One of the best-known structures in Drosophila is the sex comb, an arrangement of modified bristles on the tarsal forelegs of males. This complex, sexually-dimorphic trait shows striking variation among closely related species, although most other aspects of the tarsal bristle pattern have been conserved. I studied the development of the sex comb in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and six related species. I confirmed that the D. melanogaster sex comb, although longitudinal in the adult, originates in a transverse orientation and rotates during development, and showed that this process occurs through male-specific convergent extension. However, in the species that I examined that have longitudinally-oriented sex combs that extend the full length of the tarsus, including D. ficusphila and two species of the montium subgroup, the sex comb does not rotate, and instead forms from two longitudinal rows that converge during development. Another species of the montium subgroup, D. nikananu, has a sex comb that is convergently similar to D. melanogaster, but forms in a manner typical of its subgroup, showing that very similar combs can be formed through different processes. In all species, there is a strong correlation between the position of the sex comb and the transverse bristle row on the foreleg tarsus just proximal to it. To test whether it is possible to violate this apparent constraint on development, I perturbed the expression of the leg patterning gene dachshund to generate ectopic sex combs in D. melanogaster. I found that while most patterns showed the same correlation, a few circumvent the constraint. I also demonstrated that the ectopic combs were formed non-autonomously and that overexpression of dachshund can transform certain aspects of the sex comb phenotype to resemble the transverse bristles to which they are homologous.

One of the best-known structures in Drosophila is the sex comb, an arrangement of modified bristles on the tarsal forelegs of males. This complex, sexually-dimorphic trait shows striking variation among closely related species, although most other aspects of the tarsal bristle pattern have been conserved. I studied the development of the sex comb in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and six related species. I confirmed that the D. melanogaster sex comb, although longitudinal in the adult, originates in a transverse orientation and rotates during development, and showed that this process occurs through male-specific convergent extension. However, in the species that I examined that have longitudinally-oriented sex combs that extend the full length of the tarsus, including D. ficusphila and two species of the montium subgroup, the sex comb does not rotate, and instead forms from two longitudinal rows that converge during development. Another species of the montium subgroup, D. nikananu, has a sex comb that is convergently similar to D. melanogaster, but forms in a manner typical of its subgroup, showing that very similar combs can be formed through different processes. In all species, there is a strong correlation between the position of the sex comb and the transverse bristle row on the foreleg tarsus just proximal to it. To test whether it is possible to violate this apparent constraint on development, I perturbed the expression of the leg patterning gene dachshund to generate ectopic sex combs in D. melanogaster. I found that while most patterns showed the same correlation, a few circumvent the constraint. I also demonstrated that the ectopic combs were formed non-autonomously and that overexpression of dachshund can transform certain aspects of the sex comb phenotype to resemble the transverse bristles to which they are homologous.

Orientador: Louis Bernard Klaczko / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T03:22:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_FelipeBastos_D.pdf: 4246569 bytes, checksum: 8297db94661890abb9ddc71ef0280318 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Apesar de descrever a dinâmica populacional da variação genética, a teoria da genética de populações não descreve como a interação entre genótipos e os ambientes onde estes se desenvolvem gera distribuições fenotípicas. As normas de reação representam uma possível estratégia para tal descrição; elas representam a resposta fenotípica de cada genótipo para uma variável ambiental e, com isso, expõem a variação causada pela plasticidade fenotípica e capturam o fenômeno da interação genótipo-ambiente. Neste trabalho, Drosophila mediopunctata foi utilizada como organismo modelo. Ela é uma espécie do grupo tripunctata, do gênero Drosophila, polimórfica para inversões do segundo cromossomo e para um padrão de pigmentação conspícuo nos tergitos abdominais, formado por fenótipos que podem apresentar de zero a três pintas escuras. Na primeira parte deste trabalho, é apresentado um teste da independência genética entre a plasticidade fenotípica e o valor médio do polimorfismo de pigmentação. Foram utilizadas oito estirpes homocariotípicas para inversões do cromossomo II com diferentes valores fenotípicos médios para analisar a variação de normas de reação do número de pintas à temperatura. As normas de reação desse caráter foram parábolas cujas curvaturas estão correlacionadas ao valor médio, indicando que a variação dessas duas características pode ser determinada por pleiotropia. O mesmo padrão foi observado em heterozigotos resultantes de cruzamentos entre estirpes com normas de reação de curvaturas diferentes, evidenciando que a variação das normas de reação do número de pintas de D. mediopunctata é previsível por uma regra simples de associação entre forma (curvatura) e valor médio. Na segunda parte deste trabalho é apresentada uma análise de 40 normas de reação de cinco caracteres diferentes na qual se buscou estabelecer um padrão geral de forma das normas de reação e verificar as consequências desse padrão para estudos que investigam a variação da plasticidade fenotípica com modelos e métodos baseados na linearidade. Os resultados apresentados mostram que a forma típica das normas de reação é não-linear. Quando analisadas com um desenho experimental apropriado apenas para curvas lineares, i.e. com somente três ambientes, tais curvas apresentam um padrão imprevisível de variação, fundamentando um conceito de interação genótipo-ambiente associado à imprevisibilidade. Além disso, o uso de um modelo linear para descrever a variação da plasticidade fenotípica em normas de reação não lineares leva à perda de informação e, em alguns casos, a artefatos que embasam conclusões falsas. Considerando os resultados e conclusões obtidos, é proposta uma nova visão sobre normas de reação e plasticidade fenotípica, baseada no uso de um modelo parabólico e em desenhos experimentais mais abrangentes e detalhados, que permitiriam descrever a forma e variação das normas de reação sem perder fenômenos e padrões importantes / Abstract: Despite describing the population dynamics of genetic variation, the theory of population genetics lacks a description of how genotype and developmental environment interact to generate a phenotypic distribution. Such a description could be achieved through reaction norms, which give the phenotypic response of individual genotypes to a given environmental variation and describe the variation due to phenotypic plasticity and genotype-environment interaction. Here, we used Drosophila mediopunctata as a model organism. This species belongs to the tripunctata group of the genus Drosophila, and is polymorphic for second chromosome inversions. D. mediopunctata specimens display a conspicuous pigmentation polymorphism in the abdomen, with phenotypes ranging from zero to three dark spots in the last three tergites. In the first part of this study, we describe a test of the genetic independency between phenotypic plasticity and mean phenotypic value for the pigmentation polymorphism of D. mediopunctata. We analyzed the reaction norms of the number of abdominal spots in response to temperature of eight strains homozygous for second chromosome inversions and with different mean phenotypic values. The reaction norms were parabolic, and their curvature was correlated with the mean phenotypic value, suggesting that the variation of these two traits may be determined by pleiotropy. The same pattern was observed in heterozygous genotypes resulting from crosses between strains with different reaction norm curvatures. These results show that the variation of reaction norms of the number of dark abdominal spots of D. mediopunctata is predictable by a simple association rule between shape (curvature) and mean value. In the second part of this study we show the results from the analysis of 40 reaction norms of five different traits, which had two aims: establishing a general pattern of reaction norms shape; and verifying the impact of this pattern for studies that investigate the variation of phenotypic plasticity using models and methods based on a linearity assumption. The results show that the typical reaction norm shape is nonlinear. A pattern of unpredictable variation emerges when these curves are analyzed with only three environments, suggesting that the association of genotype-environment interaction with unpredictability may be due to the use of an experimental design only suitable for linear curves. Furthermore, the use of a linear model to describe the variation of nonlinear reaction norms leads to loss of information and, in some cases, artifacts which support false conclusions. Considering these results, we propose a new vision of reaction norms and phenotypic plasticity which is based on the use of a parabolic model and on more comprehensive and detailed experimental designs which would describe the shape and variation of reaction norms without losing important patterns and phenomena / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular