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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Étude expérimentale de la réaction sulfatique interne dans les betons : mise en évidence des effets d'additions minérales et de l'endommagement mécanique / Experimental study of the Internal sulfate attack in concretes : demonstration of the effects of mineral additives and mechanical damage

Amine, Yasser 08 December 2016 (has links)
Comparativement à d’autres mécanismes de dégradation tels la carbonatation ou la diffusion d’ions chlorures, le gonflement par réaction sulfatique interne (RSI) reste encore un mécanisme très peu étudié. Le champ d’investigation reste donc très large et de nombreux verrous scientifiques restent encore ouverts notamment dans les bétons formulés avec additions minérales telles que les cendres volantes, le métakaolin et la pouzzolane. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’apporter de nouveaux éléments pour la compréhension des effets des additions sur la RSI en mélange binaire et ternaire. Tout d’abord, en mélange binaire, il a été montré que l’ettringite est plus présente dans les mortiers que dans les bétons. Pour les mélanges ternaires, nous avons montré que la présence de filler calcaire permet de se combiner à l’aluminate de calcium ce qui favorise la formation du (hémi/mono) carbonate. Le filler réduit ainsi la formation de monosulfoaluminate, ce qui va stabiliser la formation d’ettringite et ainsi diminuer à plus long terme la DEF (Delayed ettringite formation). Quant à l’influence du type d’addition sur la RSI, la présence de sulfate dans l’addition est un facteur déterminant visà- vis de cette pathologie notamment dans le cas des Pouzzolanes et Metakaolins contrairement aux Cendres volantes. Cette étude a permis également de montrer que la quantité d’ettringite différée a tendance à augmenter avec l’augmentation des sollicitations mécaniques en compression par contre la période de déclenchement de RSI reste peu sensible à l’endommagement mécanique. / Compared to other degradation mechanisms such as carbonation or chloride ion diffusion, swelling by internal sulfate attack (ISA) is still a little-studied mechanism. The field of investigation and remains very large and many scientific obstacles are waiting answers especially in concretes with mineral admixtures such as fly ash, metakaolin and natural pozzolan. The objective of this thesis is to bring new elements to understand the effects of the mineral admixtures on the ISA in binary and ternary mixtures. First, in binary mixtures it was shown that ettringite is more present in mortars than in concrete. For the ternary mixtures, we have shown that the presence of limestone filler makes it possible for it to be combined with the calcium aluminates which favors the formation of (hemi / mono) carbonates. The filler reduces monosulfoaluminate formation, which will stabilize the ettringite and thus reduce longer-term delayed ettringite formation (DEF). As for the influence of the type of addition to the ISR, the presence of sulfate in addition is a dominant factor in this pathology particularly in the case of natural pozzolan and metakaolin contrary to the fly ash. This study also showed that the amount of deferred ettringite tends to increase with increasing compressive mechanical stress while the ISA trigger period remains insensitive to mechanical damage. L’Université
2

Concept evaluation of a technical solution for storing AdBlue/DEF in cold climate areas without external electricity.

Berggren, Kajsa, Johansson, Mikael January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
3

Det empatiska barnet: En välmående flicka

Ragnebro, Aurora, Riberius, Alexandra January 2011 (has links)
Empatiträning i form av simuleringsövningar är en frekvent använd metod inom psykologin. Effekterna av den ger dock motstridiga resultat på ökningen av empatin. Den här undersökningen testade om flickor har högre empati än pojkar, om empati går att öka med övningar samt om det finns ett samband mellan välmående och empati. Övningarna inbegrep bland annat simulering av blind- och dövhet samt forumspel om mobbning. Deltagarna fick före och efter övningarna svara på en enkät som analyserades kvalitativt och kvantitativt. Deltagarna var 74 skolbarn, 11-13 år, och övningarna genomfördes av Svenska kyrkan. Resultatet visade ingen effekt av övningarna på empati. Flickorna hade högre empati än pojkarna. Det fanns ett positivt samband mellan välmående och empati. Författarna föreslår utbildning inom funktionsnedsättning som ett komplement till övningarna samt vidare forskning i barns, speciellt pojkars, välmående och trivsel relaterat till empati.
4

Étude de l’influence de l’échauffement subi par un béton sur le risque d’expansions associées à la Réaction Sulfatique Interne / Effect of temperature and curing duration of early and late heat treatments on the risk of expansion associated with Delayed Ettringite Formation

Kchakech, Badreddine 17 September 2015 (has links)
La Réaction Sulfatique Interne (RSI) est une pathologie endogène qui peut toucher les matériaux cimentaires ayant été exposés à des températures supérieures à environ 65°C. Elle est causée par une formation tardive de l'ettringite dans le matériau durci, induisant le développement de pressions de cristallisation et de gonflements importants. Au jeune âge, l'élévation de température peut être due soit à l'exothermie de l'hydratation du ciment, en particulier au cœur des pièces massives, soit à la préfabrication où un échauffement est appliqué au matériau au jeune âge pour accélérer la prise et permettre un décoffrage plus rapide. L'élévation de température sur un béton durci (incendie, stockage de déchets radioactifs, structures stratégiques) représente un autre cas potentiel de développement des expansions induites par la RSI. Lors du développement de cette réaction, on observe la formation de fissures et une dégradation des performances mécaniques nuisant à la capacité portante et aux fonctionnalités en service des structures touchées par cette pathologie. L'objectif de cette recherche est de préciser et quantifier la relation entre l'histoire thermique subie (au jeune âge ou sur béton mature) et la courbe caractérisant le gonflement libre en fonction du temps (potentiel et cinétique de gonflement) afin de compléter les recommandations de prévention (basées le plus souvent sur la limitation de l'élévation de température) et de réparation des structures atteintes de cette pathologie et d'améliorer la prévision de l'état d'une structure endommagée dans le cadre d'un diagnostic. Pour les outils de calcul, tel le module RGIB du code CESAR, qui permettent de recalculer les structures atteintes de cette pathologie, la présente recherche a pour but de valider, améliorer ou élaborer la loi de couplage donnant l'expansion induite par la RSI en fonction de l'histoire thermique, au jeune âge ou lors d'échauffements tardifs. Le programme expérimental s'est focalisé sur la compréhension de l'effet de l'histoire thermique (température et durée d'échauffement) au jeune âge sur le développement des expansions, en étoffant la base de données permettant de valider les modèles de prédiction proposés dans la littérature. Il a également étudié l'effet de différents traitements thermiques tardifs où peu de données sont disponibles dans la littérature. Ces effets ont été étudiés sur des corps d'épreuve en béton potentiellement sujets à la formation différée d'ettringite : des traitements thermiques à plusieurs températures (61, 66, 71, 81, 86°C) et pendant des durées de cure de 1 à 28 jours ont été appliqués. Le suivi massique et dimensionnel des corps d'épreuve a permis d'identifier l'existence d'un effet de pessimum vis-à-vis de la durée de cure. Les caractéristiques des expansions ont été quantifiées et comparées aux histoires thermiques afin d'établir le couplage entre histoire thermique et gonflement. La pertinence du concept « d'énergie utile », associé à l'intégrale de la température en fonction du temps au-dessus d'une valeur seuil correspondant à la déstabilisation de l'ettringite, a été démontrée par la mise en évidence de courbes maîtresses. Une interprétation cohérente des résultats d'expansions (cinétiques et magnitudes) et des effets de la RSI sur les propriétés mécaniques en fonction des différentes histoires thermiques a été proposée, en lien avec une loi de prédiction des expansions / Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) is an internal swelling reaction that can affect concretes heated at a temperature higher than about 65°C. This phenomenon is related to a late formation of a normal hydrate (ettringite) of cement inducing crystallization pressure and significant expansions. This late formation of ettringite may affect concretes exposed to high temperatures at early age; it may be the case of precast elements, and massive concrete parts heated due to cement hydration (combination of the exothermic hydration and the low heat transfer conditions). Late in service exposure to high temperatures (fire, radioactive waste depositories and parts of structures of power plant) correspond to another situation that can induce expansion generated by DEF. In most cases, DEF leads to concrete swelling, cracking, decrease of the mechanical properties of the affected materials and thus potential problems in terms of serviceability and bearing capacity of the affected structures. The objectives of this study are to quantify and predict the relation between thermal history and swelling characteristics (magnitude and kinetics) in order to propose recommendations for prevention of DEF (A critical condition for the development of this reaction consists in the temperature increase at early age. Thus, temperature limitation is recommended as one of the most efficient ways to avoid DEF expansions), and for assessment and repair of structures affected by this pathology. For numerical tools, such as RGIB module of the CESAR-LCPC F.E. software, which allow to re-assess the structures affected by this phenomenon, this research aims to validate, or improve, or develop a coupling law giving the expansion induced by DEF depending on a thermal history at early age or on mature concrete. The investigations carried out were focused on the effect of temperature and curing duration of early age heat treatments on the risk of developing expansion. They also included effect of late heat treatments which correspond to scarce data in the literature. The experiments were performed on concrete specimens, using a sulfate, aluminate and alkali-rich cement, aiming to quantify the expansion magnitudes and kinetics due to different thermal histories and to identify the existence of an eventual pessimum effect with respect to the thermal energy, as mentioned in the literature. A number of heat treatments at 61, 66, 71, 81 and 86°C were applied for durations from 1 to 28 days. Monitoring of the specimens dimensions allowed identifying a pessimum effect with respect to the thermal curing duration. The swelling characteristics (magnitude and kinetics) have been quantified, using a mathematical relation, and compared to thermal histories applied to determine a link between thermal history and swelling. The relevance of the concept of ‘effective thermal energy' associated with the integral of the temperature as a function of time beyond a threshold value corresponding to the destabilization of ettringite was demonstrated by the identification of master curves. A consistent interpretation of the results of expansions (kinetics and magnitudes) and effects on the mechanical properties according to different thermal histories, has been proposed in connection with the law for predicting expansions
5

Étude de l’influence de l’échauffement subi par un béton sur le risque d’expansions associées à la Réaction Sulfatique Interne / Effect of temperature and curing duration of early and late heat treatments on the risk of expansion associated with Delayed Ettringite Formation

Kchakech, Badreddine 17 September 2015 (has links)
La Réaction Sulfatique Interne (RSI) est une pathologie endogène qui peut toucher les matériaux cimentaires ayant été exposés à des températures supérieures à environ 65°C. Elle est causée par une formation tardive de l'ettringite dans le matériau durci, induisant le développement de pressions de cristallisation et de gonflements importants. Au jeune âge, l'élévation de température peut être due soit à l'exothermie de l'hydratation du ciment, en particulier au cœur des pièces massives, soit à la préfabrication où un échauffement est appliqué au matériau au jeune âge pour accélérer la prise et permettre un décoffrage plus rapide. L'élévation de température sur un béton durci (incendie, stockage de déchets radioactifs, structures stratégiques) représente un autre cas potentiel de développement des expansions induites par la RSI. Lors du développement de cette réaction, on observe la formation de fissures et une dégradation des performances mécaniques nuisant à la capacité portante et aux fonctionnalités en service des structures touchées par cette pathologie. L'objectif de cette recherche est de préciser et quantifier la relation entre l'histoire thermique subie (au jeune âge ou sur béton mature) et la courbe caractérisant le gonflement libre en fonction du temps (potentiel et cinétique de gonflement) afin de compléter les recommandations de prévention (basées le plus souvent sur la limitation de l'élévation de température) et de réparation des structures atteintes de cette pathologie et d'améliorer la prévision de l'état d'une structure endommagée dans le cadre d'un diagnostic. Pour les outils de calcul, tel le module RGIB du code CESAR, qui permettent de recalculer les structures atteintes de cette pathologie, la présente recherche a pour but de valider, améliorer ou élaborer la loi de couplage donnant l'expansion induite par la RSI en fonction de l'histoire thermique, au jeune âge ou lors d'échauffements tardifs. Le programme expérimental s'est focalisé sur la compréhension de l'effet de l'histoire thermique (température et durée d'échauffement) au jeune âge sur le développement des expansions, en étoffant la base de données permettant de valider les modèles de prédiction proposés dans la littérature. Il a également étudié l'effet de différents traitements thermiques tardifs où peu de données sont disponibles dans la littérature. Ces effets ont été étudiés sur des corps d'épreuve en béton potentiellement sujets à la formation différée d'ettringite : des traitements thermiques à plusieurs températures (61, 66, 71, 81, 86°C) et pendant des durées de cure de 1 à 28 jours ont été appliqués. Le suivi massique et dimensionnel des corps d'épreuve a permis d'identifier l'existence d'un effet de pessimum vis-à-vis de la durée de cure. Les caractéristiques des expansions ont été quantifiées et comparées aux histoires thermiques afin d'établir le couplage entre histoire thermique et gonflement. La pertinence du concept « d'énergie utile », associé à l'intégrale de la température en fonction du temps au-dessus d'une valeur seuil correspondant à la déstabilisation de l'ettringite, a été démontrée par la mise en évidence de courbes maîtresses. Une interprétation cohérente des résultats d'expansions (cinétiques et magnitudes) et des effets de la RSI sur les propriétés mécaniques en fonction des différentes histoires thermiques a été proposée, en lien avec une loi de prédiction des expansions / Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) is an internal swelling reaction that can affect concretes heated at a temperature higher than about 65°C. This phenomenon is related to a late formation of a normal hydrate (ettringite) of cement inducing crystallization pressure and significant expansions. This late formation of ettringite may affect concretes exposed to high temperatures at early age; it may be the case of precast elements, and massive concrete parts heated due to cement hydration (combination of the exothermic hydration and the low heat transfer conditions). Late in service exposure to high temperatures (fire, radioactive waste depositories and parts of structures of power plant) correspond to another situation that can induce expansion generated by DEF. In most cases, DEF leads to concrete swelling, cracking, decrease of the mechanical properties of the affected materials and thus potential problems in terms of serviceability and bearing capacity of the affected structures. The objectives of this study are to quantify and predict the relation between thermal history and swelling characteristics (magnitude and kinetics) in order to propose recommendations for prevention of DEF (A critical condition for the development of this reaction consists in the temperature increase at early age. Thus, temperature limitation is recommended as one of the most efficient ways to avoid DEF expansions), and for assessment and repair of structures affected by this pathology. For numerical tools, such as RGIB module of the CESAR-LCPC F.E. software, which allow to re-assess the structures affected by this phenomenon, this research aims to validate, or improve, or develop a coupling law giving the expansion induced by DEF depending on a thermal history at early age or on mature concrete. The investigations carried out were focused on the effect of temperature and curing duration of early age heat treatments on the risk of developing expansion. They also included effect of late heat treatments which correspond to scarce data in the literature. The experiments were performed on concrete specimens, using a sulfate, aluminate and alkali-rich cement, aiming to quantify the expansion magnitudes and kinetics due to different thermal histories and to identify the existence of an eventual pessimum effect with respect to the thermal energy, as mentioned in the literature. A number of heat treatments at 61, 66, 71, 81 and 86°C were applied for durations from 1 to 28 days. Monitoring of the specimens dimensions allowed identifying a pessimum effect with respect to the thermal curing duration. The swelling characteristics (magnitude and kinetics) have been quantified, using a mathematical relation, and compared to thermal histories applied to determine a link between thermal history and swelling. The relevance of the concept of ‘effective thermal energy' associated with the integral of the temperature as a function of time beyond a threshold value corresponding to the destabilization of ettringite was demonstrated by the identification of master curves. A consistent interpretation of the results of expansions (kinetics and magnitudes) and effects on the mechanical properties according to different thermal histories, has been proposed in connection with the law for predicting expansions
6

The Role of ERK2 in Regulating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Ilter, Didem January 2014 (has links)
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental developmental program, which is believed to be reactivated during the progression of in situ carcinoma to aggressive metastatic cancers. Ras-ERK pathway has been shown to play a crucial role in EMT. We have previously shown that ERK2, but not ERK1, is necessary for RasV12-induced EMT and overexpression of ERK2 is sufficient to promote EMT. ERK2 promotes EMT by regulating several factors, including the upregulation of transcription factors ZEB1/2. ZEB1/2 repress expression of E-cadherin, which is necessary for polar epithelial tissue formations.
7

Estudo da formação da etringita tardia em concreto por calor de hidratação do cimento / Study of delayed ettringite formation in portland cement by hydration heat

MELO, Sandra Kurotusch de 05 July 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:18:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao sandra k de melo - parte 1.pdf: 1174678 bytes, checksum: 23084cd61c88de8cd244682ffbc84c82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-05 / Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) is a special type of an internal sulfate attack with SO4 2- ions from cement. This process is distinguished by neoformation of ettringite in concrete thermally cured at high temperature levels and exposed to high moisture in service life. This phenomenon can promote expansion and cracking, leading to rupture and spalling, achieving severe deterioration. This research had an experimental approach with the purpose to investigate DEF in concretes with pozzolanic Portland cement containing fly ash. These concretes were undergone to temperature rise by heat of hydration. It was produced two types of pumped concrete with cement content of 350 kg/m3 and 450 kg/m3 containing basaltic aggregate. Two big specimens were cast containing 200 liters of concrete and were immediately submitted to adiabatic temperature rise tests. After that, several specimens were drilled from them in order to evaluate compressive strength and elasticity modulus, as well as microstructural investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X Ray diffraction (XRD) along 270 days. In addition, it was cast several cylindrical and prismatic samples with concrete containing 350 kg/m3of cement. Some of them were stored at the same condition of those during the thermal cure and others were conditioned in a moist room as reference, for properties and microstructural investigation. Prismatic ones were submitted to mass variation study, ultrasonic wave tests and also expansion tests. In order to complement this experimental program, a specific study on cement pastes was performed. This involved casting three series of cylindrical samples submitted to different cure cycles followed by evaluation of mass variation, ultrasonic velocity and also microstructure investigation by SEM and XRD. Main results proved that rising internal temperature of concrete by hydration heat above 60ºC promote delayed ettringite formation by microstructural analyses, although this formation had not caused negative consequences on mechanic properties of concretes up to age of 270 days evaluated. The study on the cement pastes confirmed that high temperatures affects the microstructure of cement matrix and also the formed products, collaborating to the formation of hydrated alumina phases besides ettringite. The presence of suggestive thaumasite at advanced ages seems to indicate that this calcium silicate sulfo-carbonate hydrate can accompany DEF process. / A formação da etringita tardia - Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) é um tipo especial de ataque por sulfato interno, em que os íons SO4 2- são provenientes do cimento. O processo se distingue pela neoformação da etringita em concretos curados termicamente às elevadas temperaturas e expostos às altas umidades na etapa de serviço. Tal fenômeno pode promover expansão e consequente fissuração, culminando na ruptura e lascamento do material, levando-o à severa deterioração. Este trabalho, de caráter experimental, objetivou investigar a formação da etringita tardia em concretos de cimento Porltand pozolânico, contendo cinza volante, submetido à elevação da temperatura devido ao calor de hidratação do cimento. Para isso, foram produzidos dois concretos bombeados, contendo agregados basálticos, e com consumos de cimento de 350 kg/m3 e 450 kg/m3, com os quais foram moldados dois corpos-de-prova (CPs) de 200 litros, que foram, separadamente, submetidos aos ensaios de elevação adiabática de temperatura. Após o ciclo de cura térmica nestes ensaios, deles foram extraídos corpos-de-prova para a avaliação da resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade, além de investigações microestruturais por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de Raios X (DRX) durante 270 dias. Adicionalmente, foram moldadas duas séries de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos e prismáticos com o primeiro concreto, sendo que uma foi armazenada na câmara adiabática juntamente com o CP de 200 L e a outra curada continuamente em câmara úmida, servindo de referência para as análises do comportamento mecânico e investigações microestruturais dos CPs cilíndricos. Os CPs prismáticos foram utilizados para a avaliação da variação de massa, velocidade ultrassônica e expansão. Para complementar a pesquisa, realizou-se, também, um estudo específico em pastas de cimento, sendo moldadas três séries de CPs cilíndricos, que foram submetidas a três diferentes ciclos de cura seguidas por uma avaliação da variação de massa e velocidade ultrassônica, além de investigações microestruturais por MEV e DRX. Os principais resultados mostraram que o aumento da temperatura interna do concreto, acima de 60ºC, por calor de hidratação do cimento, propiciou a formação da etringita tardia, constatada pela presença de etringita neoformada durante as análises microestruturais, porém sem efeito negativo sobre as propriedades mecânicas avaliadas até a idade investigada de 270 dias. O estudo de pasta comprovou que as altas temperaturas influem na porosidade da microestrutura da matriz cimentícia e sobre o tipo de produto formado, favorecendo a formação de aluminatos hidratados ao final do ciclo térmico e da etringita durante a estocagem sob alta umidade. A sugestiva presença da taumasita, em idades mais avançadas, parece indicar que este sulfocarbonato de cálcio e sílica hidratado pode acompanhar o processo de DEF.
8

Estudo da formação da etringita tardia em concreto por calor de hidratação do cimento / Study of delayed ettringite formation in portland cement by hydration heat

Melo, Sandra Kurotusch de 05 July 2010 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-27T15:25:17Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (1).pdf: 4813708 bytes, checksum: 1d9f47d43918bba38729e74a5014833d (MD5) Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (2).pdf: 12360828 bytes, checksum: 0c969028600897645eaa255c2ea06346 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-27T15:28:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (1).pdf: 4813708 bytes, checksum: 1d9f47d43918bba38729e74a5014833d (MD5) Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (2).pdf: 12360828 bytes, checksum: 0c969028600897645eaa255c2ea06346 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-27T15:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (1).pdf: 4813708 bytes, checksum: 1d9f47d43918bba38729e74a5014833d (MD5) Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (2).pdf: 12360828 bytes, checksum: 0c969028600897645eaa255c2ea06346 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) is a special type of an internal sulfate attack with SO42- ions from cement. This process is distinguished by neoformation of ettringite in concrete thermally cured at high temperature levels and exposed to high moisture in service life. This phenomenon can promote expansion and cracking, leading to rupture and spalling, achieving severe deterioration. This research had an experimental approach with the purpose to investigate DEF in concretes with pozzolanic Portland cement containing fly ash. These concretes were undergone to temperature rise by heat of hydration. It was produced two types of pumped concrete with cement content of 350 kg/m3 and 450 kg/m3 containing basaltic aggregate. Two big specimens were cast containing 200 liters of concrete and were immediately submitted to adiabatic temperature rise tests. After that, several specimens were drilled from them in order to evaluate compressive strength and elasticity modulus, as well as microstructural investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X Ray diffraction (XRD) along 270 days. In addition, it was cast several cylindrical and prismatic samples with concrete containing 350 kg/m3of cement. Some of them were stored at the same condition of those during the thermal cure and others were conditioned in a moist room as reference, for properties and microstructural investigation. Prismatic ones were submitted to mass variation study, ultrasonic wave tests and also expansion tests. In order to complement this experimental program, a specific study on cement pastes was performed. This involved casting three series of cylindrical samples submitted to different cure cycles followed by evaluation of mass variation, ultrasonic velocity and also microstructure investigation by SEM and XRD. Main results proved that rising internal temperature of concrete by hydration heat above 60ºC promote delayed ettringite formation by microstructural analyses, although this formation had not caused negative consequences on mechanic properties of concretes up to age of 270 days evaluated. The study on the cement pastes confirmed that high temperatures affects the microstructure of cement matrix and also the formed products, collaborating to the formation of hydrated alumina phases besides ettringite. The presence of suggestive thaumasite at advanced ages seems to indicate that this calcium silicate sulfo-carbonate hydrate can accompany DEF process. / A formação da etringita tardia - Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) é um tipo especial de ataque por sulfato interno, em que os íons SO42- são provenientes do cimento. O processo se distingue pela neoformação da etringita em concretos curados termicamente às elevadas temperaturas e expostos às altas umidades na etapa de serviço. Tal fenômeno pode promover expansão e consequente fissuração, culminando na ruptura e lascamento do material, levando-o à severa deterioração. Este trabalho, de caráter experimental, objetivou investigar a formação da etringita tardia em concretos de cimento Porltand pozolânico, contendo cinza volante, submetido à elevação da temperatura devido ao calor de hidratação do cimento. Para isso, foram produzidos dois concretos bombeados, contendo agregados basálticos, e com consumos de cimento de 350 kg/m3 e 450 kg/m3, com os quais foram moldados dois corpos-de-prova (CPs) de 200 litros, que foram, separadamente, submetidos aos ensaios de elevação adiabática de temperatura. Após o ciclo de cura térmica nestes ensaios, deles foram extraídos corpos-de-prova para a avaliação da resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade, além de investigações microestruturais por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de Raios X (DRX) durante 270 dias. Adicionalmente, foram moldadas duas séries de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos e prismáticos com o primeiro concreto, sendo que uma foi armazenada na câmara adiabática juntamente com o CP de 200 L e a outra curada continuamente em câmara úmida, servindo de referência para as análises do comportamento mecânico e investigações microestruturais dos CPs cilíndricos. Os CPs prismáticos foram utilizados para a avaliação da variação de massa, velocidade ultrassônica e expansão. Para complementar a pesquisa, realizou-se, também, um estudo específico em pastas de cimento, sendo moldadas três séries de CPs cilíndricos, que foram submetidas a três diferentes ciclos de cura seguidas por uma avaliação da variação de massa e velocidade ultrassônica, além de investigações microestruturais por MEV e DRX. Os principais resultados mostraram que o aumento da temperatura interna do concreto, acima de 60ºC, por calor de hidratação do cimento, propiciou a formação da etringita tardia, constatada pela presença de etringita neoformada durante as análises microestruturais, porém sem efeito negativo sobre as propriedades mecânicas avaliadas até a idade investigada de 270 dias. O estudo de pasta comprovou que as altas temperaturas influem na porosidade da microestrutura da matriz cimentícia e sobre o tipo de produto formado, favorecendo a formação de aluminatos hidratados ao final do ciclo térmico e da etringita durante a estocagem sob alta umidade. A sugestiva presença da taumasita, em idades mais avançadas, parece indicar que este sulfocarbonato de cálcio e sílica hidratado pode acompanhar o processo de DEF.
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Influence de la température de cure sur la formation d'ettringite différée dans les bétons

Bernard, Alexandre January 2017 (has links)
Une augmentation de la température à jeune âge du béton peut être causée par la chaleur d’hydratation dans le cas d’éléments massifs ou par l’application d’un traitement thermique dans l’industrie de la préfabrication. Lorsque le couple critique température maximale/durée de maintien est dépassé, il y a formation différée de l’ettringite (DEF) expansive pouvant fissurer les pièces. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont pour but principal d’établir une limite sécuritaire pour des mélanges V-S pour béton de masse et V-P pour béton préfabriqué régulièrement utilisés par le Ministère des Transports du Québec. Ces bétons utilisent des liants binaires composés de fumée de silice de type GUb-SF et des liants ternaires composés de fumée de silice et de cendres volantes ou de laitier de haut-fourneau. La norme canadienne actuelle (CSA A23.1-14 et CSA A23.4-16) impose une limite fixe de température qui ne dépend ni de la durée de traitement ni du type de liant utilisé. Le lien, souvent énoncé dans la littérature, entre la réponse d’un liant à un traitement thermique et sa composition chimique et minéralogique, déterminé respectivement par fluorescence X et diffraction des rayons X couplée par la méthode de calcul Rietveld, a pu être confirmé. Le rapport SO3 solubles/Al2O3 est notamment ce qui permet la meilleure estimation de la sensibilité d’un liant. Le processus de formation différée de l’ettringite est lent et peut prendre plusieurs années. Donc, pour étudier le phénomène, des méthodes d’essais accélérés ont été testées. Des méthodes ont ainsi pu être proposées pour de futurs tests. Une méthode d’essai rapide d’expansion de barres de mortier permet d’identifier les liants les plus sensibles à la DEF. La formation de la DEF dans les liants les moins sensibles peut être appréciée par le gain de masse de prismes de béton et leur observation microstructurale au microscope électronique à balayage (MEB). Une méthode sur bétons de masse et bétons préfabriqués permet de classer le degré de sensibilité d’un liant face à la DEF selon le gain de masse des prismes de béton. Les liants ternaires montrent une bonne résistance face à la DEF. La sensibilité des liants binaires dépend du rapport SO3 solubles/Al2O3 du liant. / Abstract : A heat cure for concrete can be caused by hydration in massive structures or by thermal treatment in prefabrication industry. When the limit couple maximum temperature/duration of treatment is exceeded, the delayed formation of ettringite occurs and leads to cracking in concrete. The main goal of the work presented in this essay is to establish a safe batch limit for some mixtures, VS (mass concrete) and V-P (precast concrete) which are often used by MTQ. These concretes use some cements blended with silica fume and ternary blended cements with silica fume and fly ash or blast furnace slag. Indeed, the current Canadian standard (CSA A23.1) set a limit which doesn’t depend on duration of the treatment nor the type of bender. However, the link between composition of the used bender, with can be determined by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, and the response to a thermal treatment has been confirmed. The soluble SO3/Al2O3 ratio allows to estimate if a bender is sensitive to heat cure. The delayed formation of ettringite is a long process which can last a decade. In order to study this phenomenon, several accelerated test methods have been used. Some of them are available for some future tests. An accelerated expansion method using mortar bar allows to spot the DEF-sensitive benders. Delayed ettringite formation in the less sensitive bender can be estimated by weight gain in concrete prisms and by observation with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The sensitivity level of a bender can by estimated using a method based on weight gain. Ternary blended cements show a greater ability to withstand DEF. The sensibility of binary blended cements depends on soluble SO3/Al2O3 ratio.
10

Étude du risque de développement d'une réaction sulfatique interne et de ses conséquences dans les bétons de structure des ouvrages nucléaires / Study of risk of developing a delayed ettringite formation and its consequences in concrete of nuclear structures

Al Shamaa, Mohamad 03 December 2012 (has links)
La réaction sulfatique interne (RSI) dans les ouvrages en béton est une pathologie susceptible de se développer lorsque des conditions particulières portant sur la composition du béton, les conditions thermiques au jeune âge et l'environnement sont réunies. Ce phénomène est attribué à la formation d'ettringite différée qui provoque un gonflement du matériau et une fissuration dans la structure. Deux types de béton sont concernés par cette pathologie : les bétons préfabriqués traités thermiquement et les bétons coulés en place dans les pièces massives. Bien que largement étudiée depuis une dizaine d'années, la RSI n'est pas à ce jour parfaitement connue du fait de la complexité du phénomène au niveau des mécanismes mis en jeu, des paramètres influents et de ses conséquences tant à l'échelle microscopique qu'à l'échelle de l'ouvrage. Ce travail vise donc à apporter des éléments de réponse à plusieurs interrogations concernant cette pathologie, en se focalisant sur l'étude de l'impact de certains facteurs intervenant lors de la réaction et sur l'application nucléaire. De nombreuses études expérimentales ont été ainsi mises en œuvre. Une large étude est consacrée à évaluer le risque de développement de la RSI dans une enceinte de confinement d'une centrale nucléaire, du fait de la présence de structures massives dans ce type d'ouvrages. Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence dans quelle mesure la pathologie influe sur les caractéristiques mécaniques et sur les propriétés de transfert du béton, et ainsi de vérifier si les exigences de sûreté attendues par ces structures sont mises en cause. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés à étudier l'impact de l'hygrométrie du béton sur le développement de la RSI. Nous avons pu identifier le couplage qui existe entre l'humidité environnante et le gonflement. Le rôle joué par la lixiviation des alcalins a été également mis en évidence. Des suivis des propriétés de transfert ont été menés et confrontés aux gonflements observés. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à caractériser le rôle joué par le squelette granulaire sur la cinétique et l'amplitude du gonflement par RSI. Les paramètres étudiés concernent la taille et la fraction volumique des inclusions granulaires. De plus, un exemple d'application d'une modélisation numérique mésoscopique du gonflement est proposé / Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) in concrete structures is a pathology that can develop when special conditions on the concrete composition, the thermal conditions at the young age and the environment are met. This phenomenon provokes swelling of the material and cracking in the structure. It affects two types of concrete : the concrete heat-treated and the concrete cast in place in massive parts. Although many studies were done before in order to better understand this pathology, the DEF is still not well known. This is due to its complex mechanism, the influential parameters and its consequences on microscopic and structural scales. For that purpose, the thesis work was designed in order to better understand this pathology. Experimental studies were done to evaluate the impact of certain factors during the reaction, by focusing on nuclear application. An important part of this study was dedicated to assess the risk of DEF development in a nuclear power plant, and to understand how this pathology affects the mechanical characteristics and transfer properties of the concrete. Then, we have studied the impact of the hygrometry on the development of DEF. This has lead to identify a relation between environmental humidity and swelling. We have also examined the role of alkali leaching. A follow up study of the transfer properties was also done and was confronted to the observed swelling. Finally, we were interested in the characterization of the aggregates effect on the kinetics and the amplitude of DEF swelling. So, we have examined the parameters related to the size and the volume fraction of granular inclusions. Furthermore, an application of a mesoscopic numerical modeling of swelling is proposed

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