Bakalauro darbe pateikiama medžiaga ir duomenys apie didelių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių mokinių gebėjimą pažinti sumedėjusius augalus. / The aim of this Bachelor Thesis is to analyze achievements of the primary schoolchildren with special educational needs in the cognitive competence in the area of dendrological plants. The thesis is based on the formulated hypothesis presuming that primary schoolchildren with special educational needs hold the special value theory associated with care and welfare of the plants. The study involved thirty 1st-4th grade schoolchildren with diagnosed moderate and severe intellectual disability as well as their 9 teachers.

[pt] Desde a revolução industrial a concentração de CO2 atmosférico vem aumentando, passando de 290 ppm (em 1850) para cerca de 370 ppm, na atualidade. O objetivo desta tese foi pesquisar as possíveis mudanças ocorridas no comportamento do crescimento de árvores, as quais podem ter sido causadas pelo aumento do teor desse gás. A espécie escolhida foi a da Araucaria angustifolia, do Horto Florestal de Campos do Jordão, SP, pois forma anéis de crescimento anual bem definidos. Na avaliação de uma série de anéis verifica-se uma acentuada variação na distribuição ao longo dos anos, impossibilitando a observação de uma mudança, no comportamento da taxa de crescimento radial de um determinado período do vegetal. Para resolver esse problema é necessário aplicar uma aproximação na análise da série de anéis. Dessa maneira, a solução foi considerar a relação entre o raio e o número de cada anel e, então, obter uma curva suavizada, que pode ser descrita por dois parâmetros, a e b, derivados a partir do melhor ajuste para os dados avaliados dos pares [R(N); N], com um fator de correlação, 0,99 menor ou iqual r2 menor ou iqual 0,999. Estes dois parâmetros, juntamente com o conhecimento do número de anéis (ou pelo menos o número do anel mais externo, nesse caso, a idade da árvore) descrevem muito bem quantitativamente o comportamento do crescimento radial da Araucaria. Com os valores obtidos da avaliação foi possível comparar e verificar as diferenças apresentadas entre as árvores antigas, crescidas nos séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII com as árvores recentes (entre 35 a 70 anos). Os grupos se desenvolveram sob condições ambientais variadas, fato que exclui qualquer possibilidade de condições especiais de crescimento. Essas diferenças podem ser descritas quantitativamente pelo valor do parâmetro b, o qual apresentou para todas as árvores velhas b menor ou iqual 0,5, enquanto que nas recentes b ~= 1,0. Isso significa que, na média, cada anel nas árvores velhas é muito menor que o anterior e que, nas árvores recentes eles têm a mesma largura. Esse último comportamento induz à conclusão de que o crescimento radial das árvores recentes é superior ao das árvores de tempos anteriores. Contudo, isso não foi verificado quando os raios dos anéis de números 30, 38 e 50 foram comparados. Mas, extrapolando-se a taxa de crescimento das árvores recentes será superior a das árvores de séculos anteriores. Um fato interessante foi o da análise das árvores germinadas em torno de 1850 e que ainda estão vivas. Sua série de anéis foi avaliada em intervalos de 10 em 10 anos e, o valor de b foi progressivo, aumentando de 0,5 a 1,0 nos últimos 80 anos ou mais. Esses resultados demonstram suficientemente que durante esse período um fator ambiental causou essas mudanças e, quanto à sua natureza, confrontando-se com outras possibilidades, é possível atribuí-la ao aumento no teor do CO2 atmosférico. / [en] The objective of this thesis was to search for changes in the growth behavior of plants that may have been caused by the dramatic increase in atmospheric CO2 from about 290 ppm in pre-industrial times (before 1850) to actually 370 ppm. As an excellent candidate for this purpose turned out to be Araucaria angustifolia, a tree that forms annual growth rings and exists in big numbers in the State Park in Campos do Jordao, in the State of Sao Paulo, Brasil. To detect any possible change in the rate of radial stem growth over decades needed a new approach to the analysis of the tree ring series. This was the first problem to be solved for this thesis, and the solution was, to consider the relationship between the radius and the number of each ring. This gives a very smooth curve that can well be described by a two parameter function with correlation factors normally in the range of 0,99 less or equal r2 less or equal 0,999. The two parameters, a and b, are derived from the best fit to the measured data pairs [R(N),N], where N is the ring number and R its radius. These two parameters, together with the knowledge of the ring numbers (or at least the number of the outermost ring, i.e. the age of the tree) are describing completely and in a quantitative way the radial growth behavior of an Araucaria. With these numbers, derived from all analysed trees, it was possible to detect and describe in a quantitative way differences in the growth behavior. There was one group six trees available that grew in the 16th, 17th and 18th century. The other group were 28 recent trees, i.e. trees of actually 35-70 years. It was assured that the trees forming each group was the product of special growth conditions. The detected differences are quantitatively described by the value of the parameter b that had in all old trees a value around 0.5 or less, while in the recent trees it is close to 1.0. This difference means: in the old trees, each ring is, on the average, smaller than the one before; while in all recent trees, all rings have, on the average, the same width. This last behavior leads to the conclusion that the radial stem growth of recent trees is superior to that of trees that grew in former times. This was not found in a statistically significant way when comparing the radii of corresponding rings, as e.g. of the 30th, 38th, or 50th ring. The differences are still too small. However, when extrapolating the observed growth curves, the growth rate of recent trees will be superior to that of trees that grew in former centuries considerably. Most interesting was the analysis of trees that germinated around 1850 and are still alive. Their ring series were analysed in intervals of 10 to 10 rings and thus it could be seen that the value of b grew steadily from around 0.5 to around 1.0 during the last 80 years or so. From these results it is evident that the environmental factor that caused this change (whatever it might have been) developed during this period with, as it seems, an increasing intensity. About the nature of this factor we can only speculate. We finally believe, after checking and eliminating other possibilities (like changes in weather conditions or unintended fertilization from industrial emissions) that the change in atmospheric CO2 was, directly or indirectly, responsible.

Thesis contains a design of the arboretum of native woody plants of Czech Republic, which should be placed in the area of the Natural History Museum Semenec in Tyn nad Vltavou. Its aim is to introduce diversity of Czech trees and shrubs species. The arboretum is arranged so as to present particular vegetation zones. This indicator appears in terms of popular scientific mission of the arboretum as the most obvious and comprehensible. Special sections of arboretum are devoted to the azonal communities including those that develops in terms of marginal hydric series. Created arboretum of native woody plants of Czech Republic will serve to general public (tourists, school groups, univerzity students etc.) in the implementation of science educational programs

This diploma thesis is focused on the didactic use of woody plants in teaching at the secondary level of elementary schools and in the corresponding years of grammar schools. The purpose is to appropriately use trees and other woody plants that are close to schools and are available for teaching. The theoretical part deals with basic curricular documents, methods of teaching possibly used in science or biology that have been briefly characterized, and the representation of the topic of woody plants and their method of processing in commonly available textbooks. The following chapter provides a description of the woody plants used in the process of making of the practical materials. The research of the thesis includes a questionnaire survey done among teachers of science or biology at chosen elementary and grammar schools in Pilsen and surrounding towns. The research investigated the teaching methods and the actual use of woody plants in lessons and was evaluated afterwards. Based on the survey, a motivational teaching material was created and it was verified in practice with pupils of a specific grammar school. KEYWORDS curriculum documents, biology textbooks, teaching methods, woody plants, questionnaire research, dendrological walk