Šiame darbe analizuojama kas yra netiesioginė diskriminacija, darbo teisės subjektų diferenciacijos galimybė, kokiais kriterijais remiantis gali būti pateisinama diferencijuota darbo teisės subjektų padėtis, diferenciacijos skirtumas nuo netiesioginės diskriminacijos. Analizuojant Lietuvos ir Europos Sąjungos darbo teisės normas, siekiama atskleisti netiesioginės diskriminacijos dėl lyties draudimo principo nustatymo pagrindus, taikymo prielaidas darbo užmokesčio srityje, sudarant, vykdant darbo sutartį ar jai pasibaigiant. Remiantis Europos Teisingumo Teismo praktika siekiama išsiaiškinti netiesioginės diskriminacijos požymius. Skiriamas dėmesys į asmens, patyrusio netiesioginę diskriminaciją, pažeistų teisių gynimo būdus. Magistro darbe nagrinėjama ar, įgyvendinant netiesioginės diskriminacijos draudimo principą, Lietuvos darbo teisės normos atitinka Europos Sąjungos darbo teisės normų keliamus reikalavimus, pateikiamos esminės problemos ir pasiūlymai. / This paper is analysing what “indirect discrimination” stands for; and if there is a possibility to differentiate the subjects of Labour Law; what are the criteria based on which the differentiated treatment of subjects of Labour Law can be justified; and what is the difference between “differentiation” and “indirect discrimination”. By examining Lithuanian and European Union rules of Labour Law, it was aimed to provide the basis for determining indirect gender discrimination prohibition principles; furthermore, lay down assumptions for application of those principles in the field of wages - when concluding, implementing or ending a labour contract. Based on the leading case precedents of European Court of Justice, it has been attempted to clarify the characteristics of indirect discrimination. Attention has been paid to the ways of defending the violated rights of a person, who has experienced an indirect discrimination. This Master‘s paper has analysed if Lithuanian rules of Labour Law meet the requirements set out by the European Union rules of Labour Law, with regard to the implementation of indirect discrimination prohibition principle; key problems have been identified, and improvements suggested.

<p>Vrsta&nbsp;<em> Ambrosia&nbsp; artemisiifolia&nbsp; L.&nbsp;</em> (fam.&nbsp; Asteraceae)&nbsp; je&nbsp; jedna&nbsp; od&nbsp; najagresivnijih&nbsp; invazivnih&nbsp;biljaka&nbsp; kako&nbsp; u&nbsp; Evropi,&nbsp; tako&nbsp; i&nbsp; na&nbsp; globalnom&nbsp; nivou.&nbsp; Kao&nbsp; korovska&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; uzrokuje&nbsp; velike&nbsp;ekonomske&nbsp; gubitke&nbsp; redukujući&nbsp; prinos&nbsp; poljoprivrednih&nbsp; kultura,&nbsp; a&nbsp; njena&nbsp; masovna&nbsp; produkcija&nbsp;polena stvara ozbiljne alergijske probleme kod ljudi. Kao invazivna vrsta, predstavlja dobar&nbsp;model za proučavanje procesa uključenih u biolo&scaron;ke invazije, koje se danas prepoznaju kao&nbsp;deo globalnih promena, predstavljajući jednu od glavnih pretnji biodiverzitetu, funkcionisanju&nbsp;ekosistema,&nbsp; poljoprivredi,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; i&nbsp; ljudskom&nbsp; zdravlju.&nbsp; U&nbsp; Evropi,&nbsp; ambrozija&nbsp; je&nbsp; &scaron;iroko&nbsp;rasprostranjena,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; jedno&nbsp; od&nbsp; područja&nbsp; sa&nbsp; najvećom&nbsp; incidencom&nbsp; ovog&nbsp; invazivnog&nbsp; korova&nbsp; je&nbsp;Panonska&nbsp; nizija.&nbsp; Po&nbsp; svom&nbsp; položaju,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; karakteristikama&nbsp; samog&nbsp; područja,&nbsp; ovaj&nbsp; region&nbsp;predstavlja&nbsp; povoljno&nbsp; stani&scaron;te&nbsp; kako&nbsp; za&nbsp; introdukciju&nbsp; ambrozije&nbsp; iz&nbsp; različitih&nbsp; pravaca,&nbsp; tako&nbsp; i&nbsp; za&nbsp;njenu brzu ekspanziju u pomenutom području i &scaron;ire.&nbsp; U proteklih 30-40 godina ambrozija se&nbsp;&scaron;iri&nbsp; na&nbsp; peripanonsko&nbsp; područje,&nbsp; tačnije&nbsp; ka&nbsp; centralnim&nbsp; i&nbsp; južnim&nbsp; delovima&nbsp; Srbije.&nbsp; Uzimajući&nbsp; u&nbsp;obzir sve činjenice,&nbsp; cilj ovog istraživanja je bio genetička karakterizacija populacija ambrozije&nbsp;<br />sa područja Panonske nizije i peripanonskog prostora centralnog&nbsp; dela Balkanskog poluostrva.&nbsp;U&nbsp; svrhu&nbsp; ovoga,&nbsp; upotrebljeni&nbsp; su&nbsp; jedni&nbsp; od&nbsp; najpopularnijih&nbsp; i &nbsp;ajinformativnijih&nbsp; molekularnih&nbsp;markera u polju populacione genetike, mikrosateliti. Na području Panonske nizije utvrđen je&nbsp;visok nivo genetičke varijabilnosti i nizak nivo genetičke diferencijacije i struktuiranosti među&nbsp;ispitivanim&nbsp; populacijama, a najverovatnije kao posledica multiplih introdukcija i intenzivnog&nbsp;protoka gena među populacijama ispitivanog regiona. Suprotno, populacije sa peripanonskog&nbsp;prostora&nbsp; centralnog&nbsp; Balkana&nbsp; su&nbsp; pokazale&nbsp; niži&nbsp; nivo&nbsp; genetičkog&nbsp; diverziteta&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp;panonske populacije, sa izraženom inter-populacionom diferencijacijom. Potvrđeno je &scaron;irenje&nbsp;ambrozije&nbsp; u&nbsp; pravcu&nbsp; sever-jug&nbsp; na&nbsp; području&nbsp; peripanonskog&nbsp; prostora,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; poreklo&nbsp; ovih&nbsp;populacija&nbsp; od&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; iz&nbsp; regiona&nbsp; Panonske&nbsp; nizije,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; bez&nbsp; isključivanja&nbsp; mogućeg&nbsp; upliva&nbsp;ambrozije&nbsp; iz&nbsp; drugih&nbsp; pravaca.&nbsp; Ova&nbsp; saznanja&nbsp; doprinose&nbsp; rasvetljavanju&nbsp; procesa&nbsp; introdukcije&nbsp; i&nbsp;ekspanzije&nbsp; ispitivane&nbsp; invazivne&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; na&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; području&nbsp; Evrope.&nbsp; Utvrđen&nbsp; visok&nbsp; potencijal&nbsp; u&nbsp;ekspanziji ambrozije i potencijalni pravci &scaron;irenja u ispitivanom području, mogu da doprinesu&nbsp;predviđanju dalje potencijalne ekspanzije ove vrste, &scaron;to bi moglo unaprediti mere kontrole i&nbsp;strategiju za suzbijanje &scaron;irenja ambrozije.</p> / <p><em>Ambrosia&nbsp; artemisiifolia&nbsp;</em> L.&nbsp; (fam.&nbsp; Asteraceae)&nbsp; is&nbsp; one&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; most&nbsp; aggressive&nbsp; invasive&nbsp; plant&nbsp;species&nbsp; in&nbsp; Europe&nbsp; and&nbsp; globally.&nbsp; As&nbsp; weed&nbsp; species,&nbsp; common&nbsp; ragweed&nbsp; causes&nbsp; great&nbsp; economic&nbsp;losses by reducing the yield of agricultural crops, and its mass production&nbsp; of pollen produces&nbsp;severe allergic problems in humans. As an invasive species,&nbsp; <em>Ambrosia artemisiifolia&nbsp;</em> is&nbsp; a good&nbsp;model for studying the processes of biological invasions, which are today recognized as part&nbsp;of&nbsp; global&nbsp; changes,&nbsp; presenting&nbsp; a&nbsp; major&nbsp; threat&nbsp; to&nbsp; biodiversity,&nbsp; the&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; of &nbsp; ecosystems,&nbsp;agriculture and human health. In Europe, <em>Ambrosia artemisiifolia</em> is widespread, but one of the&nbsp;most&nbsp; infested&nbsp; area&nbsp; is&nbsp; the&nbsp; Pannonian&nbsp; Plain.&nbsp; According&nbsp; to&nbsp; location&nbsp; and&nbsp; characteristics&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp;area,&nbsp; this&nbsp; region&nbsp; represents&nbsp; a&nbsp; favorable&nbsp; habitat&nbsp; for&nbsp; introduction&nbsp; of&nbsp; common&nbsp; ragweed&nbsp; from&nbsp;different&nbsp; directions&nbsp; and&nbsp; rapid&nbsp; expansion&nbsp; in&nbsp; these&nbsp; areas&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; further.&nbsp; In&nbsp; the&nbsp; past&nbsp; 30-40&nbsp;years,&nbsp; common&nbsp; ragweed&nbsp; was&nbsp; spreading&nbsp; across&nbsp; Peripannonian&nbsp; region,&nbsp; more&nbsp; precisely,&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp;Central and Southern parts of Serbia. According the facts, the aim of this study was the genetic&nbsp;characterization&nbsp; of&nbsp; populations&nbsp; of&nbsp; <em>Ambrosia&nbsp; artemisiifolia&nbsp;</em> from&nbsp; the&nbsp; Southern&nbsp; part&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp;Pannonian Plain and the&nbsp; Peripannonian region of the Central Balkan.&nbsp; One of the most popular&nbsp;and most informative molecular markers in&nbsp; population genetics, microsatellites&nbsp; were&nbsp; used. In&nbsp;the area of the Pannonian Plain, a high level of&nbsp; genetic variability and low&nbsp; level of&nbsp; genetic&nbsp;differentiation and structure&nbsp; among the study population have detected, probably as a&nbsp; result of&nbsp;multiple&nbsp; introduction&nbsp; and&nbsp; intensive&nbsp; gene&nbsp; flow&nbsp; between&nbsp; populations.&nbsp; In&nbsp; the&nbsp; other&nbsp; hand,&nbsp; the&nbsp;populations from the Peripannonian region have shown lower level of genetic diversity related&nbsp;to&nbsp; populations&nbsp; from&nbsp; Pannonin&nbsp; Plain,&nbsp; with&nbsp; moderate&nbsp; level&nbsp; of&nbsp; inter-population&nbsp; differentiation.&nbsp;Obtained&nbsp; results&nbsp; have&nbsp; confirmed&nbsp; that&nbsp; the&nbsp; spread&nbsp; of&nbsp; common&nbsp; ragweed&nbsp; across&nbsp; Peripannonian&nbsp;region was&nbsp; in the north-south direction, as &nbsp;well as that the populations from the considered&nbsp;area originated from the populations of Pannonian Plain.&nbsp; However, in this claim we can not&nbsp;exclude&nbsp; the&nbsp; possible&nbsp; influence&nbsp; of&nbsp; <em>Ambrosia&nbsp; artemisiifolia</em>&nbsp; from&nbsp; other&nbsp; directions.&nbsp; This&nbsp; study&nbsp;contributes&nbsp; to&nbsp; better understuding of&nbsp; the process of introduction and expansion of&nbsp; <em>Ambrosia&nbsp;artemisiifolia&nbsp;</em> in&nbsp; considered part&nbsp; of Europe.&nbsp; Detected&nbsp; high potential for &nbsp;expansion of&nbsp; common&nbsp;ragweed and possible directions of spreading in the study area, can contribute to the prediction&nbsp;of&nbsp; potential&nbsp; further&nbsp; expansion&nbsp; of&nbsp; <em>Ambrosia&nbsp; artemisiifolia</em>,&nbsp; which&nbsp; could&nbsp; improve&nbsp; control&nbsp;measures and strategies for preventing the spreading of this invasive species.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Leydig-ove&nbsp; ćelije&nbsp; testisa&nbsp; su&nbsp; primarno&nbsp; mesto&nbsp; sinteze mu&scaron;kih polnih hormona. Ovi hormoni su neophodani za reproduktivno,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; i&nbsp; za&nbsp; op&scaron;te&nbsp; zdravlje&nbsp; budući&nbsp; da&nbsp; su<br />ozbiljni zdravstveni problemi često povezani sa njihovom smanjenom produkcijom.&nbsp; Insulin i insulinu sličan faktor rasta&nbsp; 1,&nbsp; IGF1&nbsp; <em>(engl.</em>&nbsp; insulin&nbsp; like&nbsp; growth&nbsp; factor&nbsp; 1),&nbsp; i<br />signalizacija koju pokreću preko svojih receptora&nbsp; (INSR i IGF1R),&nbsp; su&nbsp; jedan&nbsp; od&nbsp; ključnih&nbsp; faktora&nbsp; koji&nbsp; reguli&scaron;u specifični razvoj tkiva, pa i samih gonada. Ipak,&nbsp; uloga&nbsp; i<br />mehanizmi&nbsp; delovanja&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; receptora&nbsp; u&nbsp; steroidogenim tkivima nisu&nbsp; u potpunosti&nbsp; poznati.&nbsp; Stoga je&nbsp; istraživanje&nbsp; uokviru ove&nbsp; doktorske&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; koncipirano sa ciljem da se,&nbsp; na&nbsp; modelu&nbsp; prepubertalnih&nbsp; (P21)&nbsp; i&nbsp; adultnih&nbsp; (P80) mužjaka mi&scaron;eva sa kondicionalnom delecijom<em> Insr </em>i <em>Igf1</em>r gena&nbsp; u&nbsp; steroidogenim&nbsp; ćelijama&nbsp; (Insr/Igf1r-DKO), defini&scaron;e uloga INSR i IGF1R u regulisanju diferencijacije i&nbsp; steroidogene&nbsp; funkcije&nbsp; Leydig-ovih&nbsp; ćelija.&nbsp; Pored&nbsp; toga, mužjaci&nbsp; i&nbsp; ženke&nbsp; P21&nbsp; mi&scaron;eva&nbsp; sa&nbsp; istom&nbsp; delecijom&nbsp; su kori&scaron;ćeni&nbsp; za&nbsp; praćenje&nbsp; ekspresije&nbsp; glavnih&nbsp; markera mitohondrijalne&nbsp; biogeneze&nbsp; i&nbsp; fuzije/arhitekture&nbsp; u&nbsp; Leydigovim&nbsp; ćelijama,&nbsp; ovarijumima&nbsp; i&nbsp;&nbsp; nadbubrežnim&nbsp; žlezdama. Rezultati&nbsp; su&nbsp; potvrdili&nbsp; da&nbsp; delecija&nbsp; Insr&nbsp; i&nbsp; Igf1r&nbsp; u<br />steroidogenim&nbsp; tkivima&nbsp; utiče&nbsp; na&nbsp; diferencijaciju&nbsp; i funkcionalne karakteristike Leydig-ovih ćelija P21 i P80 mi&scaron;eva,&nbsp; upućujući&nbsp; na&nbsp; pojavu&nbsp; tzv.&nbsp; &bdquo;feminizacije&ldquo;.&nbsp; Broj<br />Leydig-ovih&nbsp; ćelija&nbsp; izolovanih&nbsp; iz&nbsp; P21&nbsp; i&nbsp; P80&nbsp; Insr/Igf1rDKO&nbsp; mi&scaron;eva&nbsp; bio&nbsp; je&nbsp; smanjen,&nbsp; a&nbsp; morfologija&nbsp; i ultrastruktura&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; ćelija&nbsp; izmenjene&nbsp; kod&nbsp; P21&nbsp; Insr/Igf1rDKO&nbsp; mi&scaron;eva.&nbsp; Steroidogeni&nbsp; kapacitet&nbsp; i&nbsp; aktivnost,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i ekspresija&nbsp; glavnih&nbsp; elemenata&nbsp; steroidogene&nbsp; ma&scaron;inerije <em>(Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd3b1&nbsp; i&nbsp; 6, Hsd17b3,</em><br /><em>Sf</em>1)&nbsp; bili su&nbsp; smanjeni&nbsp; u Leydig-ovim ćelijama P21 i P80 <em>Insr/Igf1</em>r-DKO mi&scaron;eva,&nbsp; dok je ekspresija transkripcionih represora&nbsp; steroidogeneze&nbsp; (Arr19&nbsp; i&nbsp; Dax1)&nbsp; bila&nbsp; povećana specifično&nbsp; u&nbsp; istim&nbsp; ćelijama,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; ne&nbsp; i&nbsp; u&nbsp; ostatku&nbsp; testisa.<br />Transkripcioni&nbsp; profil&nbsp; markera&nbsp; mu&scaron;kog&nbsp; pola&nbsp; (<em>Sry,&nbsp; Sox9, Amh</em>)&nbsp; bio&nbsp; je&nbsp; izmenjen&nbsp; u Leydig-ovim ćelijama P21 i P80 <em>Insr/Igf1r</em>-DKO&nbsp; mi&scaron;eva.&nbsp; Transkripcija&nbsp; markera&nbsp; ženskog pola (<em>Rspo1, Wnt4</em>) u testisima,&nbsp; kao i ekspresija&nbsp; Cyp19a1 i&nbsp; produkcija estradiola (E2) u Leydig-ovim ćelijama,&nbsp; P21 i&nbsp; P80&nbsp;<em> Insr/Igf1r</em>-DKO&nbsp; mi&scaron;eva&nbsp; bile&nbsp; su&nbsp; povećane. Transkripcija&nbsp; markera&nbsp; mitohondrijalne&nbsp; biogenze (<em>Ppargc1a,&nbsp; Tfam</em>,&nbsp; <em>Mtnd1</em>)&nbsp; bila&nbsp; je&nbsp; smanjena&nbsp; u&nbsp; Leydigovim&nbsp; ćelijama&nbsp; P21&nbsp; <em>Insr/Igf1r</em>-DKO&nbsp; mi&scaron;eva,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; supromene&nbsp; ekspresije&nbsp; izostale&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovarijumima&nbsp; ženki&nbsp; istog&nbsp; genotipa.&nbsp; Isti&nbsp; markeri&nbsp; su&nbsp; bili&nbsp; povećani&nbsp; u&nbsp; nabdubrežnim&nbsp; žlezdama&nbsp; oba&nbsp; pola.&nbsp; Markeri&nbsp; mitohondrijalne fuzije/arhitekture&nbsp; (<em>Mfn1&nbsp; i&nbsp; Mfn2)</em>&nbsp; bili&nbsp; su&nbsp; povećani&nbsp; u Leydig-ovim ćelijama P21 <em>Insr/Igf1r</em>-DKO mi&scaron;eva, &scaron;to je&nbsp; praćeno&nbsp; i&nbsp; naru&scaron;enom&nbsp; mitohondrijalnom&nbsp; fazom steroidogeneze (produkcija progesterona), kao i brojem i&nbsp; morfologijom ovim organela.&nbsp; Ekspresija istih markera u ovarijumima&nbsp; bila&nbsp; je&nbsp; nepromenjena.&nbsp; Sumirano,&nbsp; rezultati ovog istraživanja&nbsp; su&nbsp; pokazali&nbsp; da su&nbsp; INSR i IGF1R&nbsp; važni za&nbsp; diferencijaciju&nbsp; i&nbsp; steroidogenu&nbsp; funkciju&nbsp; Leydig-ovih&nbsp; ćelija&nbsp; P21&nbsp; i&nbsp; P80&nbsp; mi&scaron;eva.&nbsp; Takođe,&nbsp; ovi&nbsp; receptori&nbsp; su&nbsp; važni regulatori&nbsp; markera&nbsp; mitohondrijalne&nbsp; biogeneze&nbsp; i fuzije/arhiteture u steroidogenim ćelijama mu&scaron;kih gonada&nbsp; P21 mi&scaron;eva, ali ne i u steroidogenim ćelijama ovarijuma.&nbsp;</p> / <p>Leydig cells of testes are the primary site of the male sex hormones&nbsp; synthesis.&nbsp; These&nbsp; hormones&nbsp; are&nbsp; indispensable for&nbsp; both&nbsp; reproductive&nbsp; and&nbsp; general&nbsp; health&nbsp; since&nbsp; serious health&nbsp; problems&nbsp; are&nbsp; often&nbsp; associated&nbsp; with&nbsp; their&nbsp; reduced production.&nbsp; Insulin&nbsp; and&nbsp; insulin-like&nbsp; growth&nbsp; factor&nbsp; 1, IGF1&nbsp; (insulin&nbsp; like&nbsp; growth&nbsp; factor&nbsp; 1),&nbsp; and&nbsp; signaling triggered through&nbsp; their receptors (INSR and IGF1R), are&nbsp; one of the key&nbsp; factors&nbsp; that regulate specific development of&nbsp; tissue&nbsp; including&nbsp; gonads.&nbsp; However,&nbsp; the&nbsp; role&nbsp; and mechanisms&nbsp; of&nbsp; these&nbsp; receptors&nbsp; action&nbsp; in&nbsp; steroidogenic tissues are not known enough. This study was designed to&nbsp; observe &nbsp; the role of INSR and IGF1R in regulating the differentiation and steroidogenic function of Leydig cells by using the model of prepubertal (P21) and adult (P80) male mice with the conditional deletion of the&nbsp; Insr&nbsp; and Igf1r&nbsp; genes&nbsp; in&nbsp; steroidogenic&nbsp; cells&nbsp; (<em>Insr/Igf1r-</em>DKO).&nbsp; In addition,&nbsp; male&nbsp; and&nbsp; female&nbsp; P21&nbsp; mice&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; samedeletion were used to monitor the expression of the main markers&nbsp; of&nbsp; mitochondrial&nbsp; biogenesis&nbsp; and fusion/architecture&nbsp; in&nbsp; Leydig&nbsp; cells,&nbsp; ovaries&nbsp; and&nbsp; adrenal glands.&nbsp; The&nbsp; results&nbsp; confirmed&nbsp; that&nbsp; deletion&nbsp; of&nbsp;<em> Insr</em>&nbsp; and<em> Igf1r&nbsp;</em> in&nbsp; steroidogenic&nbsp; tissues&nbsp; influences&nbsp; differentiation and&nbsp; functional&nbsp; characteristics&nbsp; of&nbsp; Leydig&nbsp; cells&nbsp; isolated from&nbsp; P21&nbsp; and&nbsp; P80&nbsp; mice,&nbsp; suggesting&nbsp; an&nbsp; appearance&nbsp; of &quot;feminization&quot;.&nbsp; The&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; Leydig&nbsp; cells&nbsp; isolated from&nbsp; both&nbsp; P21&nbsp; and&nbsp; P80&nbsp; <em>Insr/Igf1</em>r-DKO&nbsp; mice&nbsp; was reduced.&nbsp; Morphology&nbsp; and&nbsp; ultrastructure&nbsp; of&nbsp; Leydig&nbsp; cells were&nbsp; disturbed&nbsp; in&nbsp; P21&nbsp; <em>Insr/Igf1r-</em>DKO&nbsp; mice. Steroidogenic capacity and activity, as well as expression of the main elements of&nbsp; steroidogenic machinery (<em>Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd3b1&nbsp; and&nbsp; 6, Hsd17b3, Sf1) </em>were&nbsp; decreased&nbsp; in&nbsp; Leydig&nbsp; cells&nbsp; from&nbsp; P21&nbsp; and&nbsp; P80 I<em>nsr/Igf1</em>r-DKO&nbsp; mice,&nbsp; while&nbsp; the&nbsp; expression&nbsp; of transcriptional&nbsp; repressors&nbsp; of&nbsp; steroidogenesis&nbsp; (<em>Arr19</em>&nbsp; and <em>Dax1) </em>was increased&nbsp; in the same cells, but not in the rest of&nbsp; the&nbsp; testes.&nbsp; Transcription&nbsp; profile&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; male&nbsp; sex markers&nbsp; (<em>Sry,&nbsp; Sox9</em>,&nbsp; <em>Amh</em>)&nbsp; was&nbsp; altered&nbsp; in&nbsp; Leydig&nbsp; cells from&nbsp; P21&nbsp; and&nbsp; P80&nbsp; <em>Insr/Igf1</em>r-DKO&nbsp; mice.&nbsp; Transcription of the female sex markers (<em>Rspo1, Wnt4</em>) in the testes, as well&nbsp; as&nbsp; <em>Cyp19a1&nbsp; </em>expression&nbsp; and&nbsp; estradiol&nbsp; (E2) production in Leydig cells,&nbsp; from P21 and P80&nbsp; I<em>nsr/Igf1</em>rDKO&nbsp; mice&nbsp; were&nbsp; increased.&nbsp; Transcription&nbsp; of mitochondrial&nbsp; biogenesis&nbsp; markers&nbsp; (<em>Ppargc1a,&nbsp; Tfam, Mtnd1</em>)&nbsp; was&nbsp; declined&nbsp; in&nbsp; Leydig&nbsp; cells&nbsp; from&nbsp; P21<em> Insr/Igf1r-</em>DKO mice, while changes were absent in&nbsp; the ovaries of the same genotype.&nbsp; Transcription of the&nbsp; same markers&nbsp; was&nbsp; increased&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; adrenal&nbsp; glands&nbsp; of&nbsp; both sexes.&nbsp; The&nbsp; mitochondrial&nbsp; fusion/architecture&nbsp; markers (<em>Mfn1</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; <em>Mfn2</em>)&nbsp; were&nbsp; increased&nbsp; in&nbsp; Leydig&nbsp; cells&nbsp; from<em> Insr/Igf1r</em>-DKO&nbsp; mice&nbsp; and&nbsp; followed&nbsp; by&nbsp; disturbedmitochondrial&nbsp; phase&nbsp; of&nbsp; steroidogenesis&nbsp; (progesterone production), as well as&nbsp; decreased&nbsp; number and&nbsp; disturbed morphology&nbsp; of&nbsp; mitochondria.&nbsp;&nbsp; Expression&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; same markers&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; ovaries&nbsp; was&nbsp; unchanged.&nbsp; In&nbsp; summary, results&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; study&nbsp; showed&nbsp; that&nbsp; INSR&nbsp; and&nbsp; IGF1R&nbsp; are important in differentiation and steroidogenic function of Leydig&nbsp; cells&nbsp; from&nbsp; P21&nbsp; and&nbsp; P80&nbsp; mice.&nbsp; Also,&nbsp; these receptors&nbsp; are&nbsp; important&nbsp; regulators&nbsp; of&nbsp; mitochondrial biogenesis&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; fusion/architecture&nbsp; markers&nbsp; in steroidogenic&nbsp; cells&nbsp; of&nbsp; P21&nbsp; male&nbsp; mice,&nbsp; but&nbsp; not&nbsp; in steroidogenic cells of ovaries.</p>

<p>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta OCR.</p><p>Uzajamnim djelovanjem i nrožimanjem faktora i elemenata prirodne osnove, te relevantnih dru&scaron;tveno-sreografskih procesa, izdiferencirala se posebna regionalna cjelina Semberija, koju karekteri&scaron;u homogenost i integrativnost.</p> / <p>The abstract has been processed with OCR optical text recognition technology.</p><p>Reciprocal operation and permeation of the natural basis /base/ factors and elements and relevant social geographic (al) procceses, the regional urit of Semberia, kxsvohose characteristics are homogesity and integrity has espe daily diferentiated frou the other anes.</p>