<p>Microorganisms, including two fungi, <i>Phytophthora cryptogea</i> and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> strain Fo-(IMI 386351), and one bacterium, <i>Pesudomonas</i> sp. strain MF30, were tested for their abilities to stimulate plant defence responses in tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> –L.) and to serve as effective biocontrol agents (<b>Bs</b>). The study included <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> characterization of biological attributes of the microorganisms, pertaining to their abilities to stimulate plant immunity against a fungal pathogen, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lycopersici</i> (Fol), the causal agent of tomato wilt disease. Using <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> –L. as a model plant for examining some fundamental elements of the plant-microorganism interaction, the study reveals and clarifies some aspects of the close association and the complexity of such systems.</p><p>For each <b>B</b>, the results revealed a <b>B</b>-distinct plant-microorganism interaction, which included systemic induced resistance (SIR). A phylogenetic analyses of the partial sequences of two Fo-(IMI 386351) genes, a mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mtSSU rDNA) and the nuclear translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), provided phylogenetic trees confirming that Fo-(IMI 386351) might be a member of Fol or of <i>F. oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>melonis</i>, which have polyphyletic evolutionary origins. RFLP analysis (mtDNA), suggested that Fo-(IMI 386351) probably belongs to Fol. For routine and accurate differentiation between two morphologically indistinguishable <i>F. oxysporum formae speciales</i> strains, <i>F. oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lycopersici</i> and <i>F. oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>radicis-lycopersici</i>, a molecular method (mtDNA RFLP analysis) was developed, and its usefulness for such differentiation was compared with that of two other methods: isozyme analysis and an osmotic method, revealed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC-spectra of Fo-(IMI 386351) had an extra peak for the two tested fractions, indicating that activation of the observed plant defence mechanism could have been at least partially the result of one of the products of the eliciting microbe. Preliminary results obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of those fractions suggest that the extra peak probably represents an oligosaccharide, which may have acted as a mobile signal and triggered the plant defence mechanisms.</p><p>We concluded that (1) our three tested microorganisms are able to stimulate plant defence mechanisms by triggering SIR (plant immunity), (2) the complexity and elaborateness of evolved plant-microbe interactions involving plant defence can, at least in some cases, be observed and studied in the laboratory, and (3) molecular tools can be a powerful means for identifying fungal strains and for clarifying their taxonomical relationships.</p>

Microorganisms, including two fungi, Phytophthora cryptogea and Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo-(IMI 386351), and one bacterium, Pesudomonas sp. strain MF30, were tested for their abilities to stimulate plant defence responses in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum –L.) and to serve as effective biocontrol agents (Bs). The study included in vivo and in vitro characterization of biological attributes of the microorganisms, pertaining to their abilities to stimulate plant immunity against a fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), the causal agent of tomato wilt disease. Using Lycopersicon esculentum –L. as a model plant for examining some fundamental elements of the plant-microorganism interaction, the study reveals and clarifies some aspects of the close association and the complexity of such systems. For each B, the results revealed a B-distinct plant-microorganism interaction, which included systemic induced resistance (SIR). A phylogenetic analyses of the partial sequences of two Fo-(IMI 386351) genes, a mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mtSSU rDNA) and the nuclear translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), provided phylogenetic trees confirming that Fo-(IMI 386351) might be a member of Fol or of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, which have polyphyletic evolutionary origins. RFLP analysis (mtDNA), suggested that Fo-(IMI 386351) probably belongs to Fol. For routine and accurate differentiation between two morphologically indistinguishable F. oxysporum formae speciales strains, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, a molecular method (mtDNA RFLP analysis) was developed, and its usefulness for such differentiation was compared with that of two other methods: isozyme analysis and an osmotic method, revealed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC-spectra of Fo-(IMI 386351) had an extra peak for the two tested fractions, indicating that activation of the observed plant defence mechanism could have been at least partially the result of one of the products of the eliciting microbe. Preliminary results obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of those fractions suggest that the extra peak probably represents an oligosaccharide, which may have acted as a mobile signal and triggered the plant defence mechanisms. We concluded that (1) our three tested microorganisms are able to stimulate plant defence mechanisms by triggering SIR (plant immunity), (2) the complexity and elaborateness of evolved plant-microbe interactions involving plant defence can, at least in some cases, be observed and studied in the laboratory, and (3) molecular tools can be a powerful means for identifying fungal strains and for clarifying their taxonomical relationships.

Thesis topic is individualization in education as a means to educate gifted students at the elementary school. The aim is to find out how teachers educate gifted students at the elementary school and what types of individualization techniques applied in everyday teaching. Teacher's attitude to education of gifted students, issues orientation and differentiation of educational offerings. The focus of the theoretical part is description of the specific characteristics and the problems of gifted children, which affects educational process and the relationships with the teacher and classmates. Options education of gifted pupils, modification methods, forms of teaching and learning environment. The multiple practical part includes the study of three elementary schools, which includes observation of teaching involved interviews with teachers. The research described disunited approach teachers for gifted children with their education. Comparisons between schools showed large differences in the education of gifted children in the primary school. Each school uses a different system of education of gifted students, has other goals in the education of gifted students and each school has different approach to the problem of gifted children. Key words Gifted children, individualization, differentiation methods,...