Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 5 juin 2023) / Ce mémoire rédigé dans le cadre de l'obtention d'une maîtrise en théologie de l'Université Laval est présenté en trois volets. Le premier est une recherche académique de diverses interprétations théologiques des sept dernières paroles du Christ en croix. Le second est une production artistique qui comprend l'écriture de sept icônes représentant chacune des sept paroles. Le troisième est la lecture iconographique de ces icônes. Le corpus des sept dernières paroles de Jésus en croix, tirées de péricopes des quatre évangiles et rassemblées depuis plusieurs siècles, est formé comme suit : « Père pardonnez-leur car ils ne savent ce qu'ils font » (Lc 23,34); « Je te le dis en vérité, aujourd'hui tu seras avec moi dans le paradis » (Lc 23,43); « Femme voici ton fils [...] Voici ta mère » (Jn 19,27); « Mon Dieu, mon Dieu pourquoi m'as-tu abandonné » (Mt 27,46; Mc 15,34); « J'ai soif » (Jn 19,28); « Tout est accompli » (Jn 19,30); « Père, je remets mon esprit entre tes mains » (Lc 23,46). Le premier chapitre du travail porte sur l'iconographie en général; sa théologie, son histoire, sa technique. La structure des autres chapitres, analysant une à une les sept paroles, suit la même démarche que l'écriture de l'icône. Ce travail académique et iconographique commence donc par une recherche sur le sujet à reproduire, la préfiguration : c'est-à-dire l'analyse des interprétations de divers théologiens du passage évangélique. Ensuite vient l'écriture de l'icône, la configuration : c'est-à-dire la reproduction graphique du passage tout en respectant le texte évangélique et les canons iconographiques. Pour finir, une analyse méthodique de l'icône comprise ici comme la refiguration : c'est-à-dire une lecture de l'icône en regard du symbolisme de la mise en scène, des formes et des couleurs utilisées pour sa production. La conclusion résume la pensée théologique et iconographique du corpus. La pertinence de présenter un travail académique sur l'iconographie réside dans le fait que cet art religieux ancien connaît, depuis quelques décennies, un engouement nouveau dans toute la chrétienté. Il participe ainsi à une vision œcuménique du christianisme. Dans l'étude des textes bibliques, nous parlons d'interprétations historico-critiques, sémiotiques, féministes, etc.; nous pensons que l'interprétation iconographique doit prendre ici la place qu'il lui revient. / This dissertation has been written in the context of obtaining a master's degree in theology at the Laval University and is presented in three parts. The first is an academic examination of different theological interpretations of the Seven Last Words of the Christ on the cross. The second is an artistic production that includes the writing of seven icons, each one representing one of the seven saying. The third is the iconographical reading of these icons. The corpus of the Seven Last Words taken from part of the gospels and put together centuries ago, are presented as follow: « Father, forgive them; they do not know what they are doing » (Lk 23,34) ; « Indeed, I promise you, today you will be with me in paradise » (Lk 23,43); « Women this is your son [...] This is your mother » (Jn 19,27; « My God, my God, why have you deserted me » (Mt 27,46; Mk 15,34); « I am thirsty » (Jn 19,28); « It is accomplished » (Jn 19,30); « Father, into your hands I commit my spirit » (Jn 23,46). The first chapter of this dissertation deals with iconography in general; theology, history and technique. The other chapters are structured by analysing one by one the seven words and follows the same proceeding as the writing of an icon. This academic and iconographic study start with an examination of the subject to be replicated, the prefiguration: that is is the analysis and interpretation of different theologians of these gospel text. Then we come to the writing of the icon, the configuration: that is the graphic reproduction of the words of the gospel while trying to respect as faithfully as possible the evangelical text and the iconographic canons. At last, a systematic analysis of the icon understood here as a refiguration: that is a revision, a reading, of the icon regarding the symbolism behind the staging, the form, the colours chosen for the production. The conclusion offers a summary of the theological and iconographic meaning of this corpus. The reason and the pertinence of presenting an academic report on the subject of iconography resides in the fact that this ancient art has seen decades of a new fervour in all the Christendom. It participates in this way in an oecumenical vision of Christianity. When we refer to Bible texts, we take note of historico-critic, semantic, feminist interpretations; we believe that the iconographic interpretation also deserve a place.

Si, en littérature, le début scelle l’entrée dans un univers, la fin, lexicalement, porte toujours en elle à la fois la clôture et l’intention. Nous nous intéressons ici aux œuvres conclusives, aux textes qui ferment l'œuvre des auteurs. La narration y met en marche un mécanisme d’achèvement, de récapitulation – voire de déconstruction – de l’œuvre. Nous avons choisi d'étudier cinq auteurs (Reinaldo Arenas, Julio Cortázar, Juan Carlos Onetti, Augusto Roa Bastos et Ernesto Sábato) comme autant de voies différentes de tirer leur révérence littéraire. On examinera les différents chemins et modalités possibles de cette écriture finale. Dans ce travail, nous avons tenté de clarifier la notion d’« écriture testamentaire », souvent trop floue. Les propositions théoriques d’Edward Said autour du « style tardif » ont représenté une orientation importante à la délimitation de la notion. Le « tardif », par ses positionnements parfois radicaux, est ainsi venu secouer et questionner les caractéristiques plus vagues du « testamentaire » pour en dessiner, à travers des constantes et des variantes, une notion voisine et complémentaire. / Beginnings and ends are always decisive in literature as they represent the entrance to a universe and its closing. We chose here to study the last works of five important Latin American authors of the 20th century (Reinaldo Arenas, Julio Cortázar, Juan Carlos Onetti, Augusto Roa Bastos and Ernesto Sábato) as different ways to close their own work, using various modalities of final writing. The main focus of our attention will be on those various closing modalities. To illustrate the complexity of the notion, we will have to categorize it, from mechanism of fulfillment, completion, recapitulation – or even demolition - of the work. Edward W. Said’s theory on “late style” will help us to define and clarify the notion through its permanent features and variations.

Se a publicação dos dois volumes dos Problemas de linguística geral de Émile Benveniste (1966; 1974) se configura em um marco para os estudos enunciativos, a publicação de suas Últimas aulas no Collège de France (1968 e 1969) (2012) – obra estabelecida geneticamente por Jean-Claude Coquet e Irène Fenoglio a partir de manuscritos do linguista e de seus ouvintes – marca, por sua vez, uma volta à discussão de sua reflexão semiológica. Reflexão formulada por Benveniste no decorrer dos anos 60 e apresentada, sobretudo, em seu artigo “Semiologia da língua” (1969/1974). Nessa perspectiva, no presente trabalho, propõe-se a semiologia da língua de Benveniste como objeto de pesquisa. Ao contrário dos estudos correntes na área, neste, não é enfatizado o projeto da metassemântica apresentado programaticamente no final de “Semiologia da língua”, mas se busca compreender a ideia de uma semiologia da língua e o efeito dessa reflexão semiológica sobre o lugar da linguagem nas ciências humanas. Para tanto, de um ponto de vista que parte da noção de historicidade (MESCHONNIC, 1995) e que, através de uma composição vida-obra-teoria (condições de enunciação), busca aprofundar a discussão a respeito do pensamento de Benveniste, realiza-se um estudo teórico de diferentes textos de seus Problemas de linguística geral tomados em contraponto com os manuscritos que compõem suas Últimas aulas. O trabalho se apresenta em três capítulos, ao longo dos quais são formuladas e defendidas duas hipóteses, a primeira referente à ideia de que, além da metassemântica, a semiologia da língua desenvolvida pelo linguista engloba outras relações envolvendo a língua; a segunda referente à ideia de que, com a semiologia da língua, Benveniste torna incontornável uma reflexão a respeito da linguagem nas ciências humanas, uma vez que a língua (e somente a língua, devido a sua dupla significância) é o único sistema que pode interpretar a si mesmo e aos outros sistemas semiológicos. Esse fato faz com que o linguista confira um lugar central à língua em campos do saber fora da linguística. / If the publication of the two volumes of Problems in General Linguistics by Émile Benveniste (1966; 1974) is a landmark for enunciative studies, the publication of his Dernières Leçons. Collège de France 1968 et 1969 [Last Lectures at Collège de France (1968 and 1969)] (2012) – work genetically established by Jean-Claude Coquet and Irène Fenoglio based on the manuscripts of the linguist and his listeners – marks a return to the discussion of his semiological reflection. A reflection Benveniste developed during the 1960s and presented mainly in his article “The Semiology of Language” (1969/1974). Within this perspective, the object of research in this paper is Benveniste's semiology of language. Unlike current studies in this area, this one does not emphasize the project of meta-semantics presented programmatically at the end of “The Semiology of Language”, but seeks to understand the idea of a semiology of language and the effect of this semiological reflection on the place of language in the human sciences. In order to do that, from a standpoint that is based on the notion of historicity (MESCHONNIC, 1995) and that seeks to further the discussion on Benveniste’s thinking through a composition life-work-theory (conditions of enunciation), a theoretical study of different texts of his Problems in General Linguistics is carried out, taken in contrast with the manuscripts that make up his Dernières Leçons. The study is developed in three chapters, along which two hypotheses are formulated and defended. The first refers to the idea that, in addition to the meta-semantics, the semiology of language developed by the linguist includes other relationships involving language. The second refers to the idea that, with the semiology of language, Benveniste makes a reflection on language in the human sciences inevitable, since language (and only language, because of its double significance) is the only system that can interpret itself and other semiological systems. This fact leads the linguist to put language in a central place in fields of knowledge other than linguistics.

Se a publicação dos dois volumes dos Problemas de linguística geral de Émile Benveniste (1966; 1974) se configura em um marco para os estudos enunciativos, a publicação de suas Últimas aulas no Collège de France (1968 e 1969) (2012) – obra estabelecida geneticamente por Jean-Claude Coquet e Irène Fenoglio a partir de manuscritos do linguista e de seus ouvintes – marca, por sua vez, uma volta à discussão de sua reflexão semiológica. Reflexão formulada por Benveniste no decorrer dos anos 60 e apresentada, sobretudo, em seu artigo “Semiologia da língua” (1969/1974). Nessa perspectiva, no presente trabalho, propõe-se a semiologia da língua de Benveniste como objeto de pesquisa. Ao contrário dos estudos correntes na área, neste, não é enfatizado o projeto da metassemântica apresentado programaticamente no final de “Semiologia da língua”, mas se busca compreender a ideia de uma semiologia da língua e o efeito dessa reflexão semiológica sobre o lugar da linguagem nas ciências humanas. Para tanto, de um ponto de vista que parte da noção de historicidade (MESCHONNIC, 1995) e que, através de uma composição vida-obra-teoria (condições de enunciação), busca aprofundar a discussão a respeito do pensamento de Benveniste, realiza-se um estudo teórico de diferentes textos de seus Problemas de linguística geral tomados em contraponto com os manuscritos que compõem suas Últimas aulas. O trabalho se apresenta em três capítulos, ao longo dos quais são formuladas e defendidas duas hipóteses, a primeira referente à ideia de que, além da metassemântica, a semiologia da língua desenvolvida pelo linguista engloba outras relações envolvendo a língua; a segunda referente à ideia de que, com a semiologia da língua, Benveniste torna incontornável uma reflexão a respeito da linguagem nas ciências humanas, uma vez que a língua (e somente a língua, devido a sua dupla significância) é o único sistema que pode interpretar a si mesmo e aos outros sistemas semiológicos. Esse fato faz com que o linguista confira um lugar central à língua em campos do saber fora da linguística. / If the publication of the two volumes of Problems in General Linguistics by Émile Benveniste (1966; 1974) is a landmark for enunciative studies, the publication of his Dernières Leçons. Collège de France 1968 et 1969 [Last Lectures at Collège de France (1968 and 1969)] (2012) – work genetically established by Jean-Claude Coquet and Irène Fenoglio based on the manuscripts of the linguist and his listeners – marks a return to the discussion of his semiological reflection. A reflection Benveniste developed during the 1960s and presented mainly in his article “The Semiology of Language” (1969/1974). Within this perspective, the object of research in this paper is Benveniste's semiology of language. Unlike current studies in this area, this one does not emphasize the project of meta-semantics presented programmatically at the end of “The Semiology of Language”, but seeks to understand the idea of a semiology of language and the effect of this semiological reflection on the place of language in the human sciences. In order to do that, from a standpoint that is based on the notion of historicity (MESCHONNIC, 1995) and that seeks to further the discussion on Benveniste’s thinking through a composition life-work-theory (conditions of enunciation), a theoretical study of different texts of his Problems in General Linguistics is carried out, taken in contrast with the manuscripts that make up his Dernières Leçons. The study is developed in three chapters, along which two hypotheses are formulated and defended. The first refers to the idea that, in addition to the meta-semantics, the semiology of language developed by the linguist includes other relationships involving language. The second refers to the idea that, with the semiology of language, Benveniste makes a reflection on language in the human sciences inevitable, since language (and only language, because of its double significance) is the only system that can interpret itself and other semiological systems. This fact leads the linguist to put language in a central place in fields of knowledge other than linguistics.