Yes / A key goal for archaeozoology is to define and characterise pastoral farming strategies. In the last decade, some of the most innovative approaches for addressing these questions have centered on the mammalian dentition, including inter alia sequential sampling of stable isotopes, dental microwear analysis and the study of dental pathologies. It is when these techniques are integrated and combined with more traditional approaches, such as tooth eruption and wear, however, that their full potential is realised. In this article we demonstrate how such an integrated dental analysis combining isotopes, microwear, dental development, dental pathologies, tooth eruption and wear can be used to elucidate changing pastoral practices and their impacts on the landscape from the Iron Age and Viking-Late Norse periods in the North Atlantic islands, a period of significant socio-economic and cultural change in this region. Analysis focuses on two case study sites, Mine Howe, dating to the Atlantic Middle Iron Age (MIA) and the Earls’ Bu, one of the residences of the Orkney Earl’s from the 10th to 13/14th centuries AD. Each of the techniques applied to the sheep/goat and cattle dentition identifies clear differences between the two sites, in diet, in culling season, herd health and stress levels, all of which point to potential differences in underlying husbandry practices. These are related to wider socio-economic developments in Orkney at these periods, specifically increasing control of pastoral resources and economic production by North Atlantic elites in the MIA and the emergence of manorial estates in Late Norse/Early Medieval Scandinavia. / AHRC PhD studentships; British Academy Mid-Career Fellowship (2014-5)

Dans le but d’étudier la santé dentaire d’une partie de la population du cimetière Saint-Antoine (1799-1854), 105 individus ont été analysés pour la première fois avec une approche très détaillée. Cette approche nous a permis d’explorer des variations possibles entre les diverses catégories d’une population urbaine grandissante au début de l’industrialisation. Les pathologies dentaires à l’étude étaient la carie, l’usure dentaire, l’hypoplasie de l’émail, le tartre ainsi que quelques pathologies complexes (pathologies associées à la carie, à l’étiologie traumatique et parodontale et des formations tumorales). La question centrale était de voir s’il y a des différences au niveau de ces variables paléopathologiques entre les hommes (38) et les femmes (43) de l’échantillon, mais également entre les adultes (90) et les juvéniles (15). Les résultats nous montrent que la plupart du temps, la santé dentaire ne varie pas de manière significative en fonction du sexe. Cependant, quelques tests ont montré des différences, lorsque l’on compare la fréquence des caries selon le type de dent précis, notamment la dent 37 (gM2) qui était plus affectée chez les femmes (20%) que les hommes (13%). La position de la carie sur la dent était également significativement différente entre les sexes : pour la jonction émail-cément (J.E.C.), les hommes étaient plus affectés (52%) que les femmes (32%). L’hypoplasie sévère semblait aussi affecter davantage les femmes (18%) que les hommes (2%). Finalement, les juvéniles ne présentaient presqu’aucune pathologie dentaire. En effet, pour les caries, 80% des juvéniles n’avaient pas de caries, alors que seulement 10% des adultes n’étaient pas touchés. Des différences se sont révélées particulièrement significatives entre les juvéniles et les adultes pour diverses pathologies (caries, tartre, hypoplasie de l’émail) et sur les dents suivantes : 27 (gM2), 37 (gM2), 36 (gM1) et 47 (dM2). Au niveau de la dentition postérieure, cette recherche a donc permis de relever une santé légèrement plus détériorée chez les femmes que les hommes, ainsi qu’une augmentation des pathologies avec l’âge, faits qui concordent avec la littérature générale. Un échantillon plus grand permettrait de vérifier si ces résultats reflètent réellement des différences sanitaires en lien avec divers facteurs (ex. alimentation, hygiène, fertilité) et autres traces de maladies (ex. pathologies osseuses). / To study the dental health of a portion of the population from the Saint-Antoine cemetery (1799-1854), 105 individuals were analyzed for the first time using a detailed approach. This approach permitted us to study the possible variations between categories from an urban and pre-industrialised population. The dental pathologies under study were cavities, dental wear, enamel hypoplasia, dental calculus, and other complex dental pathologies (periodontal diseases, traumatic dental diseases, and dental cysts). The main objective is to find if there are palaeopathological differences between the men (38) and women (43) of the sample, but also if we can notice trends between the juveniles (15) and adults (90). The results show that in terms of general dental health, the men and women of the sample do not show significant differences. However, a few statistic results showed differences, especially when we compare the cavities on specific teeth. Indeed, tooth 37 (second left lower molar) was most affected in the women`s sample (20%) compared to the men’s sample (13%). Another significant result was for the cavity when situated on the cemento-enamel junction, the men were significantly more affected (52%) than women (32%). The last significant result was for the category « severe hypoplasia » and the women were more affected (18%) than men (2%). Finally, almost all the juveniles did not show signs of dental pathologies. In fact, 80% of the adults were affected by cavities whereas only 20% of the juveniles were affected. Also, almost all the pathologies were absent in the juvenile sample, while they were much more represented in the adult sample. The pathologies that affected the adults were: dental cavities (four teeth in particular, 27 (second left upper molar), 37 (second left lower molar), 36 (first left lower molar) and 47 (second right lower molar)), dental calculus and enamel hypoplasia. This research has allowed us to note subtle differences regarding the posterior dentition between the men and women, as well as significant differences between the adults and non adults of the sample, which is consistent with the literature. A bigger sample would allow us to verify if these results really reflect sanitary differences related to multiple factors like diet, hygiene and fertility as well as other pathologies (bone pathologies).