Submitted in the Faculty of.Arts in partial fnlfillmeut of the requirements for the degree of Master of.Arts in Community Work in the Department of Social Work at the University of Zulu1and, 2001. / Malnutrition continues to affect the large number of people, particularly in developing countries* Few studies have reported on nutritional status of children in southern Africa. A comprehensive nutritional survey was conducted on African children aged 0-5 years (n = 172) in two rural areas of Mapataland, namely, Mangnza and Ngwavuma. Stunting, underweight, acute under nutrition and lower upper arm measurement were prevalent is children of Mapataland. The average diet contained an adequate amount of portion from the meat and cereals group but had inadequate content milk and fruit/vegetable group as in accordance with expectations of the Department of Health and welfare. The percentage energy obtain from fat in the diet was very low (19%) and from carbohydrates was very high (68%). The amount of plant protein in the diet exceeded that of animal protein. Boys had lower means height and weight than girls with 36% falling below the NCHS 5th percentiles weight-for-age. Wasting was only present in 5% and 2 % among girls. Current diet intake was assessed with a diet history and a diet food frequency questionnaire. A high to moderate prevalence of underweight rural areas (19%), a low prevalence of stunting in rural areas (17%) and a high prevalence of wasting in rural area (7%) were identified. Maize-meal porridge and milk were the most commonly used food items, as compared with, vegetables, margarine and meat. Most of the children had insufficient (<67% RDA) intake of iron, Zinc, Vitamin C, Niacin and Vitamin B6.

During the 1970s and 1980s, developing countries, skeptical of foreign investment, imposed several barriers on entry of foreign capital. However, the late 1980s and 1990s marked the onset of globalization, which integrated the whole world into a single global economy. The once-conservative developing nations, realizing the multifarious benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI), began encouraging entry of foreign firms, using various incentives, such as tax holidays, production subsidies, cash grants, labor training grants, and import duty exemptions. Gradually, FDI and foreign aid became two very important sources of foreign capital for these capital-constrained economies. This dissertation is focused on studying if there is any kind of relationship between foreign aid and private investment in recipient countries. FDI is a decision made by foreign investors on the basis of profitability of investment, whereas foreign aid is a political decision made by governments of donor countries on the basis of need for financial assistance by developing countries. We model foreign aid as an exogenous factor in allocation of foreign direct investment, along with other variables, to estimate the effect of aid on investment. Among the factors affecting FDI, infrastructure is considered to be an important one, in allocation of funds across developing countries. This dissertation is arranged as follows. In chapter 2, we introduce the term ``socioeconomic'' infrastructure and create an index, by combining several components of infrastructure, using the multivariate technique of principal components. Prior to creating the index, we employ the technique of multiple imputation to deal with missing data. Our measure of socioeconomic infrastructure contains elements of physical infrastructure, such as transportation facilities, telecommunication facilities, consumption demand for energy and electricity, as well as social infrastructure components, such as voice and accountability, political stability and the absence of violence and terrorism, rule of law, control of corruption, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality. In chapter 3, we develop a theoretical model to address the research question: Does foreign aid impede or encourage foreign direct investment in developing nations? Our theory demonstrates that foreign aid used by the recipient country in financing a public input (known as development aid) encourages foreign direct investment. We also empirically address the same issue by modeling foreign aid as a determinant of foreign direct investment, along with a host of other factors, including our computed index of socioeconomic infrastructure. Our analysis shows that public consumption aid (foreign aid used for financing consumption expenses) does crowd out private investment in current account surplus developing countries, whereas development aid crowds in private investment in the presence of sound macroeconomic, political, legal, and administrative machineries. In chapter 4, we build a panel econometric model to explain the factors underlying socioeconomic infrastructure in developing countries. Our results indicate that countries with higher per capita income, a prominently large government, high investment demand, and large government revenue tend to have better infrastructure.

This thesis explores the effects of "peace, easy taxes, and a tolerable administration of justice" on innovation. These three factors are necessary to protect the property rights in every country, and protecting these rights is one of the fundamental chores for the institutions. However, in developing economies, lack of these institutions or non-functioning institutions can lead to corruption, crime, and tax corruption. The main objective of this thesis is how corruption, crime, and tax corruption are affecting small and medium-sized firms' innovation in developing economies. In order to explore this relationship and analyze the different aspects of it, quantitative econometric analysis is used. The empirical analysis is based on the data from the Enterprise Surveys by the World Bank group, which contains firm-level data regarding business environments from 139 countries. Furthermore, this thesis reports the effect of a variety of factors which influence innovation in developing countries. The results show that corruption and crime in emerging economies are facilitating innovation, while tax corruption is not significantly affecting innovation in small and medium-sized firms.

This write-up is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Master of Management Degree in Finance and Investment / Through the use of an EGARCH model and a fixed effects panel regression, the reaction of emerging market stock and bond volatility to sovereign credit ratings changes is examined. The daily data covers the period of 1990 to 2016 and emerging market crises, such as the 1994 Mexican peso crisis, 1997 Asian financial crises and the global 2008 financial crises. The estimations provide evidence of an asymmetric effect of rating changes on stock volatilities, whereby downgrades have a significant impact, while upgrades have no such effect. For bonds the effect is ambiguous with both upgrades and downgrades having an effect. Downgrades are found to increase both stock and bond market volatility. On aggregate, contagion effects amongst stocks are found for emerging markets, as well as for the continents of Asia and Europe. No such evidence is found for bonds. / MT2017

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This study is part of a larger project in which the Tsumeb municipality, Falun municipality and Falu Energi &amp; Vatten AB work together to change the currently used controlled waste dumping site in Tsumeb into a sanitary landfill. This study aims to recommend a MSWM solution that will divert the organic waste from going to the landfill. The study consist out of a literature study in order to establish a theoretical background for the MSWM solution; a field study in which the current waste flows of Tsumeb were quantified, by using current data, and characterized, by performing a hand-picking analyses according to the UNEP methodology; and an analyses section in which an appropriate MWSM solution was proposed. The current waste consist out of 70% sand and stones, 17% grass and leaves, 6% prunings and trimmings, 4% sewage sludge, 3% branches and stumps, and 1% of other waste. This paper concludes that 99% of the organic waste in Tsumeb can be recycled, by using it as covering material, as biofuel and turning it into compost. This paper also shows that there is a potential for Tsumeb to start economically sound composting facility.

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"Practice transformation" toward team care as a singular undertaking can be daunting. In this presentation, we describe the development of a mechanism for small, iterative and sustainable practice changes toward team care known as "Champion Teams." Champion Teams are based on the Institute of Medicine's "learning health care system" approach in which practitioners develop an internal mechanism for and culture around digesting and implementing new evidence based practices on an ongoing basis. In addition to presenting the Champion Team concept as a strategy for implementing new team care initiatives, interprofessional providers will present two case examples from each adult and pediatric primary care. At the conclusion of this presentation, participants will be able to: Define the term "learning healthcare system" and its application to Champion Teams. Describe the utility of and keys to implementing Champion Teams. Describe two examples of Champion Teams and the application of this mechanism to making data-informed changes toward team-based care in their own setting.