OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to fabricate a novel CaF2-containing bioactive glass polymer infiltrated ceramic network material with improved mechanical properties and fluoride releases recharge ability and to compare the mechanical properties and fluoride release and recharge ability to the commercially available materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A CaF2-containing bioactive glass (CaF2-BG) was synthesized using sol-gel method and mixed with low fusing glass ceramic to fabricate disc specimens via slip casting. Subsequently, the discs were sintered and underwent polymer infiltration process to create CaF2-BG polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (CaF2-BG PICN) material. For ion release and recharge testing, commercially available fluoride-releasing materials, including resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC), bioactive composite (Activa Bioactive), compomer (Dyract) and giomer (Beautifil-II) were used for comparison. Disc-shaped specimens (n=3, 10 mm diameter, and 2 mm thickness) were fabricated and subjected to fluoride release and recharge tests. Daily fluoride release was measured every 24 hours for 20 days, both pre-recharge and post-recharge, using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. Additionally, mechanical properties of all mentioned materials, as well as resin nanoceramic block (Lava Ultimate) and RIPC block (Vita Enamic), were evaluated for biaxial flexural strength and Vickers hardness according to ISO standards (n=10, 10 mm diameter, and 2 mm thickness). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to assess the microstructure of each material while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used for material composition analysis. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s test. RESULTS: In this study, we invented a novel CaF2-BG PICN material. Notably, the CaF2-BG PICN material exhibited favorable fluoride release over the entire test duration compared to Fuji II LC and outperforming the other fluoride-releasing materials tested. Regarding mechanical properties, Lava Ultimate demonstrated the highest biaxial flexural strength, while Vita Enamic exhibited the highest Vickers hardness. Impressively, the CaF2-BG PICN material displayed good overall mechanical properties. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed an interconnecting network structure in the CaF2-BG PICN material, similar to that observed in Vita Enamic. CONCLUSIONS: The CaF2-BG PICN material was successfully fabricated and demonstrated the ability for fluoride release and recharge, along with optimal biaxial flexural strength and hardness when compared to commercially available materials. Notably, the CaF2-BG PICN material exhibited favorable fluoride release and recharge throughout the testing period, comparing to commercially available fluoride-releasing materials. / 2026-11-26T00:00:00Z

This study investigated the relationship between Failure to Thrive (FTT) and oral health in children, focusing on the influence of medical, dietary, and environmental factors on Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC). A significant gap in U.S. studies concerning the relationship between nutritional status and dental caries, particularly in children aged 0-5 years, highlights the need for more focused and diverse research. A retrospective evaluation of medical records from Boston Medical Center's Growth Clinic examined children diagnosed with FTT from January 2018 to December 2022 and investigated the prevalence of dental caries in these children. The control group consisted of typically developing children matched by age, gender, and insurance status. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and Chi-Square tests to explore differences in demographics, dietary factors, and oral health outcomes between the groups. Results indicated similar gender ratios and predominant public insurance usage in both groups. The FTT group showed a higher incidence of environmental factors contributing to their condition, a greater dependency on bottle feeding and soft diets, and poorer oral hygiene. These factors also correlated with a significantly higher prevalence of ECC and S-ECC compared to the control group. The study uncovered significant environmental and dietary influences on the oral health of children with FTT. It underscored the importance of integrating oral health evaluations and treatments into care strategies for children with FTT given the strong association between FTT and adverse dental outcomes. Limitations of the retrospective approach and sample size are discussed, with recommendations for future prospective studies and larger sample sizes. Applications for clinical practice focused on enhancing healthcare accessibility and integrating updated training for providers to ensure effective management of FTT in children.

OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study assessed the mechanical and physical properties of various 3D-printed resin materials and a machinable hybrid resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight 3D printing resin materials were selected for evaluation: Pac-Dent Rodin Sculpture 2.0 (RS), Pac-Dent Rodin Titan (RT), BEGO VarseoSmile Crown Plus (BVS), Desktop Health Flexcera Smile Ultra Plus (DHF), SprintRay OnX tough 2 (SROnX), SprintRay Ceramic Crown (SCC), Saremco Crowntec (SC), GC Dental Cerasmart Universal 270 (CS). These materials were tested to evaluate their flexural strength, flexural modulus, biaxial flexural strength, thermocycling, fatigue, fracture toughness, and wear resistance. The specimens still intact after thermocycling and fatigue were subjected to a biaxial flexural strength test. A DLP 3D printer, Asiga Max, was used to print 12 specimens from each printable material to determine three-point flexural strength, biaxial flexural strength, and fracture toughness using a single-edge V-notched beam. and wear resistance was measured using a pin on plate two-body system. The pins acted as test material, and VitaMKII was used as the tooth analog plate material. For the machinable block, bar specimens were prepared by sectioning with an Isomet 5000 diamond saw. A core drill press was also used to prepare pins of the specimens for wear resistance testing and discs for biaxial flexural strength, thermocycling, and fatigue tests. The filler weight percentage of each material was determined using the ash-burning method. The microstructure of a wear rod from each material was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the elemental composition was investigated by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). To compare means, a one-way ANOVA (α=0.05) with Tukey's HSD posthoc tests was performed using Excel 365 and JMP Pro 17. RESULTS: Utilizing the three-point method, the flexural strength test results reveal significant differences among the materials tested. The flexural modulus also exhibited significant differences, with the highest to the lowest average observed in CS, RS, SCC, SC, RT, BVS, SROnX and DHF, measuring 8.23, 8.20, 7.33, 6.70, 6.63, 5.65, 4.84 and 4.47 GPa, respectively. The resin materials with the highest biaxial flexural strength were DHF, which demonstrated the highest mean value of 236.89 MPa, followed by CS 229.13 MPa and SROnX 216.85 MPa, with no significant distinction. CS exhibited the highest biaxial flexural strength at 205.52 MPa, while BVS demonstrated the lowest at 117.29 MPa. The thermocycling test presented no significant differences in strength between SROnX, DHF, CS, SC, and SCC. In contrast, BVS displayed the statistically lowest biaxial flexural strength. The fracture toughness test presented no significant differences between CS, RT, and SCC, with values of 3.18, 2.74, and 2.63 MPa·m^0.5, respectively, exceeding the remaining materials. In the wear test, SC showed the least weight loss of 0.0025 g, and SC exhibited the smallest height reduction of 0.040 mm after undergoing the same number of cycles. In contrast, SROnX experienced the highest weight loss of 0.0051 g and height reduction of 0.091mm after 200k cycles. CONCLUSION: The study results demonstrate significant differences in the mechanical properties of 3D-printed resin materials compared to machined hybrid resin materials. These properties included flexural strength, flexural modulus fracture toughness, wear resistance, biaxial flexural strength before and after thermocycling, and cyclic fatigue. / 2026-11-26

The advent of modern bioactive sealers have introduced the ease of obturation with sealers that possess bioactive properties when used to obturate an endodontically treated canal. With increase use comes increased questions about the efficacy that these sealers have in obturating canals (1). From unpredictable setting time to questions about their ability to obturate and occlude dentinal tubules many questions and criticisms have arisen with their increased popularity. In light of these concerns this study sought to find if there alternative materials with bioactive properties that might adequately obturate an endodontically treated canal. The second part of this project sought to determine if the particle size of an existing bioceramic sealer and determine if the particles of the premixed bioceramic sealer could be reduced to size small enough to potentially obturate dentinal tubules (25). Objective 1. : The first objective of this study was to determine if commercially available pulpal liners and crown and bridge cements could be used to seal endodontically treated canals. Objective 2: the second objective of this project was to determine if reduction in particle size could improve the properties of an existing sealer. Materials and Methods: One pulpal liner, Activa (Pulpadent), one crown and bridge cement Ceramir (Doxa), and EndoSequence BC sealer (Brasseler) were evaluated to determine if the repurposed materials could seal an endodontically treated canal with Endosequence as the control. The second part of this study modified a commercially available powder and liquid sealer, BioRoot (Septodont) BC sealer, to decrease its particle size and evaluated if this modification had any affect on its physical properties. 45 single-rooted teeth were decoronated, endodontically treated, and obturated using one of the commercially available products (n=3) Activa, Ceramir, Endosequence. The modified sealers were separated into groups by the time the powdered sealer was milled using a Speedmixer: 0 seconds (control), 40 seconds, 60 seconds, 120 seconds, and 240 seconds. Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and all pairs comparison using a post-hoc Tukey-Kramer HSD test. Results: Of the repurposed materials Activa showed the most promising results with a setting time of 2.5 ± 0.9 hours as well as the best performance in terms of flow, film thickness, bond strength, and leakage resistance. For the modified sealers the mechanical properties increased as the milling times were increased for all except shear bond, where bond strength peaked at 7.9 ± 6.9 MPa for 120 seconds of milling time. Conclusion: we were able to determine that Activa a pulpal liner demonstrates superior performance in terms of shear bond strength, dye-leakage prevention, setting time, film thickness, flow compared to EndoSequence bioceramic sealer. We were also able to successfully decrease the particle size of an existing bioceramic sealer and were able to show that this improved the setting time, film thickness, flow, and dye-leakage prevention, we were not able to show that it appreciably increased the bond strength of BioRoot bioceramic sealer to dentine in the root canal space.

OBJECTIVES: This in-vitro study aimed to measure bonding of multi and single step cements to printed resins and Layzir zirconia. Evaluate the effect of different material combinations on shear bond strength, and to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on shear bond strength of different materials combinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectangular specimens (N= 384) were prepared from PacDent Rodin Sculpture 2.0 (RS), SprintRay Ceramic Crown (SCC), Rodin Titan (RT), and Layzir Zirconia (LZ), and were divided into 16 groups according to material combinations, static or thermal aging process. Stainless-steel rods (Shofu Dental Corporation) of 4 mm diameter were used for this in-vitro study. Shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed on all static and thermocycled groups. The final dimension of each plate was about 15 mm in length, 2mm thick, and 15 mm in width. 3D printing of resins was done using the Asiga 3D printer. Layzir Zirconia specimens were prepared by sectioning the zirconia disc using the Isomet 5000 sectioning machine. Zirconia specimens were dried in the oven and sintered using a high temperature furnace (Zircar). All materials were surface treated based on material recommendations. All stainless-steel rods and Layzir Zirconia were sandblasted, PacDent Rodin Sculpture 2.0 and Rodin Titan were etched with hydrofluoric acid 5%, and SprintRay Ceramic Crown was sandblasted and etched using 5% Hydrofluoric acid. In the last stage of specimen preparation, the framework plate was placed on a flat surface, then the adhesive resin cement was injected to fill the bonding area. Excess cement was removed around the rod border with a plastic instrument and a micro brush, and the bonded plate/rod was kept under a static load of 1.4 kg for 10 minutes. Half of the specimens were tested in a control/static condition, and another half were thermal aged for 5000 cycles before shear bond testing was done. A shear bond test was performed on all static and thermocycled specimens by using the universal testing machine (Instron Model 5566A). The crown material was secured into a jig and a flat shear blade was used to shear the pins. The blade had a perpendicular contact at the interface between the rod and the plate. A load was applied at the adhesive interface between the plate/rod during the testing. The shear bond strength was calculated in MPa by load of failure over the area of the bond. The maximum shear load was recorded at debonding. Specimens were examined to determine failure location, load to failures values were also analyzed as well as the mode of failures. RESULTS: This study showed a significant difference in shear bond strength between the printed resin groups compared to Layzir Zirconia group (P<.0002). Layzir Zirconia group showed the lowest SBS mean values among the tested groups (16.18 MPa). SprintRay bonded with Panavia SA materials produced the highest shear bond strength mean values (32.07MPa), followed by Rodin Titan bonded with Panavia V5 and Clearfil (30.91MPa) and Panavia SA (29.50 MPa), and PacDent Rodin Sculpture 2.0 Bonded with Panavia SA (25.51 MPa). The lowest shear bond strength mean values were recorded in SprintRay bonded with Clearfil and Panavia V5 (17.26 MPa), Layzir Zirconia bonded with Rodin bond and Panavia V5 (15.06 MPa), and Pacdent Sculpture 2 bonded with Clearfil and Panavia V5 (13.62 MPa). There was a significant difference in SBS between control and treated (thermal cycle) groups (decrease in treated group than control group) (P<.0001). There’s a significant difference between SBS values for specimens bonded with Panavia SA compared to other resin cements used (P<.0001). CONCLUSION: Significant differences were found between 3D printed resins compared to Layzir Zirconia groups. Layzir Zirconia groups showed the lowest SBS among all tested groups. Thermal aging significantly decreased SBS values of thermocycled groups. Adhesive failure was the primary mode of failure among all SBS tested groups. Material surface topography, filler content, surface pretreatment and adhesive techniques, as well as thermal aging impact the bonding and as a result SBS values of specimens.

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment can camouflage the unesthetic dentalproblems such as, congenitally missing teeth, impacted teeth, skeletal-dental discrepancies, or a combination (Canut, 1996; Chawla et al., 2011). Orthodontic canine substitution is a procedure performed on patients with missing lateral incisors. This is a viable option for patients who elect not to prosthetically restore the missing teeth. In the process, canine teeth are moved into the lateral teeth positions, and the premolar teeth are positioned next to the canines (Kokich & Kinzer, 2005; Mazzini & Torres, 2017). Premolars may replace canines in conditions of impacted or untreatable pathological canines, where the impacted canines are determined to interfere with the development of adjacent teeth, or when the success of surgical exposure and orthodontics is unpredictable (Chawla et al., 2011). Similarly, lower incisors may be extracted and orthodontically replaced by adjacent teeth in to camouflage skeletal discrepancies, eliminate a Bolton discrepancy, relieve edge-to- edge anterior occlusion, correct Class III malocclusion, or to eliminate a severely blocked- out incisor (Bayram & Ozer, 2007). This study aims to investigate how different groups of individuals perceive the esthetic results of such treatments. Materials and Methods: A survey was administered to 15 orthodontists, 15 senior dental students and 15 laypeople via iPad. The survey requested subject gender and ethnicity, and used a Likert scale to rate the esthetics of different images of dentition post- treatment (3 canine substitution, 3 premolar substitution, 3 lower incisor extraction, and 3 control images of non-extraction dentition post-treatment). The Likert scale used was a continuous sliding scale from 0-10. Post-treatment photographs chosen utilized the frontal view in maximum intercuspation of patients who were treated at Temple University’s iii Orthodontics Clinic. Median scores were compared across groups using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: There were no significant differences across all three groups of subjects’ median ratings for all four types of treatment. There were no significant differences in preferences between genders and ethnicities. For all median ratings except for Canine 2 and Canine 3, all male scores were higher than female scores. For two of three canine images, females rated them higher than males. The image with the overall highest median rating across all subjects was Control 1. The camouflage treatment image with the overall highest median rating is Premolar 3. The camouflage treatment image with the overall lowest median rating is Canine 3. Though, none of these differences were significant. Conclusion: Orthodontists, senior dental students, and laypeople had no specific esthetic preferences. Orthodontic treatment outcomes were equivocally satisfactory for all surveyed subjects. Gender and ethnicity did not influence the degree of satisfaction. The orthodontist scores reflected their knowledge of the complexity of the case, whereas, the dental students paid attention to gingival margin heights and midlines, and color and shape of teeth. Straightness of teeth was preferred by the laypeople. Orthodontic camouflage treatment outcomes were equivocally satisfactory for all surveyed orthodontists, senior dental students, and laypeople, and there were no significant differences across all subjects’ median ratings. / Oral Biology

Objectives: The London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption was created in 2010 to evaluate tooth and root development and predict an age. The London Atlas uses a dental quadrant cartoon depiction of dental development for each age group based on the illustrations from Moorrees method. This study aims to determine if the London Atlas estimated dental age matched chronological age in a multiethnic North Philadelphia population. In addition, to determine how many individual teeth deviate from their total dental age estimation. Materials & Methods: 200 panoramic radiographs taken of patients aged 7-12 at Temple University’s Orthodontic Department were evaluated. A dental age was chosen for each panoramic radiograph based on the London Atlas. The right dentition excluding the third molars were recorded if they deviate from the selected dental age depiction (accelerated or delayed relative to the London Atlas’s year interval depictions). Results: A total of 200 patients were included in the study with a mean age of 10.15 years. There was a strong correlation between the London Atlas dental age estimation and chronological age (p<.001:rho:0.835). The overall difference between estimated age and chronological age was 0.23 years. The average number of deviations from estimated dental age per tooth was 25.9. There was a weak negative correlation between dental age and the number of individual tooth outliers that had accelerated age (p=0.018:rho=-0.167) and delayed age (p=0.005:rho=-0.197). Furthermore, there was a weak to moderate negative correlation between estimated dental age and total number of teeth that were either accelerated or delayed (p<0.001:rho=-0.364). Conclusion: The London Atlas has a 71% accuracy for dental age estimation being highly correlated with chronological age. The most common tooth with deviations compared to the selected dental age estimate was the upper second molar and children with older estimated dental ages have fewer teeth that are delayed or accelerated. This suggests that it may be highly accurate to use the London Atlas for the North Philadelphia population especially for older children. / Oral Biology

Introduction: Many clinicians have employed the traditional endodontic access (TEA), which involves a straight-line access to root canals and a complete removal of the roof of the pulp chamber, whereas others advocate the minimal endodontic access (MEA) to minimize the removal of tooth structure. Several studies have compared the fracture resistance of TEA to that of MEA using human extracted teeth, but variability in size, morphology, and strength resistance has remained as uncontrolled variables.Purpose: This study aims to compare the fracture resistance of teeth accessed using TEA to those accessed with MEA, using identical 3D-printed mandibular first molars to eliminate variables present in natural human molars. Materials and Methods: 45 identical 3D-printed mandibular first molars were randomly assigned to three groups (n=15): TEA, MEA, and control. For the TEA group, the roof of the pulp chamber was completely removed, and a straight-line access was made to all three canals. For the MEA group, access was made at the central fossa without complete removal of the roof, just enough to access all three canals. For the control group, no access was made, and the crown was left intact. Each tooth in the TEA and MEA groups were instrumented, obturated, and restored with composite resin. The teeth were embedded in a self-curing epoxy resin to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). All samples were mounted on the Instron Universal Testing Machine (Instron, Norwood, MA), and a continuous compressive force was loaded with a round end at the central fossa, 30˚ from the long axis at the speed of 0.5mm/min until fracture. The load at fracture (N) was recorded for each sample. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean maximum load at fracture for the control, TEA, and MEA was 1171.37 ± 160.35, 697.95 ± 121.14, and 1047.08 ± 167.79, respectively. The control group and MEA showed significantly greater resistance to fracture than TEA group, and no significant difference was noted between the control group and MEA. The mean instrumentation time for TEA was 1 minute and 40 seconds (SD: 7 seconds). The mean instrumentation time for MEA was 2 minutes and 7 seconds (SD: 9 seconds). The mean instrumentation time of TEA was significantly lower than that of MEA, conveying better access to the canals. Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that MEA showed significantly greater resistance to fracture compared to TEA yet with longer instrumentation time. / Oral Biology

Introduction: Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure is elevated. Apical periodontitis and hypertension are both chronic conditions triggered by inflammatory processes that share similar molecular players. Previous studies have shown a relationship between cardiovascular disease and apical periodontitis, but few have used machine learning algorithms to process the data. Machine learning algorithms use artificial neural networks to form pattern recognition pathways and are highly customizable to any data-driven task. The purpose of this study was to predict the association between hypertension and periapical disease from the Temple Kornberg School of Dentistry electronic dental record using machine learning algorithms. Materials and Methods: The integrated Axium data at the Temple Kornberg School of Dentistry was examined retrospectively after approval from the Temple University Institutional Review Board. The complete Health history data of patients who required primary endodontic therapy was collected, and periapical disease was defined as having symptomatic apical periodontitis, asymptomatic apical periodontitis, chronic apical abscess, or acute apical abscess. We identified large imbalances within the data, and so synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) was used for statistical analysis. After the application of SMOTE, XGB, random forest, Lasso, and SVM algorithms built separate models designed within R to predict periapical disease from the patients’ relevant information. Results: The complete health history reports of 3888 patients who required primary endodontic therapy from January 2018 to December 2022 were collected. 1511 patients were diagnosed with some form of periapical disease. 610 Patients were diagnosed with hypertension. Among the four machine learning algorithms, XGB had the lowest brier score, highest accuracy and highest AUC ROC values. The mean brier score, accuracy, and AUC ROC was 0.137, 83.73%, and 88.59% respectively. XGB found “age”, “sex”, “high blood pressure”, and “Insurance – Medicaid” to be the most significant variables able to predict periapical disease. Conclusion: While not statistically significant, hypertension was found to be one of the strongest health-related predictors of periapical disease. Surprisingly, we found non-health related variables such as insurance type, tobacco cessation, and insurance type to have a strong correlation with predicting periapical disease. With more patient data from Temple, it is possible to fine tune the algorithm to more accurately predict periapical disease based on each patient’s relevant health information. / Oral Biology

Introduction: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) uses a cone-beam technique to produce a three-dimensional view of the scan and provides clinicians with tremendous information of the anatomy in question. CBCT overcomes the disadvantages of viewing overlapping anatomies and geometric distortion of two-dimensional x-rays (Forsberg, 1994). Most classic endodontic literatures, for example, Vertucci, Phillips et al., and Frankle et al., analyzed human extracted teeth or 2-dimensional (2-D) x-rays to study the root or dental anatomy (Vertucci, 1984; Philips 1992; Frankle, 1990). However, the limitations are small sample size, damage from tooth clearing method, and overlapping anatomy and distortion from 2-D x-rays. In the present study, we use CBCT to study mandibular anatomy. The advantages of the present study include studying the clinical cases (not the extracted teeth) using 3-D images. Purpose: This study aims to analyze CBCT collection counts over time and mandibular canines, premolars, molars root/canal morphology including: 1) the root morphology and canal morphology; 2) the location and size of mental foramen; 3) distance of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) to molar root apexes; 4) buccal bone thickness to mandibular canines, premolars, first and second molars root apexes; and 5) previous treatment failure in presence of missed canals. The results of this study will help clinicians better understand root/canal anatomy and mandibular landmarks, and aid in forming proper endodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and rendering of treatment. Materials and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from CBCT scans taken using the Carestream 8100 3-D limited field of view unit in the Temple University School of Dentistry Graduate Endodontics Clinic from January 2021 to February 2024. CBCT prescription forms and patients’ electronic health records (Axium) were reviewed, the reasons for taking CBCT were analyzed. Then 50 CBCT scans containing mandibular canines, premolars, and molars were randomly selected. A total of 125 teeth were subjected to anatomical analysis.The CBCT measurements include the following: 1) Canal morphology based on Vertucci’s classification; c-shaped canal for first and second molars. 2) The location/size of mental foramen and its distance to root apexes of first and second premolars, and first molars, respectively. 3) Distance from IAN to first and second molar root apexes. 4) Distance from buccal plate to root apexes of mandibular canines, premolars, and first and second molars. 5) Previous treatment failure in presence of missing canals. All above measurements were done by Carestream CS 3D imaging software. Patient clinical data were collected from Axium at Temple University School of Dentistry. This project was approved by Temple University Institutional Review Board (IRB protocol number 30589). Results: The total amount of CBCT scans counted were 1695. Most common reason for a scan is retreatment pre-op and most common tooth type is mandibular first molar. The mental foramen was found to align with the apex of mandibular second premolar 64% of time with an average direct distance of 6.3 mm to the root apex. The distance of IAN is closer to mandibular second molar root apexes than mandibular first molar root apexes. The buccal plate thickness is on average thinner on mandibular canines and premolars than mandibular molars. Treatment failure in presence of missing canals is around 17-35% for mandibular molars. Conclusion: CBCT provided an accurate way to visualize canal/root configurations and measure critical mandibular anatomical landmarks to known structures. Clinicians can use the results of this research to help form endodontic diagnosis, treatment plan, and render of treatment. / Oral Biology