Universities in many industrialized countries including Japan, and Australia, have enabled those countries to achieve rapid economic and social advancement. However, this is untrue for the universities of Ghana, due to the country's ailing economy, its continued dependence on foreign manpower, aid, and material goods. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to illuminate the major factors and events that have controlled and inhibited the development of higher education in Ghana from 1948 to 1984. The method of acquiring data involved a computer and manual search for documents from 1) ERIC Database, 2) libraries , and 3) Embassy of Ghana, Washington, D.C. The findings include (1) Establishment of universities on the basis of the Asquith Doctrine; (2) Imitation of British universities' curriculum, constitution, standards and social functions; (3) Characterization of universities by elitism, lack of diversity and adaptation, autonomy, excellence and narrow specialism in their honor degree programs; (4) Emphasis on cognitive rather than psychomotor learning; (5) Matriculation of inadequately qualified secondary school science students; (6) Absence of a nationally formulated statement of manpower needs, goals, and effective long-term planning; (7) Financial exigencies; (8) Suppression, perversion and abuse of academic and intellectual freedom by the government and universities; (9) Inconsistent governmental policies due to abrupt changes in government by military coups.

After discussing the Malawian context and summarising the remittance research, I focus on remittances in rural Malawi. I follow remittances from the giver’s motivations through to the receiver’s view of remittances and how the receiver uses them and finally to their impact as a means of moderating the effect of negative shocks on the receiving household. Results show that parents remit to respondents for altruistic purposes, or for insurance motivations (e.g. to help out the respondent if they are sick). Respondents remit to parents for altruistic motivations and inheritance. There is strong bi-directionality in the remittance flows. Children remit to respondents as an “insurance premium”, and for inheritance motivations. Altruism motivates respondents to give to their children. There is strong evidence of co-insurance between respondents and their siblings with both insurance payouts and premiums being paid. Respondents and their siblings also remit to each other for altruistic motivations. There is strong evidence of “mental accounting” amongst both male and female headed households. Remittances exhibit a much lower MPC than salary and farming income. Male and female headed households differ in their use of income from different sources, however one result is consistent: remittances are used for education. Probit models indicate that households are more likely to receive remittances from local areas if someone in the household is sick (local remittances insure a health shock). Households that suffer from drought are more likely to receive remittances from more distant areas (other districts, a city, abroad). Drought has a major negative impact on consumption levels but distant remittances insure affected households who suffer from these. Local remittances, which make up most remittance flows, are unable to insure these community shocks. Only around 10 per cent of households receive remittances from outside their home district however. Remittances help to insure household consumption against health shocks, but only food consumption is insured.

Thesis (B. Arch.)--Roger Williams University, 2009. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Feb. 5, 2010) Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Low- and moderate-income Americans rely on affordable housing. It is clear that affordable rental housing is needed, but much of what is getting built, especially in the high-growth West and South, gives rise to negative externalities based on the large number of units in the projects. This report looks at objections to large apartment complexes and makes the case for smaller-scale multifamily developments, studies how housing policy in the US has disadvantaged multifamily development, and investigates barriers to small-scale developments relating to mortgage markets, the Low Income Housing Tax Credit, and the models of nonprofit affordable housing providers. / text

Thesis (M. Hous. M.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 82-85)

Thesis (M.Arch.)--University of Detroit Mercy, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-121).

Thesis (M.F.A)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Peter A. Koenig, Florida State University, School of Visual Arts and Dance, Dept. of Interior Design. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 15, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 42 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of shopping mall developments on consumer behaviour in township areas. Local and international research indicated that shopping mall developments in low-income communities result in several benefits for consumers, such as convenient location; a larger variety of goods offered, lower prices than small retailers in the area and better quality of goods, amongst others. Studies also indicated that the choice of the preferred supermarket/shopping mall is not a rational decision based only on pricing, but on a compromise of satisfying economic, social and psychological needs. A two part mixed methodology, which employed both qualitative and quantitative methods, was adopted. This included semi-structured interviews with retail experts and interview-administered questionnaires with the primary retail shopper in the household. The sample population was Alexandra Township in Gauteng, South Africa. Findings revealed that low-income consumers prefer to shop from the closest shopping mall instead of small retailers/Spaza Shops because of the lower prices and a larger variety of goods offered. However, evidence suggested that consumers prefer to shop at a shopping mall that represents their desired lifestyle, therefore shopping mall developments in township areas, do not fulfil the social and aspirational needs of low-income consumers. For this reason, low-income consumers continue to purchase from malls in urban areas.</pCopyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / unrestricted

This study had as its origin the questioning by the researcher of the statements made by local and national politicians that the increase in tourist numbers visiting the Southern Cape was resulting in the creation of many new business ventures and work opportunities. This result was, however, not visible. In an attempt to find an answer to the above problem no pertinent information regarding the tourism industry, or evidence that local or regional government was actually involved in planning for the development of such an eventuality, could be found. In 1996 the National Government identified tourism as a major industry sector which could contribute towards economic development. The industry was expected to make a substantial contribution to the alleviation of poverty and to black economic empowerment. The government issued a White Paper on the Development and Promotion of Tourism in South Africa (1996) in order to produce key policy foundations for the development of the tourism industry in South Africa. Notwithstanding the fact that the central government had, since 1996, implemented various incentive schemes aimed at the tourism industry in general and towards small, medium and micro enterprises (SMME's) that operate in the tourism sector specifically, evidence of these incentive schemes reaching grass-root potential entrepreneurs has not been apparent. Furthermore, although purported to spread the economic benefits equitably among all members of the population, the local previously disadvantaged community did not seem to be benefiting from these policies at all. The above perceptions have, in turn, led to a number of questions listed and noted in Chapter one, and culminated in the research problem that was identified as follows: Can a strategy be formulated to stimulate SMME development and concurrent job creation among SMME's operating in the tourism sector of the Southern Cape and can such a strategy be depicted within a framework of a development model? The aim of the study was, therefore, to find a practical solution to the developmental requirements of tourism-related SMME's in order to stimulate job creation. The study was conducted in three sections: Section 1 consisted of an extensive literature survey in which it was determined that: <ul> <li>Tourism-related SMME's could make a positive contribution to local economic development.</li> <li>Although operating under conditions of globalisation, SMME's still had a future if they followed international best practices.</li> <li>Certain practices were considered international best practices.</li> <li>In order for SMME's to be successful, it becomes necessary to plan for the growth.</li> <li>There is a definitive role to be played by Government in this planning exercise.</li> <li>Although much work has already been done in the field of SMME development, very little has been done that addressed the tourism industry.</li></ul> Section 2 comprised an empirical study designed to test the opinions of tourism-related SMME's operating in the Southern Cape region. Factors which were considered to be essential to stimulate the growth of job opportunities were identified and compared with the theoretical requirements established in the previous section. Finally, Section 3 combined the findings of the previous two sections in an attempt to construct a framework depicting a model and strategy for the development of SMME's operating in the tourism sector of the Southern Cape. / Thesis (PHD)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Tourism Management / unrestricted

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