I denna uppsats utreder jag hur upphovsrätten ser ut i teorin för innehavare av närstående rättigheter – speciellt utövade artister – och hur dessa rättigheter efterlevs i praktiken. Framför allt utreds vilka rättigheter som aktualiseras när verk tillgängliggörs för allmänheten on demand.   Genom en kort översikt av den svenska upphovsrättsregleringen presenteras de rättigheter som upphovsmän och utövande konstnärer besitter. Den ensamrätt som båda grupperna innehar när det gäller överföring respektive tillgängliggörande till allmänheten innebär i teorin ett starkt skydd, men som i praktiken inte alltid efterlevs. Det förekommer ofta att utövande konstnärers rätt åsidosätts genom avtal, och att ersättning helt uteblir när deras verk spelas on demand.   En utvidgning av den tvångslicens som träder in när utövande konstnärers ensamrätt åsidosätts när deras verk spelas i radio och TV, så att den även omfattar on demandöverföringar, skulle innebära att artister får en rättvis ersättning när deras verk utnyttjas, oavsett om det sker i radio, på TV eller on demand.   Vidare utreds frågan vad begreppet on demand innebär i samband med ljudöverföring. I dagsläget saknas en juridisk definition för begreppet, vilket leder till frågetecken i musikbranschen. Begreppet analyseras istället med grund i icke-juridiska definitioner, samt den bestämmelse om begreppet grundar sig i. Framför allt diskuteras frågan om hur mycket interaktion som krävs från den enskildas sida för att det ska anses vara fråga om ett förfogande on demand. Ett förslag på lösning presenteras, vilken går ut på att lagstiftning som berör en liknande situation, nämligen audiovisuella överföringar, bör ligga till grund för en lagstiftning även för ljudöverföring. / In this thesis I analyze how Swedish copyright law in theory protects the rights of holders of neighboring rights - especially performers - and how these rights are honored in practice. Focus is on what rights are realized when works are made available to the public on demand.   In a brief overview of the Swedish copyright regulation, the rights copyright holders and holders of neighboring rights hold is presented. The exclusive rights both right holders have when it comes to broadcasting and making available to the public is in theory a valid and strong right. In practice, however, these rights are often disregarded. It is too often the practice that performers rights are disregarded when deals are made, or a one-time compensation payment is made. This means no reimbursement when their works are made available on demand.   An expansion of the compulsory compensation, which enters into practice when performers works are played on radio and television without consent from the performer, would mean an equitable remuneration for performers.   Furthermore, the definition on demand in relation to audio transmission is discussed. As of right now, there is no legal definition of the concept on demand audio transmissions, which presents questions in the music industry. The concept on demand is analyzed based on non-legal definitions, as well as the concept it is derived from. The amount of interaction from the single consumers is discussed.   A suggestion is presented: legislation that concern a similar situation, audiovisual transmissions, can be used as a foundation for legislation for audio transmissions as well.

This work considers inventory systems with two demand classes, where advance demand information is available. Three related scenarios are presented: three-stage production-inventory systems are studied in first two, whereas pure inventory systems are studied in the last scenario. In the first scenario, continuous review production-inventory systems are considered, where only one class provides advance demand information and early demand fulfillment is permitted. A new approach for production replenishment and order fulfillment in such systems is proposed, which combines the benefits of early fulfillment with Kanban-based pull systems. Simulation is used to compare the performance of the resulting policy with two other policies for a variety of scenarios (depending on the arrival rates, system utilizations, cost structures, arrival ratio, priority levels and amount of the advance demand information). A simulation-based lower bound on the optimal cost is established for some specific scenarios. The proposed policy outperforms the existing policies in every setting considered. Also, the proposed policy has added advantage of both retaining the benefit at high system utilizations and increasing the benefit up to the maximum level of advance demand information provided. A small fraction of customers providing advance demand information with early fulfillment acceptable is shown to have higher benefit than all customers providing same advance demand information with no early fulfillment. In second scenario, both classes provide advance demand information in production-inventory systems, though only one class accepts early fulfillment. Different levels of system utilization, arrival ratio and backorder cost are considered in the simulation experiments to show the superiority of early fulfillment. Also, experiments suggest that lowering the expected supply lead time may be more beneficial than increasing the demand lead time by the same amount for production-inventory systems with utilization dependent supply lead times. In third scenario, pure inventory systems are considered, where the demand classes provide different amount of advance demand information, and only one class accepts early fulfillment. The structure of an optimal policy is analytically characterized for periodic review systems under some specific conditions. / Ph. D.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Ted Schroeder / Demand indices are used by many industries as a measurement tool to track changes and make yearly comparisons. Many different sources use demand indices to track the demand for beef. Indexes are an important tool to help better understand why demand shifts the way that it does and help strategically plan for the future of the industry. There are a wide variety of beef demand indices out in academia and many are constructed in different ways. This study advances the literature by testing which factors of index construction effect the results the greatest. This study tested four separate factors in the construction of demand indices. These iterations are as follows, changes in retail price data, changes in elasticities chosen, changes in export data, and changes in construction in terms of quantities instead of prices. Changes in retail price data do not appear to be statistically different. All estimates in this study where elasticities were changed appear to be different statistically, however the level of concern with this finding may be minimal due to the small increments of change in magnitudes of difference between indices. Results from omitting export data does appear to result in statistically different indices, but again the level of concern with the difference may be small. Finally, index construction in terms of prices versus construction in terms of quantities does not appear to have statistically different results, as the indices in this comparison move similarly. For all practical purposes in industry, it does not appear to matter which index is chosen for comparisons, as long as one remains consistent with which index is chosen for comparisons.

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This study presents improved methods for long-term forecasting of mineral demands. Intensity of use, both in its simple, original form and as described by richer economic relations is one such method, particularly when intensity of use is estimated using rigorous statistical methods. Additionally, this dissertation explores the implications of the learning curve for long term forecasting of mineral demands. This study begins by considering the empirical evidence which applies when a learning curve is present. Then, if a learning pattern is present, the learning model is used to examine an economic measure for specified levels of economic activity. This dissertation also provides some empirical results on the learning curve in mineral industries and demonstrates how the learning model can be used as an economic forecasting tool. As an alternative to the intensity of use and learning models, there is a vector model, either using time varying coefficients or expressed as a transcendental function, to capture dynamics. This model estimates the time varying parameters from the vector space instead of the variable space. The major advantage of this model is that it honors correlations between variables. This is especially important in ex ante forecasting in which explanatory variables themselves must be forecast to obtain a forecast of the dependent variable.

Traditionally, transportation road networks have been designed for minimal congestion. Unfortunately, such approaches do not guarantee minimal vehicle emissions. Given the negative impacts of vehicle pollutants as well as tighter national air quality standards, it is critical for regions to be able to identify capacity modifications to road networks such that vehicle emissions are minimal. This ability combined with land use changes and opportunities for non-auto travel are paramount in helping regions improve air quality. However, network design research has yet to directly address this topic. To fill this apparent gap in network design research, an emissions network design problem and solution method are proposed in this thesis. Three air pollutants are considered: hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. The proposed model is applied to two road networks: Sioux Falls, ND and Anaheim, CA. The model is a bi-level optimization problem solved using a genetic algorithm and incorporates the influence of demand uncertainty. Findings indicate designing for minimal congestion tends to increase emissions of criteria air pollutants. However, not adding capacity to a road network also increases emissions of pollutants. Therefore, an optimization problem and solution method, such as the model presented here, is useful for identifying capacity additions that reduce vehicle emissions. It is also useful for understanding the tradeoffs between designing a network for minimal congestion versus minimal vehicle emissions. / text

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