The contribution of the gluon helicity to the spin of the proton is being studied through the use of the unique capability of the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) to collide polarized protons at √s = 200 GeV and √s = 510 GeV. The kinematic coverage of the Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC (STAR) allows access to gluons through quark-gluon and gluon-gluon scattering processes which dominate jet production at low and medium transverse momentum. The polarized gluon distribution function, ∆g(x), can be constrained through a global analysis by measuring the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry (ALL) of inclusive jet and dijet production. Published inclusive jet results from 2009 at mid-rapidity (|η|< 1) at √s = 200 GeV have been used in global analyses and suggest a statistically significant non-zero truncated first moment of ∆g(x) for x > 0.05. An additional data sample with an integrated luminosity of 43 pb−1 has been collected in 2015, which is over twice as large as the corresponding 20 pb−1 of the 2009 data. Longitudinal double-spin asymmetry results from this new large data sample will further improve the precision of ∆g(x) for x > 0.05. / Physics

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Apresenta-se neste trabalho um estudo sobre o impacto do empilhamento de eventos (pile-up), nas distribuições das variáveis comumente utilizadas para identificar eventos difrativos, na topologia de difração dura simples produzindo dijatos, nas condições do CMS para baixa luminosidade (2 x 1033 cm -2 s-1). O cenário de baixa luminosidade citado acima equivale aproximadamente a 5 eventos de pile-up em média por cruzamento de pacotes. Para simular o sinal, difrativos (com e sem pile-up), usamos o gerador POMWIG (1). Para os eventos não-difrativos (com e sem pile-up), utilizamos o gerador PYTHIA (2),bem como para a produção dos eventos de pile-up (eventos simulados utilizando eventos de minimum bias). / We present here a study on the pile-up impact in the variables commonly used to identify diffractive events, the topology of single diffraction producing hard jets in the CMS conditions for low luminosity (2 X 1033 cm -2 s-1). The low luminosity scenario mentioned above is equivalent to approximately 5 pile-up events on average by crossing packages. To simulate the signal, diffractive events (with and without pile-up), we use the generator POMWIG(1). For the non-diffractive events (with and without pile-up), we use generator PYTHIA(2), and for the production of events of pile-up as well (events simulated using minimum bias events).

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a produção de dijatos exclusivos em interações pp, do tipo pp &#8594; p "+" dijatos "+" p, onde os prótons desta interação permanecem intactos, e o símbolo "+" indica uma lacuna na pseudorapidez, uma região com ausência de atividade hadrônica entre os prótons espalhados e o sistema central de dijatos; este processo é conhecido como produção central exclusiva. A análise utiliza uma amostra de dados que corresponde a uma luminosidade efetiva de 24;48 pb-1 coletados pelo experimento Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) no Large Hadron Collider (LHC), no ano de 2010, com energia de centro de massa &#8730;s = 7 TeV. Este canal possui uma assinatura experimental única, caracterizada pelos prótons espalhados na região frontal, ou a baixos ângulos e duas grandes lacunas opostas. O processo da produção central exclusiva é útil para o entendimento das interações no contexto da QCD. / This work presents a study about the exclusive dijets production in pp interactions of type pp &#8594; p "+" dijets "+" p, where the protons this interaction remain intact, and the symbol "+" denotes a gap in pseudorapidity, a region with no hadronic activity between the scattered protons and the central dijets system, this process is known as central exclusive production. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to effective luminosity of 24:48 pb -1 collected by the experiment Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) at Large Hadron Collider (LHC), in 2010, with center of mass energy of &#8730;s = 7 TeV. This channel has a experimental signature unique, characterized by scattered protons in the frontal region or low angles and two large gaps opposite. The central exclusive production process is useful for understanding the interactions in the context of QCD.

Title: Study of diffractive processes at the ATLAS Experiment Author: Vlastimil Kůs Department: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics Supervisor: Mgr. Marek Taševský, Ph.D. Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the CR, v.v.i. Abstract: A data sample of pp collisions corresponding to an integrated lumi- nosity of 6.75 nb−1 was collected at √ s = 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Collision events with at least two jets with pT > 20 GeV are used to measure the differential cross section of the diffractive dijet production as a function of the rapidity gap size ∆ηF , the largest forward region extending from |η| = 4.8 devoid of particle activity above threshold momentum cuts, and an estimator of the fractional momentum loss of the scattered proton assuming the single diffractive dissociation (pp → pX), ˜ξ± . Comparisons with various Monte Carlo models reveal that though the region of small ˜ξ± and large rapidity gaps is dominated by diffraction, a contribution form non-diffractive events cannot be neglected. The rapidity gap survival probability is estimated based on data to Monte Carlo comparisons in the −3.2 < log10 ˜ξ± < −2.5 region of the ˜ξ± distri- bution with the ∆ηF > 2 requirement. 1

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Apresenta-se neste trabalho um estudo sobre o impacto do empilhamento de eventos (pile-up), nas distribuições das variáveis comumente utilizadas para identificar eventos difrativos, na topologia de difração dura simples produzindo dijatos, nas condições do CMS para baixa luminosidade (2 x 1033 cm -2 s-1). O cenário de baixa luminosidade citado acima equivale aproximadamente a 5 eventos de pile-up em média por cruzamento de pacotes. Para simular o sinal, difrativos (com e sem pile-up), usamos o gerador POMWIG (1). Para os eventos não-difrativos (com e sem pile-up), utilizamos o gerador PYTHIA (2),bem como para a produção dos eventos de pile-up (eventos simulados utilizando eventos de minimum bias). / We present here a study on the pile-up impact in the variables commonly used to identify diffractive events, the topology of single diffraction producing hard jets in the CMS conditions for low luminosity (2 X 1033 cm -2 s-1). The low luminosity scenario mentioned above is equivalent to approximately 5 pile-up events on average by crossing packages. To simulate the signal, diffractive events (with and without pile-up), we use the generator POMWIG(1). For the non-diffractive events (with and without pile-up), we use generator PYTHIA(2), and for the production of events of pile-up as well (events simulated using minimum bias events).

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a produção de dijatos exclusivos em interações pp, do tipo pp &#8594; p "+" dijatos "+" p, onde os prótons desta interação permanecem intactos, e o símbolo "+" indica uma lacuna na pseudorapidez, uma região com ausência de atividade hadrônica entre os prótons espalhados e o sistema central de dijatos; este processo é conhecido como produção central exclusiva. A análise utiliza uma amostra de dados que corresponde a uma luminosidade efetiva de 24;48 pb-1 coletados pelo experimento Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) no Large Hadron Collider (LHC), no ano de 2010, com energia de centro de massa &#8730;s = 7 TeV. Este canal possui uma assinatura experimental única, caracterizada pelos prótons espalhados na região frontal, ou a baixos ângulos e duas grandes lacunas opostas. O processo da produção central exclusiva é útil para o entendimento das interações no contexto da QCD. / This work presents a study about the exclusive dijets production in pp interactions of type pp &#8594; p "+" dijets "+" p, where the protons this interaction remain intact, and the symbol "+" denotes a gap in pseudorapidity, a region with no hadronic activity between the scattered protons and the central dijets system, this process is known as central exclusive production. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to effective luminosity of 24:48 pb -1 collected by the experiment Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) at Large Hadron Collider (LHC), in 2010, with center of mass energy of &#8730;s = 7 TeV. This channel has a experimental signature unique, characterized by scattered protons in the frontal region or low angles and two large gaps opposite. The central exclusive production process is useful for understanding the interactions in the context of QCD.

The cross section of the diffractive process e+p → e+Xp is measured at a centre-of-mass energies of 319 GeV, where the system X contains at least two jets and the leading final state proton p is detected in the H1 Very Forward Proton Spectrometer. The measurement is performed in photoproduction defined by photon virtualities Q2 < 2 GeV2 and in deep-inelastic scattering with 4 GeV2 < Q2 < 80 GeV2 . The results are compared to next-to-leading order QCD calculations based on diffractive parton distribution functions as extracted from measurements of inclusive cross sections in diffractive deep- inelastic scattering. A collinear QCD factorization theorem is tested against the measured cross sections and their ratios. 1

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho trata do estudo, por meio de simulação de Monte Carlo, de correlações entre variáveis cinemáticas nas topologias de difração simples e de dupla troca de pomeron com vista a delimitar e estudar o espaço de fase referente às topologias citadas, em especial no que se refere á produção inclusiva de dijatos no contexto do experimento CMS/LHC. Será também apresentada uma análise da produção, por difração simples, de dijatos inclusivos a energia no centro de massa &#8730;s = 14 TeV (também por simulação de Monte Carlo), na qual estabelecemos um procedimento, a ser usado com dados, para a observação desse tipo de processo. Ainda analisamos a influência de diversos valores da probabilidade de sobrevivência do intervalo de rapidez, [|S|], nos resultados, de forma que com 10 pb -1 de dados acumulados, uma simples observação da produção de dijatos difrativos inclusivos, pelo método proposto, pode vir a excluir valores muito pequenos de [|S|]. / This work is about the study, by means of a Monte Carlo simulation, of correlations in kinematical variables on topologies of single diffraction and double pomeron exchange looking for determinate and study the phase space of the cited topologies, specially in what is about inclusive production of dijets at CMS/LHC. It will be also presented an analysis on the single diffractive production of inclusive dijets at center of mass energy &#8730;s = 14 TeV (also bymeans of a Monte Carlo simulation), in which we established a data-driven procedure, for the observation of this kind of process. We also analyze the impact of different values of rapidity gap survival probability, [|S|], on the results, in such a way that we can conclude that an observation of inclusive diffractive dijets, in 10 pb-1 of data, using the procedure proposed, may exclude very low values of [|S|].

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho trata do estudo, por meio de simulação de Monte Carlo, de correlações entre variáveis cinemáticas nas topologias de difração simples e de dupla troca de pomeron com vista a delimitar e estudar o espaço de fase referente às topologias citadas, em especial no que se refere á produção inclusiva de dijatos no contexto do experimento CMS/LHC. Será também apresentada uma análise da produção, por difração simples, de dijatos inclusivos a energia no centro de massa &#8730;s = 14 TeV (também por simulação de Monte Carlo), na qual estabelecemos um procedimento, a ser usado com dados, para a observação desse tipo de processo. Ainda analisamos a influência de diversos valores da probabilidade de sobrevivência do intervalo de rapidez, [|S|], nos resultados, de forma que com 10 pb -1 de dados acumulados, uma simples observação da produção de dijatos difrativos inclusivos, pelo método proposto, pode vir a excluir valores muito pequenos de [|S|]. / This work is about the study, by means of a Monte Carlo simulation, of correlations in kinematical variables on topologies of single diffraction and double pomeron exchange looking for determinate and study the phase space of the cited topologies, specially in what is about inclusive production of dijets at CMS/LHC. It will be also presented an analysis on the single diffractive production of inclusive dijets at center of mass energy &#8730;s = 14 TeV (also bymeans of a Monte Carlo simulation), in which we established a data-driven procedure, for the observation of this kind of process. We also analyze the impact of different values of rapidity gap survival probability, [|S|], on the results, in such a way that we can conclude that an observation of inclusive diffractive dijets, in 10 pb-1 of data, using the procedure proposed, may exclude very low values of [|S|].

Coloured final states are ubiquitous at hadron colliders such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Therefore understanding high energy perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at these experiments is essential not only as a test of the Standard Model, but also because these processes form the dominant background to many searches for new physics. One such `standard candle' is the production of a dilepton pair in association with dijets. Here we present a new description of this final state (through the production of a Z⁰ boson and γ*). This calculation adds to the fixed-order accuracy the dominant logarithms in the limit of large partonic centre-of-mass energy to all orders in the strong coupling αs. This is achieved within the framework of High Energy Jets. This calculation is made possible by extending the high energy treatment to take into account the multiple t-channel exchanges arising from Z⁰ and gamma* -emissions off several quark lines. The correct description of the interference effects from the various t-channel exchanges requires an extension of the subtraction terms in the all-order calculation. We describe this construction and compare the resulting predictions to a number of recent analyses of LHC data. The description of a wide range of observables is good, and, as expected, stands out from other approaches in particular in the regions of large dijet invariant mass and large dijet rapidity spans. In addition we also present the application of the High Energy Jets framework to two new experimental scenarios. Firstly, we show a comparison of High Energy Jets matched to the ARIADNE parton shower to an ATLAS study of gap activity in dijet events. We see that our description agrees well with the data throughout and in many distributions gives the best theoretical description. This shows the extra logarithmic corrections are essential to describe data already in LHC Run I. Secondly, we present a study of Z⁰/γ* plus dijets at 100 TeV. We compare the behaviour of the high energy logarithmic enhancements to the QCD perturbative series at 7 TeV and 100 Tev and see that at any high energy hadronic Future Circular Collider (FCC) the effects described by our resummation become significantly more important.