The near absence of bed bugs from human dwellings for fifty or more years has left us with limited knowledge of its biology and few answers to eliminate populations. I explored a diverse set of objectives to answer key questions concerning bed bug biology and control. Major objectives were studies of circadian rhythmicity, pyrethroid resistance, sublethal effects of insecticides, synergism of pyrethroids, and evaluation of a pyrrole insecticides, chlorfenapyr. Additional studies included persistence of Borrelia in bed bugs after ingestion, and aggregation factors from feces. In the absence of host stimuli, insects were much more active in the dark than in the light. Nocturnal activity was periodical under continuous light conditions, which indicates that locomotion is endogenously generated by a circadian clock. Circadian rhythm was entrained to reverse dark-light regimes. Short–term starved adults moved more frequently than long-starved adults. These results suggest that starved bugs reduce locomotor activity as a strategy to conserve metabolic reserves. Pyrethroid resistance in C. lectularius was documented for the first time. Extremely high levels of resistance to deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin, was detected in populations collected in Kentucky and Ohio. The resistance ratios reported are among the highest documented in any arthropod. Evaluations of more than 20 populations from across the United States indicate that resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is widespread. Bed bugs avoided resting on surfaces treated with deltamethrin but not with chlorfenapyr. Video recordings of bed bugs showed that insects increased their activity when they contacted sublethal doses of deltamethrin. However, harborages treated with a deltamethrin remained attractive. A nearby heat source overcame avoidance to deltamethrin. The P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) enhanced toxicity of deltamethrin to resistant bed bugs. However, the residual resistance after PBO treatment indicated that other resistance mechanisms are involved. The effectiveness of combining PBO with pyrethroids varied among populations, which indicates that this synergist is not a comprehensive solution to pyrethroid resistance. Chlorfenapyr was effective against pyrethroid resistant strains. While it does not cause quick knockdown, long residual activity and no avoidance behavior to dry residues appears to make this insecticide a useful tool for bed bug control.

Neonicotinoids are primarily used in agriculture where they are applied as seed coatings, foliar sprays, and soil drenches or through drip irrigation. In urban areas neonicotinoids are used in home garden products and tree treatments. The maximum foraging ranges of honey bees are usually 10 – 15 km (median distances are 1 – 6 km) from the hive. Hence bee exposure to neonicotinoids is dependent upon the land use type within limited foraging distances from the hive. However, there are virtually no data showing levels of neonicotinoid use in urban areas and few studies have been done to compare urban and agricultural exposure. Several neonicotinoids have shown various toxic effects on pollinators and particularly honey bees. Honey bees have a limited arsenal of detoxification proteins to withstand neonicotinoid exposure, which makes them more sensitive and less able to develop tolerance to these insecticides compared to other insects. Sublethal exposure of honey bees to neonicotinoids can cause behavioral disturbances, orientation difficulties, impairment of social activities, and respiratory pattern changes. These behavioral changes can cause insufficient foraging behavior in honey bees due to the sublethal effect of neonicotinoids, thus putting the colony at risk of food shortage and eventually collapse. My objectives were to (1) develop a highly sensitive and selective, multi-residual analytical method for neonicotinoids in honey bee and pollen samples, (2) investigate the impacts of land use type (agriculture vs. urban) on the exposure of honey bees to neonicotinoid, (3) investigate the sublethal effect of imidacloprid on honey bees’ behavioral performance, and (4) investigate the sublethal effect of field-realistic concentrations of imidacloprid on honey bees’ metabolism at different ambient temperatures.To address my first objective (Chapter 2), I tested three sample cleanup methods (silica SPE, NH2-silica SPE, and Z-Sep SPE) based on solid phase extraction (SPE), which were investigated for determination of neonicotinoid insecticides and selected metabolites in honey bee and pollen samples by LC-MS/MS. Samples were extracted by hexane and ethyl acetate and then cleaned up with a SPE cartridge packed with silica gel, which showed a better cleanup efficiency compared to the aminopropyl silica SPE and zirconium-based sorbents method. Matrix effects of the three cleanup methods were evaluated and compared. Silica gel showed the highest analyte recoveries and method detection limit for this method were 2.0 to 9.1 μg/kg for honey bees and 2.4 to 4.7 μg/kg for pollen. Recovery studies were performed at three spiking levels (10, 60, and 120 μg/kg) and ranged from 78 to 140% with RSDs between 3 to 18% in honey bees and 83 to 124% with RSDs between 3 to 17% in pollen. The silica gel SPE cleanup method was then applied using honey bee and pollen samples that were collected from different apiaries. To address my second objective (Chapter 3), I analyzed honey bee and beebread (pollen) samples from apiaries in agricultural, developed, and undeveloped areas that were collected during two years in Virginia to assess if landscape type or county pesticide use were predictive of honey bee colony exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides. Trace concentrations of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid were detected in honey bees (3 out of 84 samples, 2.02 – 3.97 ng/g), while higher levels were detected in beebread (5 out of 84 samples, 4.68 – 11.5 ng/g) and pollen (3 out of 5 pollen trap samples, 7.86 – 12.6 ng/g). Imidacloprid was only detected in samples collected during July and August and were not detected in honey bees from hives where neonicotinoids were detected in pollen or beebread. Number of hives sampled at a site, county pesticide use, and landscape characteristics were not predictive of neonicotinoid detections in honey bees or beebread (all P>0.05). Because of the low detection rates, field surveys may underestimate honey bee exposure to field realistic levels of pesticides or the risk of exposure in different landscapes. Undetectably low levels of exposure or high levels of exposure that go undetected raise questions with regard to potential threats to honey bees and other pollinators. To address my third objective (Chapter 4), I investigated the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of imidacloprid on late fall forager honey bees’ behavior by accessing their activity levels and walking performance after being fed ad libitum with six different concentrations (2 – 125 μg/kg) of imidacloprid-dosed syrup for up to 48 hours in laboratory. Honey bee activity levels and motivation to move after being released into a UV light illuminated tunnel decreased significantly as dosages of neonicotinoid in their diet increased. However, their walking speeds were not significantly affected by imidacloprid. The behavioral changes I observed in honey bees chronically exposed to neonicotinoid via diet could negatively affect individual honey bee performance of their hive duties and consequently, colony survival during late fall and winter. To address my fourth objective (Chapter 5), I measured honey bee (Apis mellifera) foragers’ CO2 production rates at different temperatures (25, 30, or 35°C) after they consumed syrup dosed with a field realistic (5 μg/L) or high (20 μg/L) concentration of a neonicotinoid insecticide (i.e. imidacloprid) for 48h. We found that imidacloprid exposure significantly disrupted honey bees’ non-flight metabolic rates and there was a significant interaction between imidacloprid dosage and ambient temperature. Honey bee foragers dosed with 5 μg/L imidacloprid displayed higher average metabolic rates and those dosed with 20 μg/L imidacloprid displayed similar average metabolic rates compared to the corresponding control group across all temperatures. Exposure to field realistic concentrations of neonicotinoid may have a higher energetic cost for honey bees at 25℃ than at higher ambient temperatures. Disrupted energy costs in honey bees fed imidacloprid might be due to the thermoregulation, nerve excitation, or detoxification processes. Metabolic rate changes caused by pesticide exposure could result in less available energy for honey bees to perform hive duties and forage, which could negatively affect colony health.

Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) é a principal praga da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, causando danos diretos e indiretos, e seu controle é, em grande parte, realizado por liberações massais do endoparasitoide Cotesia flavipes (Cameron). Entretanto, o uso de inseticidas sintéticos por meio de aplicações foliares para controle da praga antes de sua entrada no colmo tem sido intensificado no Brasil. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com o presente estudo, avaliar a toxicidade e a persistência dos principais inseticidas utilizados na cultura para controle de D. saccharalis pelo contato residual em folhas tratadas nas maiores concentrações de campo, conforme classificação da IOBC/WPRS. Os tratamentos foram clorantraniliprole (Altacor® 350 WG), lambda-cialotrina + clorantraniliprole (Ampligo® 150 SC), clorfluazuron (Atabron® 50 EC), triflumuron (Certero® 480 SC), lambda-cialotrina + tiametoxam (Engeo™ Pleno), tebufenozide (Mimic® 240 SC), novaluron (Rimon® 100 EC) e controle (água destilada). Em laboratório, discos da folha de cana-de-açúcar foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo uma solução composta por [água:ágar] e pulverizadas em torre de Potter, conforme recomendações da IOBC/WPRS. Após 2 h da aplicação, adultos de C. flavipes foram anestesiados com CO2 por 10 segundos e introduzidos em cada placa. Para avaliação da persistência, plantas de cana-de-açúcar foram pulverizadas com os tratamentos até o ponto de escorrimento em casa de vegetação. Aos 5, 15 e 30 dias após aplicação (DAA) foram coletadas as folhas e discos das folhas foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo uma solução composta por [água:ágar]. Para cada dia de avaliação, adultos de C. flavipes foram anestesiados com CO2 por 10 segundos e introduzidos em cada placa contendo os tratamentos. Tanto para o experimento em laboratório como para o de persistência, avaliaram-se os efeitos letal (após 24 h) e subletais da geração maternal e subletais das gerações F1 e F2. As placas foram acondicionadas em sala climatizada com temperatura de 25 ± 2 °C, UR 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 horas. Após avaliação da toxicidade aguda, os inseticidas Altacor® 350 WG, Atabron® 50 EC, Certero® 480 SC, Mimic® 240 SC e Rimon® 100 EC foram classificados como inócuos (classe 1) e vida curta (classe 1). Entretanto, Altacor®, Atabron®, Certero® e Rimon® causaram redução no tamanho da tíbia posterior de fêmeas da geração F1, Rimon® reduziu a razão sexual e Atabron® reduziu o peso das massas de casulos da geração F2. Os tratamentos Ampligo® e Engeo™ Pleno causaram 100% de mortalidade após 2 h da aplicação, sendo classificados como nocivos (classe 4) e em bioensaio de semi-campo como persistentes (classe 4). Portanto, apenas Mimic® pode ser recomendado para controle de D. saccharalis em associação com o controle biológico com liberações de C. flavipes. Os inseticidas enquadrados nas classes 4, nocivos ao parasitoide, devem ser estudados em testes de campo para confirmação da toxicidade. / Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) is the main pest of the sugarcane crop, causing direct and indirect damage, and its control is largely accomplished by mass releases of the endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Cameron). However, the use of synthetic insecticides through foliar applications to control the pest before its entry into the stem has been intensified in Brazil. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and persistence of the main insecticides used in the crop for the control of D. saccharalis by the residual contact of treated leaves at the highest field concentrations, according to the IOBC / WPRS classification. The treatments were chlorantraniliprole (Altacor® 350 WG), lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole (Ampligo® 150 SC), chlorfluazuron (Atabron® 50 EC), triflumuron (Certero® 480 SC), lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam (Engeo ™ Pleno), tebufenozide (Mimic® 240 SC), novaluron (Rimon® 100 EC) and control (distilled water). In the laboratory, sugar cane leaf discs were placed in Petri dishes containing a solution composed of water: agar and pulverized in a Potter tower, according to IOBC/WPRS recommendations. After 2 h of application, adults of C. flavipes were anesthetized with CO2 for 10 seconds and introduced into each plate containing the treatments. To evaluate the persistence, sugarcane plants were sprayed with the treatments to the point of runoff under greenhouse conditions. At 5, 15 and 30 days after application (DAA) the leaves were collected and discs were made which were placed in Petri dishes containing a solution composed of water: agar. For each day of evaluation, C. flavipes adults were anesthetized with CO2 for 10 seconds and introduced into each plate containing the treatments. For both the laboratory and persistence experiments, the lethal (after 24 h) and sublethal effects of the maternal and sublethal generation of the F1 and F2 generations were evaluated in a completely randomized design. The plates were conditioned in an air conditioned room with temperature of 25 ± 2 ° C, RH 70 ± 10% and photophase of 14 hours. Insecticides chlorantraniliprole, chlorfluazuron, triflumuron, tebufenozide and novaluron were classified as harmless (class 1) and short-lived (class 1). However, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfluazuron, triflumuron and novaluron caused reduction in the posterior tibia size of females of F1 generation; tebufenozide reduced the sex ratio and chlorfluazuron reduce the weight of parasitoid pupa of the F2 generation. The treatments lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole and lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam caused 100% of mortality after 2 h of the application, being classified as noxious (class 4) and semi-field bioassay as persistent (class 4). Therefore, only tebufenozide can be recommended for control of D. saccharalis in association with biological control with releases of C. flavipes. The insecticides classified as classes 4 are not selective to the parasitoid and field tests should be performed to confirm toxicity.

Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) é a principal praga da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, causando danos diretos e indiretos, e seu controle é, em grande parte, realizado por liberações massais do endoparasitoide Cotesia flavipes (Cameron). Entretanto, o uso de inseticidas sintéticos por meio de aplicações foliares para controle da praga antes de sua entrada no colmo tem sido intensificado no Brasil. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com o presente estudo, avaliar a toxicidade e a persistência dos principais inseticidas utilizados na cultura para controle de D. saccharalis pelo contato residual em folhas tratadas nas maiores concentrações de campo, conforme classificação da IOBC/WPRS. Os tratamentos foram clorantraniliprole (Altacor® 350 WG), lambda-cialotrina + clorantraniliprole (Ampligo® 150 SC), clorfluazuron (Atabron® 50 EC), triflumuron (Certero® 480 SC), lambda-cialotrina + tiametoxam (Engeo™ Pleno), tebufenozide (Mimic® 240 SC), novaluron (Rimon® 100 EC) e controle (água destilada). Em laboratório, discos da folha de cana-de-açúcar foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo uma solução composta por [água:ágar] e pulverizadas em torre de Potter, conforme recomendações da IOBC/WPRS. Após 2 h da aplicação, adultos de C. flavipes foram anestesiados com CO2 por 10 segundos e introduzidos em cada placa. Para avaliação da persistência, plantas de cana-de-açúcar foram pulverizadas com os tratamentos até o ponto de escorrimento em casa de vegetação. Aos 5, 15 e 30 dias após aplicação (DAA) foram coletadas as folhas e discos das folhas foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo uma solução composta por [água:ágar]. Para cada dia de avaliação, adultos de C. flavipes foram anestesiados com CO2 por 10 segundos e introduzidos em cada placa contendo os tratamentos. Tanto para o experimento em laboratório como para o de persistência, avaliaram-se os efeitos letal (após 24 h) e subletais da geração maternal e subletais das gerações F1 e F2. As placas foram acondicionadas em sala climatizada com temperatura de 25 ± 2 °C, UR 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 horas. Após avaliação da toxicidade aguda, os inseticidas Altacor® 350 WG, Atabron® 50 EC, Certero® 480 SC, Mimic® 240 SC e Rimon® 100 EC foram classificados como inócuos (classe 1) e vida curta (classe 1). Entretanto, Altacor®, Atabron®, Certero® e Rimon® causaram redução no tamanho da tíbia posterior de fêmeas da geração F1, Rimon® reduziu a razão sexual e Atabron® reduziu o peso das massas de casulos da geração F2. Os tratamentos Ampligo® e Engeo™ Pleno causaram 100% de mortalidade após 2 h da aplicação, sendo classificados como nocivos (classe 4) e em bioensaio de semi-campo como persistentes (classe 4). Portanto, apenas Mimic® pode ser recomendado para controle de D. saccharalis em associação com o controle biológico com liberações de C. flavipes. Os inseticidas enquadrados nas classes 4, nocivos ao parasitoide, devem ser estudados em testes de campo para confirmação da toxicidade. / Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) is the main pest of the sugarcane crop, causing direct and indirect damage, and its control is largely accomplished by mass releases of the endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Cameron). However, the use of synthetic insecticides through foliar applications to control the pest before its entry into the stem has been intensified in Brazil. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and persistence of the main insecticides used in the crop for the control of D. saccharalis by the residual contact of treated leaves at the highest field concentrations, according to the IOBC / WPRS classification. The treatments were chlorantraniliprole (Altacor® 350 WG), lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole (Ampligo® 150 SC), chlorfluazuron (Atabron® 50 EC), triflumuron (Certero® 480 SC), lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam (Engeo ™ Pleno), tebufenozide (Mimic® 240 SC), novaluron (Rimon® 100 EC) and control (distilled water). In the laboratory, sugar cane leaf discs were placed in Petri dishes containing a solution composed of water: agar and pulverized in a Potter tower, according to IOBC/WPRS recommendations. After 2 h of application, adults of C. flavipes were anesthetized with CO2 for 10 seconds and introduced into each plate containing the treatments. To evaluate the persistence, sugarcane plants were sprayed with the treatments to the point of runoff under greenhouse conditions. At 5, 15 and 30 days after application (DAA) the leaves were collected and discs were made which were placed in Petri dishes containing a solution composed of water: agar. For each day of evaluation, C. flavipes adults were anesthetized with CO2 for 10 seconds and introduced into each plate containing the treatments. For both the laboratory and persistence experiments, the lethal (after 24 h) and sublethal effects of the maternal and sublethal generation of the F1 and F2 generations were evaluated in a completely randomized design. The plates were conditioned in an air conditioned room with temperature of 25 ± 2 ° C, RH 70 ± 10% and photophase of 14 hours. Insecticides chlorantraniliprole, chlorfluazuron, triflumuron, tebufenozide and novaluron were classified as harmless (class 1) and short-lived (class 1). However, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfluazuron, triflumuron and novaluron caused reduction in the posterior tibia size of females of F1 generation; tebufenozide reduced the sex ratio and chlorfluazuron reduce the weight of parasitoid pupa of the F2 generation. The treatments lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole and lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam caused 100% of mortality after 2 h of the application, being classified as noxious (class 4) and semi-field bioassay as persistent (class 4). Therefore, only tebufenozide can be recommended for control of D. saccharalis in association with biological control with releases of C. flavipes. The insecticides classified as classes 4 are not selective to the parasitoid and field tests should be performed to confirm toxicity.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The bees Apis mellifera are one of great economic and ecological importance because they are efficient pollinators in natural and agricultural environments. The recent decline of bee colonies around the world has been attributed to several causes, including the use of neonicotinoid insecticides. Despite this, the use of these products has increased in recent decades on a global scale. In an attempt to evaluate an alternative to the use of neonicotinoids, in this work we analyzed the effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii and its major compound on Apis mellifera bees. For this, the bees were exposed, by contact and ingestion, to C. martinii essential oil, geraniol and commercial insecticide imidacloprid, in order to evaluate the toxicity, behavioral and locomotion effects of bees treated with these compounds. The tests were conducted in the laboratory using individuals from A. mellifera. Our results showed that the highest toxicity occurs through the ingestion route and the imidacloprid causes higher mortality to the bees than the other treatments. Although there was no behavioral change (individual and collective) among individuals of the colonies, there was a significant reduction in the locomotion capacity of bees treated with imidacloprid. On the other hand, the bioinsecticides tested did not cause changes in the locomotion of the bees. Thus, our results corroborate the undesirable effects of imidacloprid already reported in the literature, and, above all, it points out the absence of sublethal effects of the essential oil of C. martinii and geraniol and its possible potential alternative to pest management. / As abelhas Apis mellifera apresentam grande importância econômica e ecológica por serem eficientes polinizadores em ambientes naturais e agrícolas. O recente declínio das colônias de abelhas em todo o mundo tem sido atribuído a diversas causas, dentre elas o uso de inseticidas neonicotinóides. Apesar disso, nas últimas décadas o uso desses produtos tem aumentado em escala global. Na tentativa de se avaliar uma alternativa ao uso dos neonicotinóides, neste trabalho analisamos os efeitos do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon martinii e do seu composto majoritário geraniol sobre as abelhas Apis mellifera. Para isso, as abelhas foram expostas, via contato e ingestão, ao óleo essencial de C. martinii, ao geraniol e ao inseticida comercial imidacloprid, a fim de avaliar os efeitos de toxicidade, alterações comportamentais e locomoção das abelhas tratadas com estes compostos. Os testes foram conduzidos em laboratório utilizando indivíduos de A. mellifera. Nossos resultados mostram que a maior toxicidade ocorre pela via de ingestão e que o imidacloprid causa maior mortalidade às abelhas do que os demais tratamentos. Embora não tenha sido observada alteração comportamental (individual e coletiva) entre os indivíduos das colônias, houve uma significa redução da capacidade de locomoção das abelhas tratadas com imidacloprid. Por outro lado, os bioinseticidas testados não causaram mudanças na locomoção das abelhas. Assim, nossos resultados corroboram os efeitos indesejados do imidacloprid já relatados na literatura, e, sobretudo, ressalta a ausência de efeitos subletais do óleo essencial de C. martinii e do geraniol e seu potencial como possível alternativa ao manejo de pragas. / São Cristóvão, SE

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 316593 bytes, checksum: 9211416fdf4f9f4ea32b6492965b28a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The predatory mite Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has great potential as a biological control agent of spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). However, chemical control may adversely affect the effectiveness of this predator. An alternative that would exploit the potential presented by P. macropilis as natural enemy of spider mite would be the selection of individuals resistant to pesticides from major collections in the areas of cash crops, since these individuals would be under constant selective pressure of one or more pesticides. Thus, the objective was to identify individuals of P. macropilis resistant to acaricides abamectin and dimethoate and possible fitness cost linked to this resistance. It took account of these two pesticides with insecticide-acaricide action because they are more invested in strawberry crops in the state of Minas Gerais for the control of spider mite. To that end, this dissertation were evaluated: i) the lethal toxicity of the acaricides abamectin and dimethoate on two populations of P. macropilis, coming from a conventional farming in the region of Barbacena-MG and the other from a greenhouse on the campus of Universidade Federal de Viçosa, ii) the instantaneous rate of increase (ri), rate of predation on spider mite and capacity foraging to volatile plant infested with spider mite for the two populations of P. macropilis. It was concluded that the population collected in conventional system in the region of Barbacena showed resistance to dimethoate and that this resistance is not associated with fitness cost compared to susceptible individuals. / O ácaro predador Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) possui grande potencial como agente de controle biológico do ácaro-rajado Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). No entanto, o controle químico pode interferir negativamente na efetividade deste predador. Uma alternativa que permitiria explorar o potencial apresentado por P. macropilis como inimigo natural do ácaro-rajado seria a seleção de indivíduos resistentes aos principais pesticidas a partir de coletas em áreas de cultivos comerciais, pois estes indivíduos estariam sob pressão seletiva constante de um ou mais pesticidas. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar indivíduos de P. macropilis resistentes aos acaricidas abamectina e dimetoato e o possível custo adaptativo ligado a esta resistência. Levou-se em consideração estes dois pesticidas com ação acaricida-inseticida por serem os mais aplicados em cultivos de morangueiro no estado de Minas Gerais para o controle do ácaro-rajado. Para tanto, nesta dissertação foram avaliados: i) A toxicidade letal dos acaricidas abamectina e dimetoato sobre duas populações de P. macropilis, uma oriunda de cultivo convencional da região de Barbacena-MG e a outra proveniente de casa de vegetação do campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa; ii) A taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional (ri), taxa de predação sobre o ácaro-rajado e capacidade de forrageamento a voláteis de plantas infestadas com o ácaro-rajado para as duas populações de P. macropilis. Concluiu-se que a população coletada em cultivo convencional na região de Barbacena apresentou resistência a dimetoato e que esta resistência não está associada a custo adaptativo em relação a indivíduos susceptíveis.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Aedes aegypti is a vector of severe arboviruses such as dengue, february yellow, Zika and chikungunya, and other examples of resistance to pyrethroids have been identified in vector populations in several countries. In this work, we aim to analyze the effects of lethal and subtleties of the essential oil of Aristolochia trilobata and its major compounds on A. aegypti. The essential oil of A. trilobata was obtained by hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus and chemically analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and a flame ionization detector (GC / MS / DIC). They populations of A. aegypti susceptible PPCampos and resistant to pyrethroids Oiapoque were used. The bioassays were developed with larvae and adults to obtain concentrations/doses and lethal times, and only with larvae to evaluate the swimming behavior of these individuals. Twenty-five compounds were identified and quantified in the essential oil of A. trilobata, which represented 98.72% of the total composition. Among the bio-insecticides, the most toxic compound was limonene, for larvae, and the essential oil of A. trilobata, for adults, of the susceptible population. However, as larvae and adults of the resistant population showed approximately 100% mortality when treated with the ρ-cymene compound. This compound also caused a reduction in the survival of individuals in the resistant population, with a lethal time of 9.54 h and 0.08 h to kill 50% of larvae and adult females, respectively. The treatments modified the larval swimming behavior of the both populations and, in general, reduced their rates of displacement and velocity, as well caused greater disorientation of swimming. Thus, our results show possible alternatives to control larval and adult of A. aegytpi, including resistant to pyrethroids, and clarify the effects of insecticides on the behavior of larvae of this mosquito and its possible consequences on fitness of natural populations. / O Aedes aegypti é vetor de graves arboviroses como dengue, febre amarela, Zika e Chikungunya, porém inúmeros casos de resistência à piretróides tem sido identificados em populações desse vetor em vários países. Nesse trabalho, objetivamos analisar os efeitos letais e subletais do óleo essencial de Aristolochia trilobata e seus compostos majoritários sobre A. aegypti. O óleo essencial de A. trilobata foi obtido por hidrodestilação em aparelho Clevenger e analisado quimicamente por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa e a um detector de ionização de chamas (CG/EM/DIC). Foram utilizadas as populações de A. aegypti PPCampos e Oiapoque, susceptível e resistente a piretróides, respectivamente. Os bioensaios foram desenvolvidos com larvas e adultos para obtenção das concentrações/doses e tempos letais, e apenas com larvas para avaliação do comportamento de natação desses indivíduos. Foram identificados e quantificados 25 compostos no óleo essencial de A. trilobata, os quais representaram 98,72% da composição total. Dentre os bioinseticidas, o composto mais tóxico foi o limoneno, para as larvas, e o óleo essencial de A. trilobata, para os adultos, da população susceptível. Já as larvas e adultos da população resistente apresentaram mortalidade de aproximadamente 100% quando tratadas com o composto ρ-cimeno. Esse composto também causou rápida redução da sobrevivência dos indivíduos da população resistente, com tempo letal de 9,54 h e 0,08 h para matar 50% das larvas-pupas e fêmeas adultas, respectivamente. Os tratamentos modificaram o comportamento de natação de larvas das duas populações e, de forma geral, reduziram suas taxas de deslocamento e velocidade, assim como causaram maior desorientação de natação. Dessa forma, nossos resultados apontam possíveis alternativas ao controle de larvas e adultos de A. aegytpi, inclusive resistente a piretóides, e esclarece sobre os efeitos de inseticidas sobre o comportamento de larvas deste mosquito e suas possíveis consequências no fitness de populações naturais. / São Cristóvão, SE

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas N Wisch.pdf: 1238431 bytes, checksum: fab61da00fd601e632d7feb86156e3da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soybean is the main crop of economic importance and commercially produced on a large scale in Brazil. Nevertheless many are the factors that affect the productive potential of this oilseed, among them stand out the insects of the order Lepidoptera. As an alternative to control these pests, many growers have adopted the use of Bt soybean, which expresses the Cry1Ac toxin. However, the large area with this technology can generates a main concern that is Cry1Ac exposure to target and non-target insects and its entomopathogens, such Metarhizium rileyi and nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The aim of this study were to elucidate the HD-73 impacts, that expresses Cry1Ac, i) in the immune system of S. frugiperda in order to investigate whether Bt challenge parental induce "immune priming or transgenerational effects"; ii) on virulence and occlusion body yield in Spodoptera frugiperda iii) level of larval mortality of the noctuid species when applied simultaneously or sequentially with NPV and M. rileyi; and iv) the biological parameters of the noctuid species, when exposed in conjunction with entomopathogens. In the immune assay, neonate larvae were exposed ad libitum to different concentrations of HD-73 (0, 15, 33, 72.6 μg.ml-1), in the fifth instar were extracted the haemolymph and measured the number of haemocytes, total protein and phenoloxidase activity (PO). Neonate offspring of those individuals were inoculated with 0 and 40 μg.ml-1 of HD-73 and again was quantified the same immune components in fifth instar larvae, including antibacteriana activity. In addition, biological parameters were observed in these tests. In the evaluation of Cry1Ac impacts on virus infectivity in S. frugiperda, neonate were exposed to HD-73 (0, 10, 40 and 80 μg.ml-1) until the end of the third instar and early of the fourth instar was inoculated with viruses (0, 103 and 104 OB.larvae-1). For this assay was evaluated larval weight (4 DAE), mortality, number of OB/caterpillar and subsequently, virulence test (LC50). Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, S. frugiperda, Chrysodeixis includens and Rachiplusia nu caterpillars were simultaneously or sequentially exposed to entomopathogens, HD-73, M. rileyi and their viruses, and record mortality and biological parameters of these interactions. The sublethal concentrations of HD-73 did not cause changes in the immune system of the parental, as well as there was no evidence for acquired immunity in the offspring. Sublethal concentration of HD-73 affected the biological components of S. frugiperda, providing lower larval and pupal weight, reduced fecundity and egg viability. HD-73 proved lower OB yield/caterpillar and lower virulence of the virus multiplied in caterpillars prior exposed to 10 μg.ml-1. The interactions did not affect the biological parameters of these noctuids. In most cases was observed negative effect in the interactions between HD-73 and viruses, but may be promising simultaneous inoculation of HD-73 and M. rileyi to control S. eridania and S. frugiperda. Sublethal concentrations of HD-73 did not provide larger mortality of Plusiinae in interactions with M. rileyi and viruses, except for HD-73+ M. rileyi that had positive and negative effects on C. includens. / A soja é a principal cultura de importância econômica e comercialmente produzida em larga escala no Brasil. Porém, diversos são os fatores que afetam o potencial produtivo desta oleaginosa, entre eles destacam-se os insetos da ordem Lepidoptera. Como alternativa para controle destas pragas, diversos produtores têm adotado o uso da soja Bt, que expressa a toxina Cry1Ac. Contudo, a expansão da área com essa tecnologia gera dúvidas quanto ao impacto da exposição de Cry1Ac aos insetos-alvo e não-alvo e seus entomopatógenos, Metarhizium rileyi e os vírus de poliedrose nuclear. Assim, os objetivos desse trabalho foram: elucidar o impacto de concentrações subletais da cepa HD-73, que expressa Cry1Ac, i) no sistema imunológico de Spodoptera frugiperda, a fim de investigar se o desafio com Bt induz a “memória imunológica”; ii) na virulência e produção de corpos de oclusão do vírus em S. frugiperda; iii) na mortalidade larval das espécies de noctuídeos, quando aplicada de forma simultânea ou sequencial com VPN e M. rileyi; e iv) nos parâmetros biológicos de noctuídeos-alvo e não-alvo, quando aplicada em conjunto com os entomopatógenos. No ensaio imunológico, lagartas neonatas foram expostas ad libitum a diferentes concentrações de HD-73 (0, 15, 33, 72,6 μg.ml-1), no quinto instar foi extraída a hemolinfa e avaliado o número de hemócitos, proteína total e atividade da fenoloxidase (PO). Neonatas descendentes destes indivíduos foram inoculadas com 0 e 40 μg.ml-1 de HD-73 e no quinto instar quantificou-se os mesmos componentes de resposta imune observados nos parentais, incluindo a atividade antibacteriana. Os parâmetros biológicos também foram observados nestes ensaios. Nas avaliações do impacto de Cry1Ac na infectividade de vírus sobre S. frugiperda, neonatas foram inoculadas com HD-73 (0, 10, 40 e 80 μg.ml-1) e mantidas até o final do terceiro instar, e no início do quarto instar ocorreu a infecção com vírus (0, 103 e 104 CO.lagarta-1), após foi avaliado o peso larval (4 DAE), a mortalidade, o número de CO.cadáver-1 e, posteriormente, teste de virulência (CL50). Lagartas de Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, S. frugiperda, Chrysodeixis includens e Rachiplusia nu, foram expostas de forma simultânea ou sequencial aos entomopatógenos, HD-73, M. rileyi e os respectivos vírus, para registrar a mortalidade e os parâmetros biológicos destas interações. As concentrações subletais de HD-73 não provocaram alterações no sistema imune dos parentais, como também não houve evidências de imunidade adquirida nas progênies. HD-73 afetou subletalmente os componentes biológicos de S. frugiperda, proporcionando menor peso larval e pupal, redução na fecundidade e viabilidade dos ovos. HD-73 proporcionou menor rendimento de CO.cadáver-1 e menor virulência dos vírus multiplicados em lagartas expostas a 10 μg.ml-1. As interações não afetaram os parâmetros biológicos dos noctuídeos em estudo. Na maioria dos casos observou-se efeito negativo nas interações entre HD-73 e vírus, mas podendo ser promissor a inoculação simultânea de HD-73 e M. rileyi no controle de S. eridania e S. frugiperda. Concentrações subletais de HD-73 não proporcionaram maior mortalidade das Plusiinae nas interações com M. rileyi e vírus, exceto na associação HD-73+M. rileyi que apresentou efeitos positivos e negativos sobre C. includens.