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This graduation theses bring some drafts of methodical papers in the connection with the evacuation of the people, decontamination station and activities when decontamination of people and equipment. To further Explore the places which are intended for decontamination in the emergency planning zones from the point of view of the ACR in locations for the nuclear power plant Temelín.

There are two nuclear power plants in the Czech Republic for which measures to protect the population are proposed in the case of a radiation accident. This diploma thesis deals with one of them by decontamination of persons and techniques in the emergency planning zone. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis focuses mainly on knowledge and concepts in the field of ionizing radiation, radiation protection and emergency planning. The main objective was to analyze, compare and evaluate the existing and newly introduced decontamination means of persons and equipment of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic and the Army of the Czech Republic. For this purpose, eight decontamination devices have been selected for use in a radiation accident. One of the partial objectives is also to compare the decontamination methods and procedures of both components. The quantitative processing of the parameters studied was used to compare, and a multi-criteria decision-making method was used to obtain the results, using the scoring method. In order to obtain data and information, searches of available publications, methodological sheets and instructions for decontamination equipment were carried out. All information has been consulted with chemical experts from the Fire Brigade of the Czech Republic and chemical units of the Army of the Czech Republic. The results of the comparison showed that the decontamination facilities of the members of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic are more suitable for use in the radiation accident. Their main advantages are a more effective solution for wound decontamination and a system for capturing and collecting contaminated water. However, the Army of the Czech Republic would be able to do the same work after the partial modifications. The decontamination equipment for solving the radiation accident is constantly being refined. An example is the Portable Frame Gamma Detector. This allows you to speed up the decontamination process and saves the forces and resources deployed to deal with an emergency.

The theoretical part of the thesis is divided in the five main chapters. First chapter generally defines the term ?contamination?, which is closely related to the decontamination. Second chapter is focused on the microbial contamination, defines infectious agents, the mechanisms of its spread and points out microbes most likely to be misused as a biological weapon. Third chapter of the theoretical part addresses the decontamination itself. It defines the decontamination in general aiming for microbial decontamination, i.e. the biological agent surface and environment removal. Two basic groups of decontamination e.g. physical and chemical procedures are mentioned in this chapter. Fourth chapter presents valid standards describing various types of examinations for the desinfecting preparations efficacy evaluation. The last chapter of the theoretical part covers large-scale facilities, defines them and describes experimental facilities at the Department of large-scale testing in the National institute for nuclear, chemical and biological protection in Kamenna. The aim of the thesis is to create own methodology of the disinfactant efficiency testing with emphasis on the real condition simulation. The decontamination was carried out by means of following methods: aerosol generator method, decontamination by evaporation, manual sprayer and engine sprayer respectively. For the analysis we chose these disinfactants: Chirosan? Plus, Incidin OxyDes, Kohrsolin? FF, Korsolex? basic, Persteril? 36 and Sanosil? Super 25 Ag. The disinfectant efficiency was tested in 30, 60 and 120 m3 facilities. The tested B-agents were: Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. For the decontamination efficiency verification we used a modified surface assay, a modified suspension assay and an agarose assay. The following issues were of concern: We found out that, based on the analysis of different techniques of decontamination, the large-scale facility decontamination is feasible. The most effective method of decontamination appears the manual and engine spraying with the latter more convenient for spaces over the 30 m3 in the matter of time. The decontamination by evaporation was inefficient for the large-scale facility decontamination. Experiments revealed that method based on aerosol distribution is convenient for large-scale facility decontamination. However, the nature of decontaminating preparation has to be considered. All disinfactants tested have shown good bactericidal activity. Nevertheless, only Korsolex? basic a Persteril? 36 have shown sufficient sporicidal activity with equal effect. The disadvantage of the preparation Persteril? 36 is its significant corrosive activity, on the other hand is inexpensive. The preparation Korsolex? basic contains anticorrosive compounds, but is more expensive than Persteril? 36. Our results demonstrated that the most convenient method for the decomtamination of facilities up to the 30 m3 is the manual aerosol sprayer. For facilities of larger volume the engine sprayer decontamination is more convenient. From the preparations tested, only Korsolex? basic a Persteril? 36 are, with respect to advantages and disadvantages, usable in the Department of large-scale testing in the National institute for nuclear, chemical and biological protection in Kamenna.

This thesis consists of three main parts. In the first part, the general procedures and principles of decontamination, the decontamination substances and mixtures, as well as the technique that is used for decontamination, have been described. Next, the description of the decontamination of the first responders, as this part of the decontamination process has been given; it has been elaborated and checked in practice. In the second part, there is the drafted plan of the mass extemporaneous decontamination of people in the selected public facility, according to the general methods of decontamination. Next, there is the drafted documentation for resolving an extraordinary event: an accident with subsequent leakage of a dangerous chemical substance, resulting in the need to carry out the mass decontamination of people in selected public facilities. In the last part, I have discussed and compared the advantages and possible disadvantages of the selected object of for the implementation of mass decontamination of people. There is also a suggested way of how to carry out this decontamination in this object in the most efficient way. The processing of this documentation has clearly confirmed my hypothesis. The mass decontamination of people in the selected location, in this case specifically in the Domazlice Hostel and Swimming Pool, can be feasibly performed with an improvised method. After giving the specific supplemented data (the names of the personnel, the telephone numbers, places of storage material etc.), the suggested documentation is usable for the object in practice. The documentation can be also easily adapted to other similar public facilities.

Současná pandemická situace ukázala obrovské dopady rozšíření infekce na společnost, i přesto stále ještě chybí jednotný přístup k problematice infekčního odpadu. Cílem této práce je představení metodiky nakládání s infekčním odpadem v rámci regionu v kontextu situace v Česku a Evropské Unii. V teoretické části práce je uveden legislativní rámec, charakter produkce, možnosti dekontaminace a podmínky spalování infekčního odpadu. Na základě těchto poznatků je navržena metodika pro nakládání s infekčním odpadem v rámci regionu. V praktické části práce je pak metodika aplikována na konkrétní region – Královéhradecký kraj. V rámci metodiky jsou navrženy možné scénáře nakládání s infekčním odpadem a vybrány nejvhodnější z nich z pohledu zdravotních rizik, rozpočtové zátěže a dopadu na životní prostředí. Na závěr je metodika kriticky zhodnocena a srovnána s metodikami jiných studií na podobné téma.

Solvent extraction is one of the methods available for the decontamination of sensitive equipments that are contaminated with chemical warfare agents. The efficiency of extraction method have been verified on the samples, (steel or rubber) that have been contaminated with drops of mustard gas. These samples have been inserted into the extraction flow cell through which solvent (ethoxynonafluorobutane - HFE-7200) flowed. The solvent was sampled in the time intervals. These samples of solvent were analysed for the concentration of mustard gas. Process of extraction was monitored for the three operational factors (the solvent flow rate, temperature and the ultrasound power) and for three different situations (dissolution of drops of mustard gas, mustard gas desorption from the structure of the sample and dissolve drops of mustard gas with the subsequent desorption from the sample). The development of the decontamination process in time was found to consist of two stages. In the first stage the rapid dissolution of the liquid part of mustard gas in a solvent and in the second phase was such as mustard desorption from the structure of the sample and this phase was considerably slower. Extraction is to accelerate increasing the value of the flow of the solvent, the temperature and the performance of the ultrasound. These operational fac-tors have a significant impact on the thickness of the laminar layer of solvent, the solvent replacement coefficient in a cell, diffusion parameters in the process, the viscosity, the solubility of mustard gas in a solvent and the maximum achievable concentration of mustard gas in the rubber sample. The values of adjustable parameters was obtained by mathematical analysis of mathematical model. The progress of extraction under different operational conditions can be predicted by these parameters. The effect of solvents and ultrasound was experimentally verified for selected equipments of computing and communication technology. The possibility of separation of chemical warfare agents from the solvent was verified too.