Thesis--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 279-292).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1986. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 272-280). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 1997. / Adviser: Douglas A. Chalmers. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

No description available.

A number of studies by academics, scholars and researchers have been conducted on the subject of remittances. The focus of these studies has been on developing countries where remittance corridors have long been established. These studies have focused more on the effects of remittances at micro level, in other words poverty alleviation as result of the decline of FDI; PI and ODA. Established remittance corridors are found in Asia, the Pacific Rim, the Middle East, South America, the Caribbean, West Africa as well as North Africa. Few studies have been conducted into new emerging corridors that are still being established, such as the South Africa-Zimbabwe, Botswana-Zimbabwe and the Namibian-Zimbabwe corridors where a large number of Zimbabweans have migrated to. Economic growth and development are major challenges facing developing countries due to lack of finance. With the decline of FDI, PI, ODA as well as credit since the global financial crisis in 2008, there is a need for research to determine other alternative sustainable sources of finance to enable economic growth and development. Available literature and empirical evidence on the subject matter suggest remittances as a complementary source not a substitute of FDI, PI, ODA and credit. This means that governments in developing countries should not neglect their duty to collect revenue, should promote FDI and PI and not be dependant solely on remittances. Like FDI, PI and ODA, the flow of remittances is also determined by the socio-economic and political factors. Any negative effect on the socio-economic and political factors may also lead to the decline of remittance flows. Whilst other developing countries in established remittance corridors have put policies and systems in place to harness and ensure maximum benefits of remittances, countries such as Zimbabwe have not done much to realise potential and the impact that remittances can make. This is evidenced from the lack of reliable data which according to Chami et al. (2008:21) places severe constraints on the types of questions that can be asked and conclusions that can be drawn from statistical analyses. Secondly, emigration from Zimbabwe can be regarded to be in its infancy stage compared countries like Nigeria and Egypt where migration to developed countries has reached maturity stage. The evidence of this is seen on the volume of remittances currently being received by these two countries. Therefore, this study will complement existing data and literature available particularly on this corridor. Remittances are channelled either through formal or informal channels. The literature available and empirical evidence suggests that the bulk of remittances are channelled through informal channels as opposed to formal channels (Crush et al.,2012:20). Within the South Africa-Zimbabwe corridor, 85 percent of remittances to Zimbabwe are channelled informally (von Burgsdorff, 2012: 17) and are not captured in the official statistics such as the Balance of Payments. The drawback of this is lack of accurate data which precludes more rigorous statistical analysis in this field (von Burgsdorff, 2010:12). This study will endeavour to capture valuable statistics with regards to remittances. Most developing countries that have relied on aid are also burdened with huge unsustainable external debts (Obasanjo, 2000). The external debts continue to have an adverse effect of slowing down economic growth and development as these countries have an obligation to pay back the debts. Settling of external debts has been one of the biggest challenges facing developing countries. With the rise of remittances, Olubiyi (2013:1) sees them as a replacement to credit to a country that is constrained. Instead of borrowing finance for growth and development, remittances can be used instead. Apart from substituting credit with remittances, countries which are not burdened with external debts are able to use remittances as a leverage to obtain foreign loans (Taylor, 1999:69). The loans acquired can used for supplementing revenue derived from the fiscus and other sources of external finance such as FDI, PI and ODA.

This thesis attempts to identify the factors that affect the way marketing is conducted in selected underdeveloped countries and to find whether the marketing system is affected by the level of economic growth. The background of the underdeveloped countries is first introduced to show the effects of social, cultural, economic and political factors that affect marketing and its role in the economy. The characteristics of the consumer markets, and the buying habits of consumers, in the selected countries reveal certain peculiarities which can be attributed to the low stage of economic growth. Monopolistic competition seems to be a common feature in many underdeveloped countries through the use of exclusive agencies or agency houses in the case of imported goods, the extensive use of credit at all levels of distribution and the existence of restrictive practices to lessen competition. However, certain fundamental reforms such as adequate grading systems, weights and measures, price information, credit extension and consumer education will eliminate many of the monopolistically competitive features to enable better distribution of goods at less cost, facilitate competition and economic growth. Due to various factors the channels of distribution tend to be longer in underdeveloped economies, with a great multiplicity of intermediaries at the retail level. If the marketing system is to be made more efficient some of these intermediaries will have to be displaced. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This study explores the kinds of bargaining strategies which have been used and can be used by the less developed countries, designated as "the South", in trade negotiations with the developed countries, designated as "the North". It takes as its point of departure the North-South axis of conflict in international relations, namely, the conflict between the rich, advanced and industrial nations and the poor, newly emergent and developing nations. It focuses specifically on Southern bargaining in one sub-area of North-South trade - international tin accords. The study is presented in three chapters. The first chapter presents an overview of North-South trade relationships and issues. The second chapter begins a case study of North-South confrontation in tin agreements. The final chapter concludes with a check-list of bargaining strategies which have been employed or may be employed by Southern producing countries in tin negotiations. The major finding of the study is that Southern bargaining in tin accords has relied most heavily on strategies of normative appeal based on the UNCTAD 'ethos'. In particular, bargaining strategies which appeal to Northern altruism and democratic norms are especially popular. The second most used group of strategies are those which appeal to self-interest. In general, it was found that Southern bargaining has not been very effective. It is therefore recommended that Southern countries should (1) employ more intensively strategies of normative appeal other than those based on the UNCTAD ethic; (2) employ more intensively strategies which appeal to self-interests of Northern countries; and (3) employ strategies which demonstrate commitment to bargaining positions, and if need be, to demonstrate such commitment by the use of threats / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Public investment in transportation forms a large part of the capital budget of many developing countries. In view of the scarcity of development capital, it is essential that the available capital be used to the best advantage. This indicates the need for careful analyses of proposed public investments in transportation. Until quite recently, transportation investment evaluation in underdeveloped countries was almost entirely within the preserve of engineers, with economists taking little active interest in the spatial aspects of economic activity. Economists have recently taken a much more active interest, and new methods of evaluation are constantly being developed and older ones improved. However, there are still some unresolved methodological problems in the evaluation of public transportation investment, and a number of deficiencies in the application of the concepts and methods which have been developed. The objective of this thesis is to describe and evaluate the methods of transportation investment analysis now in use, identify the deficiencies in the existing methods and in their applications, and to propose methods of overcoming the deficiencies. The research which has resulted in this thesis has been in three forms. One was a review of the published literature pertaining to public investment in transportation in underdeveloped countries. The second was in the author's experience in transportation investment analysis in Canada and overseas, for agencies such as the Government of Canada and the World Bank. This experience presented the opportunity of reviewing unpublished writings on the subject, and of reviewing the methodology used and results produced by various consultants and study groups in a wide range of transportation investment analyses in underdeveloped countries. Much of this material, particularly the consultants' reports, is held confidential by the World Bank and by the governments of the countries involved, and therefore cannot be specifically cited in references. The third source of information was in discussions with consultants working in this field, both in Canada and abroad; with representatives of the governments receiving foreign aid for transportation investments, and with the personnel of the World Bank. Chapter I of the thesis is a general introduction to the subject. It deals with the relative importance of transportation investment in underdeveloped countries, and states the objective of the thesis. In Chapter II the objective of public transportation analysis is established, and some of the principles which are basic to all analyses of public investment are considered. In considering the principles, some problems in their applications are identified and the recommended procedures are indicated. All acceptable analyses of public transportation investments must ultimately result in some form of comparison of the costs and benefits of the proposed investment or investments. In Chapter III the methods of measuring costs and benefits are described, and deficiencies in the current methods and their applications are identified. In the cases of relatively minor deficiencies, the correct methods and applications are shown in Chapter III. Possible solutions to the major problems identified are proposed in Chapter IV. The major deficiencies noted in Chapter III are the common failure to relate a proposed transportation investment on an individual link of the system, to the system as a whole, and the failure to relate the transportation system to the economy of the country. These deficiencies will almost invariably result in the incorrect measurement of costs and benefits. In Chapter IV, methods of overcoming these deficiencies are described and evaluated. The most recent published method of conducting a comprehensive analysis which takes account of these factors is the Harvard Model, which consists of two parts: a transportation model and a macro-economic model. The difficulty of applying this approach is considered, and it is concluded that, although the Harvard Model is conceptually the best approach which has thus far been developed, it cannot be applied as a practical method of evaluation at this time. An alternative approach is suggested, based on the methodology used in a recent land transportation study of Dahomey, Africa. The analysis of traffic flows is based on the transportation portion of the Harvard Model, while the economic methodology was developed primarily by the author while engaged in the Dahomey study. The conclusions are presented in Chapter V. It is concluded that transportation investment analyses could be greatly improved, and that most of the necessary improvements are incorporated in the Harvard Model. However, the Harvard Model has not yet been applied successfully, and this will probably be the case for at least the next five to ten years. The methodology used in the Dahomey study is recommended for use as a less sophisticated, but workable alternative, which is also more appropriate to the evaluation of specific investment proposals. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This study emphasizes the impact of family planning program components on contraceptive prevalence in less industrialized countries. Building on Lapham and Mauldin's "Program Effort and Fertility Decline" framework and policy evaluation's theory, the author developed two models to examine the impact of family planning programs on contraceptive prevalence and fertility under the constraints of socioeconomic development and demand for family planning. The study employed path analysis and multiple regression on data from the 1982 program effort study in 94 less developed countries (LDCs) by Lapham and Mauldin and 98 LDCs of the 1989 program effort study by Mauldin and Ross. The results of data analyses for all data sets are consistent for the most part. Major findings are as follows: (1) A combination of program effort and socioeconomic development best explains the variation of contraceptive prevalence. (2) Among socioeconomic variables, female literacy exerts the strongest direct and indirect influences to increase contraceptive prevalence and indirect influence to decrease total fertility rate. (3) Christianity performs a significant role in reducing contraceptive prevalence. (4) Among program effort components, availability and accessibility for fertility-control supplies and services have the most influence on contraceptive prevalence. (5) When controlling for demand for family planning, female literacy and Christianity have expected and significant relationships with contraceptive prevalence. Availability and accessibility to fertility-control supplies and services exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on contraceptive prevalence. Demand for family planning has a positive and statistically significant effect on program variables, availability, and contraceptive prevalence. (6) There is a strong inverse relationship between contraceptive use and fertility. Demand for family planning, program effort, and socioeconomic development influence fertility through contraceptive prevalence. The findings of this study suggest that governments in LDCs should give priorities to increasing female education and availability of contraception to effectively reduce fertility.