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Presented diploma thesis is focused on the ecotoxicological evaluation of insecticide mixtures Perfekthion and Bulldock 25 EC and their effective substances, dimethoate and beta-cyfluthrin, respectively. Dimethoate is an organophosphate insecticide while beta-cyfluthrin belongs to pyrethroids. Both mixtures’ target organisms are sucking and biting pests on grain crops, potatoes, vegetables, oilseed rape and ornamental flowers. Their application over large areas and transport in large volumes generates a significant risk of entering the environment. Mixtures and substances were tested on water plant Lemna minor, algae Desmodesmus quadricauda and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. The LC50, EC50, and IC50 values were determined and ecotoxicity of substances and mixtures was evaluated and compared.

<p>Geometric morphometrics (GM) provides a complementary method for studying morphology. Snails have been analyzed in the field of morphometrics since the 1960s because their shells serve to record information about their life histories and environmental habitats. In this thesis, we present an annotated bibliography for advancements in GM, using applications to snail shells as a representative case study. We categorize 30 publications into four fields, morphology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution, and show that developments have been unequal among them. We conclude by predicting that GM applications on snail shells will increase, especially in hybrid fields, such as, ecotoxicology, which currently are underrepresented. As a demonstration, we describe an experiment wherein we applied GM as a complementary morphological method to study the garden snail species Cepea nemoralis in an organophosphatepesticide, ecotoxicological setting. We conclude by showing that GM reveals subtle morphological differences among treatment groups with no relation to pesticide dosage.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Orientador: Antonio Francisco Godinho / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas os níveis de contaminação ambiental por metais pesados e inseticidas vêm aumentando significativamente, acompanhando exponencialmente o rápido e crescente desenvolvimento industrial levando à exposição simultânea a vários agentes químicos com ação sobre o sistema nervoso central (SNC). Sob o ponto de vista toxicológico, co-exposição a substâncias químicas tende a piorar de forma qualitativa e quantitativa os danos produzidos e a irreversibilidade dos processos de neurotoxicidade. Um dos mais prevalentes tipos de desordens sobre o SNC é o da ansiedade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a co-exposição gestacional ao metal pesado cádmio (Cd) e ao inseticida organofosforado dimetoato (DM) e sua influência sobre o comportamento de ansiedade na prole de ratos em desenvolvimento. Fêmeas prenhes foram expostas durante toda a gestação, por via oral, a solução de Cd (10mg/l), DM (4mg/kg, gavage) e Cd+DM. Após o nascimento dos filhotes foram avaliados: desenvolvimento físico e sensório-motor dos filhotes durante os primeiros dias de idade e o comportamento de ansiedade nas idades de 30 e 80 dias, utilizando arena de campo aberto (ACA), labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e caixa claro-escura (CCE). Também foram quantificadoso Cd e o DM tecidual e a atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) sanguínea e cerebral. Os resultados obtidos mostram que: a co-exposição aos agentes alterou o desenvolvimento físico dos filhotes; Cd, DM e Cd+DM aumentaram a ansiedade da pro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the last decades the levels of environmental contamination by heavy metals and insecticides increased significantly, following exponentially the fast and crescent industrial development leading to the simultaneous exposition to some chemical agents with action on the central nervous system (SNC). Under the toxicological point of view, co-exposure enhances qualitatively and quantitatively the damages produced and the irreversibility of the neurotoxicity processes. One of the most prevalent types of disorders on the SNC is the anxiety. The objective of this work was to study the gestational co-exposure to heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and organophosphate insecticide dimethoate (DM), and its influences on anxiety behavior of rats offspring during its development. Pregnant females were exposed during gestational period, by oral view, to the Cd solution (10 mg/l), DM (4 mg/kg, gavage), or Cd+DM. After birth were evaluated: offspring's physical and sensory-motor development in the first days of age, and anxiety behavior in the ages of 30 and 80 days, using open field arena (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and light-dark box (LDB) apparatus. Also were quantified Cd and DM in tissues and activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) in blood and brain. The obtained results show that: co-exposition to chemical agents modified the physical development of the young rats; Cd, DM and Cd+DM increased the anxiety of the offspring in the young and adult age however, the increase of anxiety ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Chemistry) / There is growing concern on endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). The presence of drugs in water supplies was first realized in Germany in the early 1990s when environmental scientists discovered clofibric acid. Clofibric acid has the ability to lower cholesterol in ground water below a water treatment plant. Endocrine disrupting compounds can be defined as those chemicals with the ability to alter daily functioning of the endocrine system in living organisms. There are numerous molecules that are regarded or referred to as EDCs such as but not limited to organochlorinated pesticides, industrial chemicals, plastics and plasticizers, fuels, estrogens and many other chemicals that are found in the environment or are in widespread use. 17?- estradiol is the principal estrogen found in mammals during reproductive years. Estriol is produced in large quantities during pregnancy. 17?-estradiol is the strongest, estriol the weakest. Estriol is water soluble, estrone and estradiol are not. Although estrogen is produced in women they are also at risk of over exposure to estrogen. Pesticides are extensively used today in agricultural settings to prevent and control pests. Various pesticides, including banned organochlorines (OCs) and modern non-persistent pesticides, have shown the ability to disrupt thyroid activity, disturbing the homeostasis of the thyroid system. Because these EDCs have adverse effects on health of both human and wildlife, it is imperative to develop viable costeffective analytical methods for the detection of these EDCs in complicated samples and at very low concentrations. Very high selectivity towards particular compounds is a very important property for the suitability of a detection method. This is because these compounds mostly coexist in complex matrices which makes the detection of a specific compound very challenging. It is paramount to develop highly sensitive and selective methods for the detection of these estrogens and phosphoric acid-based pesticides at trace levels. / 2021-08-31

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 316593 bytes, checksum: 9211416fdf4f9f4ea32b6492965b28a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The predatory mite Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has great potential as a biological control agent of spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). However, chemical control may adversely affect the effectiveness of this predator. An alternative that would exploit the potential presented by P. macropilis as natural enemy of spider mite would be the selection of individuals resistant to pesticides from major collections in the areas of cash crops, since these individuals would be under constant selective pressure of one or more pesticides. Thus, the objective was to identify individuals of P. macropilis resistant to acaricides abamectin and dimethoate and possible fitness cost linked to this resistance. It took account of these two pesticides with insecticide-acaricide action because they are more invested in strawberry crops in the state of Minas Gerais for the control of spider mite. To that end, this dissertation were evaluated: i) the lethal toxicity of the acaricides abamectin and dimethoate on two populations of P. macropilis, coming from a conventional farming in the region of Barbacena-MG and the other from a greenhouse on the campus of Universidade Federal de Viçosa, ii) the instantaneous rate of increase (ri), rate of predation on spider mite and capacity foraging to volatile plant infested with spider mite for the two populations of P. macropilis. It was concluded that the population collected in conventional system in the region of Barbacena showed resistance to dimethoate and that this resistance is not associated with fitness cost compared to susceptible individuals. / O ácaro predador Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) possui grande potencial como agente de controle biológico do ácaro-rajado Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). No entanto, o controle químico pode interferir negativamente na efetividade deste predador. Uma alternativa que permitiria explorar o potencial apresentado por P. macropilis como inimigo natural do ácaro-rajado seria a seleção de indivíduos resistentes aos principais pesticidas a partir de coletas em áreas de cultivos comerciais, pois estes indivíduos estariam sob pressão seletiva constante de um ou mais pesticidas. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar indivíduos de P. macropilis resistentes aos acaricidas abamectina e dimetoato e o possível custo adaptativo ligado a esta resistência. Levou-se em consideração estes dois pesticidas com ação acaricida-inseticida por serem os mais aplicados em cultivos de morangueiro no estado de Minas Gerais para o controle do ácaro-rajado. Para tanto, nesta dissertação foram avaliados: i) A toxicidade letal dos acaricidas abamectina e dimetoato sobre duas populações de P. macropilis, uma oriunda de cultivo convencional da região de Barbacena-MG e a outra proveniente de casa de vegetação do campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa; ii) A taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional (ri), taxa de predação sobre o ácaro-rajado e capacidade de forrageamento a voláteis de plantas infestadas com o ácaro-rajado para as duas populações de P. macropilis. Concluiu-se que a população coletada em cultivo convencional na região de Barbacena apresentou resistência a dimetoato e que esta resistência não está associada a custo adaptativo em relação a indivíduos susceptíveis.