et aux variations climatiques, particulièrement à la température est étudiée sur l’agent pathogène biotrophe obligatoire responsable de la rouille jaune du blé, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) au Moyen Orient. Cette étude s’est déroulée au Liban et en Syrie situés dans le berceau de la région de domestication du blé. Des gènes de résistance spécifique ont été postulés au stade plantule pour 87 lignées élites du programme d’amélioration de l’ICARDA,28 cultivars Libanais, et 23 landraces Libanaises en utilisant 11 pathotypes français disponibles à l’INRA-BIOGER. Un seul gène et une combinaison de gènes ont été postulés dans les lignées elites. Neuf gènes de résistance ont été identifiés dans les lignées élites ; plus de génotypes résistants figuraient parmi les lignées issues du programme d’amélioration. Les landraces sont les plus sensibles mais ont montré une ségrégation de réaction résistance parmi les plants sensibles.Pour la structuration de population pathogène du Liban et de la Syrie, un échantillonnage a été fait dans les deux pays sur du blé tendre, du blé dur et des repousses durant 2010-2011. Six isolats Libanais et 48 isolats Syriens ont été pathotypés avec une gamme de 43 hôtes différentiels. 275 échantillons ont été génotypés avec 20 marqueurs SSR. La population était clonale malgré avec la présence de l’hôte secondaire Berberis sp. dans la région, toutefois un nombre élevé de 50 MLG est observé était pour une population clonale. La présence de la race invasive PstS1/PstS2 caractérise cette région. Le profil de virulence Vr2, 6, 7, 9, 27 est le plus fréquent et typique du groupe génétique Méditerranéen (Bahri et al., 2009). La virulence Vr8 n’est pas fixée dans la population malgré sa présence dans la race invasive décrite depuis l’an 2000 (Milus et al., 2009). L’adaptation de la rouille jaune à la température a été décrite par Milus et al. (2009) et Mboup et al. (2012). Notre étude d’adaptation à la température a été faite sur un échantillon de 26 isolats provenant de zones froides et chaudes avec 4 isolats de référence. Nous avons testé deux paramètres d’agressivité, efficacité d’infection et période de latence sous quatre différents régimes de température (Chaud versus froid pour période de rosée et période d’incubation). Les isolats diffèrent pour leur réponse aux variations de température. Quelques isolats montrent une efficacité d’infection et une courte période de latence sous les différents régimes, d’autres sont efficaces au froid mais pas au chaud et vice versa. Pour l’efficacité d’infection, il n’y a pas d’adaptation mais par contre pour la période de latence on montre une adaptation à la température des isolats de la zone chaude ayant une efficacité d’infection. La température chaude de rosée a retardé la période de latence mais ce phénomène a été moins marqué pour les isolats d’origine chaude quand c’est incubé au chaud. Cette étude a montré que la population est clonale avec un haut nombre de pathotypes. Le germplasme n’est pas diversifié avec des gènes de résistance contre la rouille jaune. L’adaptation de l’agent de la rouille jaune à la température parmi les isolats testés a été décrite pour la période de latence pour les isolats provenant d’origine chaude. / The adaptation of fungal pathogen to its hosts and to the climate variation, in particular to the temperature, was investigated on wheat stripe (yellow) rust, caused by the biotroph fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) in the Middle East, focusing on Lebanon and Syria. This disease is a major problem for the crop in the region. Specific resistance genes were postulated in 138 wheat genotypes including elite lines, grown varieties and local landraces, using an array of 11 French pathotypes. Resistance gene diversity for yellow rust in wheat elite lines was higher than in current, commercial varieties grown in Lebanon, with nine Yr genes detected singly or in combination. Some varieties were resistant to all tested pathotypes and might provide interesting sources of resistance. Most of the Lebanese landraces were susceptible but also heterogeneous by their number of plants susceptible and resistant to a specific pathotype in a same landrace.A field survey was conducted in Lebanon and Syria in 2010-2011 and 275 Pst isolates were collected. The pathogen population was genotyped with 20 microsatellite markers and was found to be clonal, although the alternate host Berberis libanotica is present in the region. The dominant multilocus genotype shared similarity with the new invasive strain PstS1/PstS2 dispersed worldwide since 2000. The population was clonal with 10 pathotypes detected in Lebanon and Syria. 50 MLGs were detected considered high for clonal population. The virulence profiles combining Vr2, Vr6, Vr7, Vr9, and Vr27 are typical of the Mediterranean area according to group (Bahri et al., 2009) and corresponded to the worldwide invasive pathotype described since 2000 (Milus et al., 2009). The Vr8 was not fixed in this population, whereas this virulence is frequent in the Mediterranean genetic group (Bahri et al., 2009).Recently Pst strains have been described for adaptation to warm temperature (Milus et al., 2009; Mboup et al., 2012). The question of temperature adaptation in this study was whether the strains adapted to warm temperature are found in few clones of invasive strains or if they are selected in different pathogen genotypes locally under specific climate conditions. We selected 26 Pst isolates from the Middle East, 13 isolates from warm and 13 isolates from cold areas. We assessed their infection efficiency and latent period under four temperature regimes (high and warm temperature for the spore penetration phase, and high and warm temperature for the latency period). The isolates differed for the thermal aptitude for infection efficiency and latent period, but no clear relationship was established between the climate of the origin location of the isolate and its thermal aptitude. Some isolates were able to infect at high temperature but had long latency at high temperature and vice versa, some isolates had low infection efficiency and short latent period at high temperature, and few isolates were efficient either at high temperature or cold temperature for infection efficiency. Latency period showed pattern of local adaptation. Warm dew temperatures retarded sporulation, but this effect was far less marked for isolates from warm climates when incubated under warm conditions.This study provides details about probable effective yellow rust genes present in different genotypes and the prevalent pathotypes in the region. Moreover, the thermal aptitude for infection efficiency and latent period of some isolates under contrasting temperature will help us to build a better integrated disease management in the highlight of global warming.

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