by Warren, Tak-keung Lee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 140-154. / Acknowledgements / List of Abbreviations / Summary / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Calcium Nutrition and Bone Health --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Calcium Requirements in Children --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Concern for Calcium Intakes in Hong Kong Chinese --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- In Adults --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- In Children --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims of the Study --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Calcium Homeostasis --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Calcium in Body Skeleton --- p.12 / Chapter 2 .2. --- Hormonal Regulation of Calcium Concentration in the Extracellular Fluid Compartment --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Calcium Absorption --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Calcium Transport Across the Intestine --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Effects of Age on Calcium Metabolism --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- Effects of Nutrients on Calcium Bioavailability --- p.18 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Calcium Nutritional Status --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Vitamin D Nutritional Status --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Protein --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Phosphorous and Calcium to Phosphorus Ratio --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Sodium --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Lactose --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Glucose and Glucose Polymers --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.8 --- Phytate --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.9 --- Oxalate --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methods of Evaluating Calcium Nutritional Status And Bone Mineral Content --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1 --- Methods of Evaluating Calcium Nutrition Status --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Blood Biochemistry --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Total Body Neutron Activation --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Metabolic Balance Study --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Dietary Assessment --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods of Evaluating Bone Mineral Content --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- In Vivo Measurement of Bone Mineral Content --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Review on Adopted Methods --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Single Photon Absorptiometry (SPA) --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Review on Methods in Dietary Assessment --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Dietary Assessment Methods Adopted in the Present Study --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Food Composition Tables --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1 --- Subjects --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- Weight and Height Measurement --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Dietary Assessment --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Dietary History Record --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Food Frequency --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 24-Hour Recall --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Estimation of the Amount of Food --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Nutrient Analysis --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4 --- Measurement of Bone Mineral Mass by Single Photon Absorptiometry (SPA) --- p.66 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- The Instrument --- p.66 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Calibration of the Instrument --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Subject Positioning --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Setting Up Pre-Scan Parameters --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Bone Scanning: Search Scan and Measure Scan --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Evaluation of the Accuracy and Precision of Bone Mineral Content Measurement --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Radiation Exposure --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results --- p.77 / Chapter 5.1 --- Sample Size --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2 --- Representative of the Sample --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3 --- Weight and Height --- p.78 / Chapter 5.4 --- Validity of the Food Composition Table --- p.78 / Chapter 5.5 --- Calcium Intake of Children at Five --- p.78 / Chapter 5.6 --- "Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Mineral Density (BMD), and Bone Width (BW) of 128 Hong Kong Children at Five" --- p.80 / Chapter 5.7 --- Comparisons of Bone Mineral Content (BMC) in Children with High and Low Calcium Intake --- p.81 / Chapter 5.8 --- "Relationships between Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Body Size and Dietary Intakes of Calcium, Protein and Energy" --- p.85 / Chapter 5.9 --- "Inter-correlations between Bone Mass Measurements, Body Size and Dietary Intakes in Hong Kong Children" --- p.87 / Chapter 5.10 --- Planning for Further Investigation --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- "A Study of Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Content of Children at Five Years Old in Jiangmen, Guangdong, China" --- p.107 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.107 / Chapter 6.2 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Subject Selection --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Weight and Height Measurements --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Dietary Assessment --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Measurement of Bone Mineral Content --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Results --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussions --- p.120 / Chapter 7.1 --- Reliability of Dietary Calcium Assessment --- p.120 / Chapter 7.2 --- Reliability of Bone Mineral Measurement --- p.121 / Chapter 7.3 --- Representative of Studied Children in Hong Kong --- p.122 / Chapter 7.4 --- Implications of the Study --- p.123 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Content in Hong Kong Chinese Pre-school Children --- p.123 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Content of Jiangmen Pre-school Children --- p.131 / Chapter 7.5 --- The Use of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) As A Parameter in Representing Bone Mineral Mass --- p.134 / Chapter 7.6 --- A Need for Further Studies --- p.135 / Chapter 7.7 --- Conclusions --- p.136 / References --- p.140 / Chapter Appendix I --- Dietary Record Form Used in Hong Kong Study --- p.155 / Chapter Appendix II --- Dietary Questionnaire Used in Jiangmen Study --- p.160 / Chapter Appendix III --- Validity of the Compiled Food Composition Table --- p.165 / List of Figures / List of Tables

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Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Illinois University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 19-21).

Understanding the complex linkage between obesity and food choice is pivotal to establishing effective dietary guidance that resonates with consumers. The aims of this thesis were to evaluate: (1) serving size (SS) guidance schemes and their effectiveness; (2) consumer estimations of portion size (PS) and energy density (ED), and anticipated consumption guilt (ACG) for perceived 'healthier' vs. 'standard' foods; (3) consumer opinions, perceptions of efficacy and the precision of a range of portion size estimation aids (PSEA); and (4) the nutritional quality (NQ) and energy cost (EC) of own brand (OB) vs. market brand (MB) foods. A literature review and three studies were undertaken. In the first study, three pairs of isoenergy dense (kJIlOOg) foods - 'healthier' vs. 'standard' cereals, drinks and coleslaws - were selected. For each food, subjects (n186) served an appropriate PS for themselves, estimated its ED and rated their ACG. Subjects estimated larger portions of the ' healthier' (reduced fat) coleslaw than the 'standard' version, and perceived all 'healthier' foods to be lower in ED than their 'standard' alternatives, despite being isoenergy dense. Higher ACG was associated with the 'standard' foods . In the second study, a range of PSEA were evaluated using both qualitative (six focus groups, each of three to eight participants) and quantitative (practical use of PSEA; n 120) methods. Consumers indicated preference for "visual" PSEA (reference objects, household measures e.g. cup, and indicators on food packaging) for amorphous cereal products such as rice. In the third study, a basket of commonly consumed foods (n 32) were compared in terms of NQ and EC at two time points using two methods of nutritional profiling. Despite OB foods being significantly lower in EC (£/MJ) than the MB, there were no differences in the overall NQ. In conclusion, consumer understanding of PS, perceptions of ED and preferences for PSEA should be considered in future dietary guidance. OB foods should be promoted as nutritionally comparable to their more expensive MB counterparts where appropriate.

Most studies on the antihypertensive effects of bioflavonoids have reported short-term effects (within 7 weeks) at high concentrations (40–100 mg kg–1 day–1). The present study by contrast has investigated long-term effects of low concentrations of bioflavonoids on arterial blood pressure and left ventricular performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Spontaneously hypertensive rats were divided into a treated (n = 16) and a control (n = 16) group. The treated group received daily a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) at a concentration of 4mg kg–1day–1over six months. Arterial blood pressure (ABP) was measured once monthly on six randomly selected rats from both groups using an indirect tail-cuff method. After three months, the remaining rats underwent catheterizations to measure left ventricular performance and aortic pressure. The possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in the effects of GSPE was investigated by blocking NO synthase with N-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Animals in the treated group had significantly lower arterial end-diastolic pressures (AEDP) after three months of treatment compared with control animals, and this trend continued until six months. In the treated group, left ventricular systolic pressures (LVSP) were reduced by 16.6% (P = 0.005), their dP/dtmax (left ventricular pressures) were reduced by 19.7% (P = 0.050), and cardiac work was reduced by 22.0% (P = 0.045) at the end of three months. Treatment with L-NAMEsuggested a contribution of NO to the effects of GSPE on blood pressure. A low concentration of GSPE administered over six months lowered AEDP significantly, and the L-NAME response suggested that NO is involved. The decreased AEDP had a lowering effect on left ventricular dynamics of hypertensive rats.

Abstract Objective: To measure dietary intakes of young children aged 12–24 months and to determine the impact of poor diets on stunting. Design: A quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was adapted, tested and standardised. Trained enumerators conducted in-depth interviews with the mothers/caregivers of the children. Forty stunted children in urban informal settlements and 30 stunted children in rural areas were selected and pair-matched with controls. The data were captured on the Food Finder Program of the Medical Research Council. Results: In both urban and rural areas, the diet of stunted and non-stunted groups did differ significantly and all diets were of poor nutritional quality. Conclusion: Diets in both areas resembled the recommended prudent diet, i.e. low in fat and high in carbohydrates. Poor quality diets were not the primary cause of stunting.

No description available.

No description available.

A series of experiments was carried out to study the factors affecting faecal endogenous P excretion in sheep. Experiments 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 involved intensive balance measurements and radio-isotope (<SUP>32</SUP>P) dilution measurements made on 6 mature sheep, to study the effect of changing salivary secretion on P metabolism. A hay diet (P intake 2.2 g/d) was fed in 3 different physical forms (finely ground, coarsely ground and chopped) in experiment 3.1 and a low-P oat husk based diet was given in coarse or finely ground form in experiment 3.2. The results of both the experiments indicated that there was no change in salivary P flow, faecal endogenous P excretion and P balance within each experiment. In experiment 3.3 sheep were fed different amounts of a low-P (P intake 1.2 g/d) oat husk based diet (0.8, 1.1 and 1.4 kg/d). There were no significant changes in salivary P flow or balance position. However, in this experiment there was an increase in faecal endogenous P excretion but the size of this increase with increase in dry matter intake was less than that reported by TCORN (1989). This increase was attributed to increased secretion of P in the intestinal secretions in response to an increase in dry matter flow through the intestine. Experiments described in Chapter 4 were performed to explore the possibility of using sheep maintained by total intra-gastric infusion to measure minimum endogenous excretion of P in faeces and urine. The results indicated that sheep given a near zero P intake excrete amounts of P that are comparable with the levels predicted by ARC (1980) as minimum endogenous P excretion. Chapter 5 describes experiments carried out to investigate factors affecting intestinal P absorption in the sheep. Experiment 5.1 was aimed at studying the effect of increasing demand for P, by intravenous infusion of CaCl<SUB>2</SUB>, on intestinal P absorption. The results of this experiment showed that while the amount of dietary P absorbed is mainly determined by P intake there is a component of this system that is sensitive to changes in P requirement. There was an increase in intestinal P absorption but no change in endogenous P secretion into the gut. Three sheep surgically prepared to isolate a one-metre section of proximal small intestine were used in experiments 5.2 and 5.3. In the Experiment 5.2 sheep were given a continuous intra-venous infusion of a buffered solution of P (Na<SUB>2</SUB>HPO<SUB>4</SUB>NaH<SUB>2</SUB>PO<SUB>4</SUB>, 3g of P/d) and the loops were perfused with a solution (pH 4.5, Tonicity 280 mOsmol/litre) containing 30 mmol/litre of P. The results showed that the amount absorbed was much less during intravenous P loading. Experiment 5.3 was performed to study the absorption of P from the intestinal loops when they were perfused with solutions containing a fixed quantity of P at varying P concentrations (20 mmol/litre and 30 mmol/litre). There were no significant differences seen either in the total amount or in the absorptive efficiency between treatments. A lactation study (described in Chapter 6) was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding a high protein diet on Ca and P metabolism. Measurements were made on two groups of six ewes with one group being restricted in protein supply while the other group was given supplementary protein in the form of blood meal. Balance measurements were made over 10-day periods separated by 10-day rest periods. <SUP>45</SUP>Ca and <SUP>32</SUP>P were used to measure faecal endogenous Ca and P losses. An extra balance experiment was carried out on the second set of ewes after they ceased producing milk. The results indicated that the loss of mineral from the skeleton in ewes in early lactation is proportional to milk production and is not directly dependent on dietary protein supply or N balance. The results also suggested that the rate of repair of bone matrix and its mineralization during the post lactation period is affected by protein supplementation. Two experiments (Experiments 7.1 and 7.2) were carried out to study the effects of high dietary Ca:P ratio on faecal endogenous faecal excretion in mature sheep which were given sufficient P to meet their maintenance requirement according to ARC (1980). The results obtained showed that faecal endogenous P excretion was not significantly affected by feeding diets high in Ca. All animals had a level of salivary P secretion that was more than adequate to meet rumen microbial requirements. Experiments 7.3 was a slaughter study carried out to investigate the effects of an increase in Ca intake on growth of the young lambs fed on diets supplying just sufficient P to meet their estimated requirements based on the revised TCORN (1989) growth model. A total of 40 lambs in four treatment groups were used in this study. The results of this trial showed that feeding high levels of Ca had no adverse effects on growth of the lambs when P was adequate . There was no beneficial effect of feeding excessive Ca and P but there was an increase in the incidence of urinary calculi. The amounts of Mg retained by the lambs were lower than the levels on which ARC (1980) based their estimates of requirements.