Telšių (TDZ) ir Drūkšių-Polocko deformacijos zonos (DPDZ) kristaliniame pamate yra svarbios plastinės šlyties sistemos, priklausančios Kurzemės-Polocko lūžių juostai, esančiai vakariniame Rytų Europos kratono pakraštyje. Taikant petrografinį, mikrostruktūrinį ir izotopinės geochronologijos metodus kristalinių uolienų tyrimams, šiame darbe išaiškinti dar prekambre vykę magmatizmo, deformacijų ir metamorfizmo procesai bei stadijos tirtose deformacijos zonose, kurios kelis kartus reaktyvavosi proterozojuje ir fanerozojuje. Jų palyginimas su panašiomis deformacijos zonomis Baltijos skyde Švedijoje bei Baltarusijoje gali padėti atskleisti regiono aplink Baltijos jūrą, esančio Rytų Europos kratone, evoliuciją. / The Telšiai deformation zone (TDZ) and the Drūkšiai-Polotsk deformation zone (DPDZ) in the crystalline basement of Lithuania are important structures, belonging to the wide Polotsk-Kurzeme fault belt in the western part of the East European Craton (EEC). Combining microstructural, metamorphic and isotopic geochronological information is a tool constraining the time of deformation and metamorphism in shear zones. The TDZ and DPDZ were reactivated several times in the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic times. Their correlation with similar deformation zones of the Baltic Shield in Sweden and Belarus provides new insights into the regional structure and evolution of the East European Craton around the Baltic Sea.

This research encompasses threemajor segments: a search for high-spin triaxial strongly deformed (TSD) bands in 164Hf, spectroscopy of high-spin normal deformed (ND) bands in 164Hf, and a low-spin search in 165Ta. In April 2010, an experiment was carried out using the ATLAS linear accelerator at Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, IL). A thin (761 microgram/square centimeter) 94Zr target was impacted with a 330MeV 74Ge beam. This produced a 168Hf compound nucleus that decayed via the 4n channel to 164Hf. Offline data analysis was performed using coincidence relationships and gamma-ray intensity analysis to determine the decay pathways and Directional Correlation of Oriented Nuclei (DCO ratios) to determine level spin and parities. The highest extend of the 164Hf level scheme in previous works was near 32 hbar. This research has extended the previously known level scheme to 48 hbar. Seven new normal deformed bands and two triaxial strongly deformed bands have been added. Decay pathways of TSD bands to ND states have been firmly established. Intrinsic configurations of the bands were discussed based on Cranked Shell Model (CSM) calculations. A short discussion of new low-spin structures in 165Ta concludes the research. The experiment was carried out in August 2010 at Yale’s Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory using their tandem linac. A 228MeV 51V beam was incident upon a 118Sn self-supporting thin target. Data was sorted into gamma-gamma matrices using the WNSL CSCAN code. Three new normal deformed low-spin structures were found, and one previously known but unpublished structure was confirmed, extended, and linked to the Yrast band.

The reduced probability of E2 transitions between rotational levels built upon γ-vibrational states was calculated for even-even nuclei. General expressions were derived as functions of the spin of the initial state and a parameter γ10. Branching ratios for special cases were obtained, which compare quite favourably with experiment. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Este trabalho é resultado de uma série de estudos feitos com o objetivo de investigar a influ- ência de uma álgebra fermiônica deformada nos mecanismos de quebra e restauração da si- metria quiral no modelo de Nambu-Jona-Lasinio. Esse modelo foi escolhido pois é um modelo efetivo para a QCD que mostra com razoável facilidade uma de suas principais características, a quebra dinâmica da simetria quiral e a geração de uma massa dinâmica para os quarks. O trabalho pode ser dividido essencialmente em três partes. A primeira consiste em um estudo inicial onde a deformação foi implementada diretamente na equação de gap do modelo NJL através de um cálculo deformado do condensado. Na segunda parte, o mesmo procedimento de deformação foi aplicado na Hamiltoniana do modelo permitindo que seus efeitos se propagem nos cálculos até uma nova equação de gap. Uma extensão natural do trabalho e um estudo do modelo deformado a temperatura finita, onde a coexistência da temperatura e da deformação algébrica pode ser investigada. Esse estudo e a terceira parte do trabalho / This work is a result of a serie of studies where the aim is to investigate the influence of a de- formed fermionic algebra in the mechanisms of breaking and restoration of chiral symmetry in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. This model was chosen because it is an effective model for QCD which shows with reasonable facility one of its main features, the dynamical breaking of chiral symmetry and the generation of a dynamical mass for the quarks. The work can be divided essentialy in three parts. The first consists in a initial study where the deformation was implemented directly in the gap equation of the NJL model through a defor- med calculation of the condensates. In second part, the same deformation procedure was applied in the Hamiltonian of the model allowing their effects to be propagated in the calcula- tions till a new gap equation. A natural extension of the work is a study of the deformed model at finite temperature, where the coexistence of temperature and algebric deformation can be investigated. This study is the third part of the work.

This thesis identifies and extends techniques that can be linked to the principle of maximum entropy (maxent) and applied to parameter estimation in machine learning and statistics. Entropy functions based on deformed logarithms are used to construct Bregman divergences, and together these represent a generalization of relative entropy. The framework is analyzed using convex analysis to charac- terize generalized forms of exponential family distributions. Various connections to the existing machine learning literature are discussed and the techniques are applied to the problem of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF).

The Interstate Highway System plays a vital role in our economic development by providing a continuous corridor for transporting goods and services. Currently, there is a need for repair and expansion of the existing highways, which include all bridges along its path. Because of the high demand for the highway system, repair and expansion must occur rapidly and efficiently. In recent years, precast bridge deck systems have become an efficient way to reduce construction time during repair. This thesis presents the experimental research of the behavior of the U-Bar joint detail used in precast bridge deck systems. This detail consists of staggered reinforcement extending beyond the precast deck portion into the joint. Six specimens utilizing the U-Bar detail were constructed and tested. Three specimens were tested in flexure to simulate the forces applied in a longitudinal deck joint, while three specimens were tested in pure tension to simulate the forces experienced in a transverse deck joint located over an interior pier. A tight 180° bend at 3db was desired in order to minimize the thickness of the deck. To achieve this tight bend, deformed wire reinforcement was chosen for the U-Bar detail due to the favorable material properties of deformed wire reinforcement. The purpose of the testing was to determine if the joint details could generate a precast deck system that could emulate the monolithic cast-in-place deck systems already in use. For monolithic behavior in a precast deck system, the joints must be able transfer shear, tension and moments. In this research, the joint overlap length was the most dominant variable, and should not be less than 152.4 mm (6”). The precast bridge deck joint should consist of high strength concrete with f’c of at least 68.9 MPa (10 ksi). The longitudinal reinforcement spacing should be no greater than 152.4 mm (6”).

The Interstate Highway System plays a vital role in our economic development by providing a continuous corridor for transporting goods and services. Currently, there is a need for repair and expansion of the existing highways, which include all bridges along its path. Because of the high demand for the highway system, repair and expansion must occur rapidly and efficiently. In recent years, precast bridge deck systems have become an efficient way to reduce construction time during repair. This thesis presents the experimental research of the behavior of the U-Bar joint detail used in precast bridge deck systems. This detail consists of staggered reinforcement extending beyond the precast deck portion into the joint. Six specimens utilizing the U-Bar detail were constructed and tested. Three specimens were tested in flexure to simulate the forces applied in a longitudinal deck joint, while three specimens were tested in pure tension to simulate the forces experienced in a transverse deck joint located over an interior pier. A tight 180° bend at 3db was desired in order to minimize the thickness of the deck. To achieve this tight bend, deformed wire reinforcement was chosen for the U-Bar detail due to the favorable material properties of deformed wire reinforcement. The purpose of the testing was to determine if the joint details could generate a precast deck system that could emulate the monolithic cast-in-place deck systems already in use. For monolithic behavior in a precast deck system, the joints must be able transfer shear, tension and moments. In this research, the joint overlap length was the most dominant variable, and should not be less than 152.4 mm (6”). The precast bridge deck joint should consist of high strength concrete with f’c of at least 68.9 MPa (10 ksi). The longitudinal reinforcement spacing should be no greater than 152.4 mm (6”).

Este trabalho é resultado de uma série de estudos feitos com o objetivo de investigar a influ- ência de uma álgebra fermiônica deformada nos mecanismos de quebra e restauração da si- metria quiral no modelo de Nambu-Jona-Lasinio. Esse modelo foi escolhido pois é um modelo efetivo para a QCD que mostra com razoável facilidade uma de suas principais características, a quebra dinâmica da simetria quiral e a geração de uma massa dinâmica para os quarks. O trabalho pode ser dividido essencialmente em três partes. A primeira consiste em um estudo inicial onde a deformação foi implementada diretamente na equação de gap do modelo NJL através de um cálculo deformado do condensado. Na segunda parte, o mesmo procedimento de deformação foi aplicado na Hamiltoniana do modelo permitindo que seus efeitos se propagem nos cálculos até uma nova equação de gap. Uma extensão natural do trabalho e um estudo do modelo deformado a temperatura finita, onde a coexistência da temperatura e da deformação algébrica pode ser investigada. Esse estudo e a terceira parte do trabalho / This work is a result of a serie of studies where the aim is to investigate the influence of a de- formed fermionic algebra in the mechanisms of breaking and restoration of chiral symmetry in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. This model was chosen because it is an effective model for QCD which shows with reasonable facility one of its main features, the dynamical breaking of chiral symmetry and the generation of a dynamical mass for the quarks. The work can be divided essentialy in three parts. The first consists in a initial study where the deformation was implemented directly in the gap equation of the NJL model through a defor- med calculation of the condensates. In second part, the same deformation procedure was applied in the Hamiltonian of the model allowing their effects to be propagated in the calcula- tions till a new gap equation. A natural extension of the work is a study of the deformed model at finite temperature, where the coexistence of temperature and algebric deformation can be investigated. This study is the third part of the work.

The microstructures of the near-surface layers on AA3104 aluminium alloys and their evolution through rolling and deep drawing processes have been investigated. The effect of the near-surface layers on the optical property of AA3104 aluminium alloy has also been assessed. It was revealed that two types of near-surface deformed layers, both with different microstructures different from the underlying bulk alloy, were generated on the surface of AA3104 aluminium alloy during rolling. Both of them are characterized by ultrafine, equiaxed grains, with diameters <100 nm for type A near-surface deformed layer and <200 nm for type B near-surface deformed layer. A high population density of nano-sized, oxygen-rich particles is present along grain boundaries within type A deformed layer. But type B deformed layer is free of oxygen-rich particles. Type A deformed layer was generated through two mechanisms, i.e. geometric dynamic recrystallization and mechanical alloying. Rolling introduced plastic strain in the surface/near-surface region of aluminium sheet was of sufficient magnitude to cause geometric dynamic recrystallization and thus microstructure refinement. In addition, the incorporation of oxides into the near-surface region was also involved in the formation of type A deformed layer. However, the formation of type B deformed layer was only attributed to severe strain induced geometric dynamic recrystallization. Type A deformed layer was mainly formed at the early stages of hot rolling. The subsequent rolling and deep drawing reduced the thickness of type A deformed layer by distributing it over a larger surface area. During cold rolling, type A deformed layer broke into patches with the extension of alloy surface. Type B deformed layer may be generated on the nascent surface if the strain is sufficiently severe to cause geometric dynamic recrystallization. For the hot rolled alloy sheets, the surface/near-surface region is mainly covered by type A deformed layer. However, for the alloys after cold rolling, only limited area is covered with type A deformed layer. The thicknesses of the near-surface deformed layers are not uniform across the surface of AA3104 aluminium alloy. The maximum thickness of type A deformed layer on transfer slab is approximately 4 µm, while that on re-roll gauge sheet is ~1 µm, and ~0.8 µm on the final gauge sheet, ~400 nm on formed cup and ~100 nm on formed can. Type A deformed layer is randomly distributed as patches on the cold rolled aluminium sheet. The reflectivity of oxygen-rich particles is lower compared with the reflectivity of aluminium. As a result, the type A deformed layer patches absorb more incident light than the area without type A deformed layer. Further, there are plenty of micro-scale mini-cracks present on type A deformed layer, their opening sizes are in the equivalent scale of the wavelength of visible light. The incident light may not able to be reflected out if they go into these mini-cracks. It is more prone to happen for short wavelength light since it is easier for them to go into the mini-cracks than long wavelength light. As a result, less short wavelength visible light is reflected from the type A deformed layer patches. Thus, such patches exhibit a yellow appearance while the surrounding area appears the original silver white aluminium appearance. The aluminium sheet with a high coverage of type A deformed layer exhibits a low total reflectance. Further, its total reflectance is with a significant “red shift”. Neither the macro-scale surface roughness nor the ultrafine grain size affects the total reflectance of aluminium alloys. The total reflectance of aluminium alloys is primarily dependent on the presence of type A deformed layer.

This thesis deals with a conformal field theoretical treatment of abelian anyons in (1 + 1)-dimensions and their relation to the integrable Calogero-Sutherland models. We generalize previous work relating anyons to the Calogero-Sutherland model by showing that the correlation function of the anyon field operators corresponds to the eigenfunctions of the deformed Calogero-Sutherland model. Our results suggest a physical application of the deformed Calogero-Sutherland model in the context of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). A key aspect for this work is the introduction of the dual anyon field operators, which obey a natural generalization of the canonical anti-commutation relation.