The introduction of a new structure in the premise of an existing one can generate an interesting conversation between the two. This thesis offers a design to explore the interaction between the two structures and the identification of the roles of each. / Master of Architecture

Pretoria is a city that was founded upon the abundant availability of fresh water. The source of this water can be found in a valley just south of the city centre, today known as Fountains Valley. Here the water surfaces from the depths at two separate spring eyes, forming the origins of the Apies River. Ultimately the Fountains Valley can be viewed as the origin of the city itself – the reason that made it possible for it to exist by providing fresh water of exceptional quality as it still does to the present day. In addition to the natural features, the Valley contains several sites of great historical and cultural significance. Despite their importance they now only serve as markers in the landscape, unknown to many, and bears silent testimony to the events that help shape the city, its identity as a place and the identity of those who reside in it. This dissertation will explore the potential of architecture to act as an agent in reviving the forgotten identity of the Fountains Valley, by redefining those lost elements and in order to truly understand and appreciate the significance of place and place identity and its ability to shape the identity of the individual. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Distilleries are an example of an agricultural industry that generates large volumes of wastewater. These wastewaters are heavily polluted, and due to the seasonal nature of the product, the amount and composition of the wastewater may exhibit major daily and seasonal variations. Wine-distillery wastewaters (WDWWs) typically are acidic (pH 3.5 - 5.0) and have a high organic content (sugars, alcohol, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids), a COD range of 10 000 – 60 000 mg.L-1, have a high suspended solids content as well as containing various inorganic compounds. Additionally refractory compounds present in these wastewaters, such as polyphenols, can be toxic for biological processes, making the selection of a suitable treatment process problematic. Wetlands have been shown to be a feasible treatment for effluent originating from wine, however, they are normally used as a secondary treatment method and not well suited for high volume, high COD (> 5 000 mg.L-1) wastewaters. Ozone has been successfully used as a pre-treatment for WDWW due to its oxidising capabilities to partially biodegrade organics and non-biodegradable organics, and reduce polyphenols, which results in an increase in biodegradability. Currently a wetland system is being used on its own at a distillery to treat wastewater from a series of stabilisation dams, but the legal requirement for discharge into a natural resource (COD < 75 mg.L-1) is not being met. Additional treatments suited for WDWW are therefore being considered. Wine-distillery wastewater was characterised and found to show a large variation over time (COD ranging from 12 609 - 21 150 mg.L-1). Ozonation of WDWWs was found to be effective in decreasing COD over a wide range of organic loads. For pre-wetland wastewater from the distillery, an average COD reduction of 271 mg COD.g O3-1 was found, and for post-wetland effluent, an average of 103 mg COD.g O3-1. The effect of ozone on the biodegradability of the wastewater was monitored by activity tests, and a low ozone dose (200 - 400 mg O3.L-1) was found to increase activity in terms of biogas, methane and cumulative gas volumes. By showing an increase in the biodegradability of WDWW, it was concluded that ozone has potential as a pre-treatment step to increase the effectiveness of a biological wetland system. Lab-scale wetlands were used in trials to determine the effect of pre- and post-ozonation on WDWW. It was found that the efficiency of the wetland receiving the pre-ozonated “off-season” WDWW (2 200 mg COD.L-1) had a higher COD reduction (73%) than the wetland fed with untreated (62% COD reduction) WDWW, and the total polyphenol content was reduced by 40 and 31%, respectively. Treatment efficiency in terms of the reduction of colour, total solids, suspended solids and phosphates were also greatly improved for the pre-ozonated WDWW. Similar results were found when treating high COD “peak season” (7 000 mg COD.L-1) WDWW, with higher reduction rates for the wetland treating pre-ozonated WDWW (84% COD reduction) than for the wetland fed with untreated WDWW (74% COD reduction), and the total polyphenol content was reduced by 76 and 72%, respectively. Post-ozonation was also shown to be beneficial in that it improved the final effluent quality leaving the wetland system. Increasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the wetlands from 9 days to 12 days resulted in similar COD reductions for the control and experimental wetland, highlighting the benefits that pre-ozonation has on reducing the acclimatisation period. Therefore using ozone as a pre-treatment could help in reducing the wetland size, HRT and allow increased volumes of wastewater to be treated. In this study ozone was successfully utilised to reduce COD levels in wine-distillery wastewater, and increase the biodegradability of the wastewater. This study also showed that ozone, used as a pre-treatment to a wetland system, can contribute to improving the performance of a wetland system in terms of higher removal efficiencies. Wetlands are, however, unsuited for treating high strength COD wastewater, and the final effluent was still well above the South African legal limit for direct discharge into a natural resource. The results obtained during this study contributed to developing a method to achieve a more efficient treatment system utilising wetlands for the distillery industry, and can be of value in facilitating efficient environmental management.

The purpose of this Master's Thesis is to create the business plan of a distillery for gardeners in Slovakia. The plan will serve the potential future founder as a decision tool for approval or rejection of the business incentive, and as a tool for performance enhancement. In the first section of the thesis, I describe the theory behind trading of sole traders in Slovakia, and the methods for creating a business plan. The theoretical knowledge is applied in second section, which is the business plan of a distillery for gardeners. The plan describes all the vital parts of business: business and management, financial forecasts, markets and competitors, competitive business strategy, services and service supply. The findings of the business plan show that the business goal to achieve a twelve year payback period is possible, but there are many risk factors that can change this.

What role does place differentiation play in contemporary urban redevelopment processes, and how is it constructed, practiced, and governed? Under heightened forms of interurban competition fueled by processes of globalization, there is a desire by place-makers to construct and market a unique sense of place. While there is consensus that place promotion plays a role in reconstructing landscapes, how place differentiation operates – and can be operationalized – in processes of urban redevelopment is under-theorized in the literature. In this thesis, I produce a typology of four strategies of differentiation – negation, coherence, residue, multiplicity – which reside within capital transformations and which require activation by a set of social actors. I situate these ideas via an examination of the redevelopment of the Gooderham and Worts distillery, renamed the Distillery District, which opened to the public in 2003. Under the direction of the private sector, the site was transformed from a space of alcohol production to a space of cultural consumption. The developers used a two pronged approach for the site’s redevelopment: historic preservation and arts-led regeneration. Using a mixed method approach including textual analysis, in-depth interviews, visual analysis, and site observation, I examine the strategies used to market the Distillery as a distinct place, and the effects of this marketing strategy on the valuation of art, history, and space. Two central arguments direct the thesis: first, in an attempt to construct place differentiation, what emerges is a sense of sameness which limits the potential of the district and produces a disconnect between the space and its users; second, it is only by understanding how differentiation operates in discourse and practice that alternative formations of place-making can emerge and socio-spatial disconnectedness can be rethought.

What role does place differentiation play in contemporary urban redevelopment processes, and how is it constructed, practiced, and governed? Under heightened forms of interurban competition fueled by processes of globalization, there is a desire by place-makers to construct and market a unique sense of place. While there is consensus that place promotion plays a role in reconstructing landscapes, how place differentiation operates – and can be operationalized – in processes of urban redevelopment is under-theorized in the literature. In this thesis, I produce a typology of four strategies of differentiation – negation, coherence, residue, multiplicity – which reside within capital transformations and which require activation by a set of social actors. I situate these ideas via an examination of the redevelopment of the Gooderham and Worts distillery, renamed the Distillery District, which opened to the public in 2003. Under the direction of the private sector, the site was transformed from a space of alcohol production to a space of cultural consumption. The developers used a two pronged approach for the site’s redevelopment: historic preservation and arts-led regeneration. Using a mixed method approach including textual analysis, in-depth interviews, visual analysis, and site observation, I examine the strategies used to market the Distillery as a distinct place, and the effects of this marketing strategy on the valuation of art, history, and space. Two central arguments direct the thesis: first, in an attempt to construct place differentiation, what emerges is a sense of sameness which limits the potential of the district and produces a disconnect between the space and its users; second, it is only by understanding how differentiation operates in discourse and practice that alternative formations of place-making can emerge and socio-spatial disconnectedness can be rethought.

La Réunion dispose d'un gisement important de ressources organiques renouvelables dont une grande partie est sous forme de déchets liquides tels que les vinasses de distillerie, représentant plus de 150 000 tonnes d'effluent par an. Les problématiques de gestion de ces effluents sont fortement impactées par leur haute charge en élément organique et nécessitent la mise en œuvre de techniques de dépollution coûteuses. Leur valorisation en tant que matière première est donc une voie potentielle pour une gestion plus efficace et économiquement rentable. Parmi les nombreuses pistes de valorisation biotechnologiques existantes pour les vinasses de distillerie, nous nous sommes proposés dans ce projet de valoriser ces déchets sous forme de biodiesel. La sélection de microorganismes oléagineux (champignons filamenteux et levures) adaptés aux déchets liquides de distilleries locales en vue de leur transformation en biodiesel a mis en avant les capacités de croissance des souches de champignons filamenteux dont 60% de celles testées ont démontré une croissance supérieure à 8 g/L et allant jusqu’à 20 g/L, avec des capacités de mobilisation des ressources nutritives de la vinasse jusqu’à 50% de l'azote et du carbone organique. L'adaptation du procédé à la levure oléagineuse Yarrowia lipolytica, connue comme microorganisme oléagineux modèle pour la production de biodiesel a mis en évidence une carence en phosphate limitante pour la croissance de ce microorganisme, ainsi qu'une amélioration de 80% de la biomasse produite observée après ajout de KH2PO4. Par ailleurs, la mobilisation du matériel enzymatique d'un microorganisme à forte croissance sur vinasse a également permis d'obtenir une amélioration de la production de biomasse levurienne, laissant entrevoir la possibilité de valorisation d'un cocktail enzymatique spécifiquement adapté à la dégradation de vinasses de distilleries. Enfin, l'évaluation de protocoles de transformation des lipides plus efficaces a été réalisée en cherchant à limiter les coûts liés au séchage et à l'extraction des lipides avant méthanolyse. L'application de la transestérification directe de la biomasse a permis une production plus importante de biodiesel comprise entre 10 et 90 % selon l'humidité de la biomasse, démontrant la possibilité de supprimer l'étape d'extraction des lipides. Par ailleurs, la combinaison de catalyseurs basiques et acides permet d'augmenter les rendements en biodiesel à partir de biomasse humide pour se rapprocher des performances obtenues sur biomasse sèche. / Reunion Island offers an important source of renewable organic resources, much of which is in liquid waste such as distillery slops, representing more than 150 000 tons of effluent annually. The management issues of these effluent are strongly affected by their high load of organic element and require implementation of expensive decontamination techniques. Their value as raw material is thus a potential route for more efficient and cost-effective management. Among the many tracks of biotechnological valuation existing for distillery slops, this project focus on enhancing these wastes as biodiesel. The selection of oleaginous microorganisms (molds and yeasts) suitable for liquid waste of local distilleries for further processing into biodiesel have demonstrated the high growth ability of filamentous fungi with 60% of tested strains offering higher growth than 8 g/L and up to 20 g/L, with nutrient resource mobilization capacities from vinasse up to 50% of the nitrogen and organic carbon. Adapting the process to the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, known as oleaginous microorganism model for biodiesel production highlighted a phosphate deficiency limiting for the growth of this microorganism with 80% improvement observed when KH2PO4 was fed. Furthermore, the mobilization of the enzymatic equipment of a high growing microorganism on vinasse has also yielded improved biomass production, raising the possibility of recovery of an enzymatic cocktail specifically adapted to the degradation of distillery slops. Finally, the evaluation of more effective lipid transformation protocols was conducted in seeking to limit the costs for drying and lipid extraction prior to methanolysis. The application of the direct transesterification of biomass has increased production of biodiesel between 10 and 90% depending on the moisture of biomass, demonstrating the ability to remove lipid extraction step. Furthermore, the combination of basic and acidic catalysts can increase biodiesel yields from wet biomass to reach performance close to dry biomass.

I have written my thesis for the company LEGATA s. r. o. It concerns a distillery which primarily offers services for fruit growers in the area Želešice. I have evaluated the prognosis for its further development, especially in the acquisiton of fixed assets.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo mensurar e comparar a viabilidade econômico financeira para a implantação de destilaria com unidades cogeradoras de energia elétrica anexas em duas regiões de expansão da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil: o Norte de Goiás, representado pela cidade de Uruaçu/GO; e o Vale do São Francisco, no semiárido nordestino, representado pela cidade de Casa Nova/BA. Para tanto, utilizou-se a metodologia de fluxos de caixa descontados, calculando-se os indicadores de Valor Presente Líquido - VPL, Taxa Interna de Retorno - TIR, Payback descontado - PBD e Relação Benefício-Custo - RBC para projetos de mesmo tamanho nas duas regiões propostas. Além disso, foram feitas análises de sensibilidade com o objetivo de captar as incertezas intrínsecas nos modelos desenvolvidos. Dados primários foram obtidos junto a usinas e produtores de cana-de-açúcar, tendo como base a safra 2007/08. Como resultado, verificou-se que a região de Uruaçu/GO apresentou maior nível de atratividade econômico financeira em comparação a Casa Nova/BA, dados os respectivos VPL de R$ 181,57 milhões e R$ 66,73 milhões, num horizonte de 30 anos e com uma Taxa Mínima de Atratividade - TMA real de 8,02%. Em um cenário alternativo admitiu-se a presença de financiamento de 80% do capital investido no empreendimento. Neste caso, os VPL foram de R$ 503,37 milhões para Uruaçu/GO e R$ 318,50 milhões para Casa Nova/BA. As análises de sensibilidade mostraram que as variáveis que mais impactam nos indicadores de viabilidade econômico financeira são o preço de venda do etanol e a produtividade média da lavoura de cana-de-açúcar. Concluiu-se ainda, que há viabilidade econômico financeira na instalação de destilarias produtoras de etanol para exportação em ambas as regiões analisadas, indicando-se a região Norte de Goiás como aquela mais apta ao recebimento de investimentos no setor alcooleiro na atualidade. Por outro lado, o Vale do São Francisco apresenta a vantagem desta ser uma região exclusa da polêmica questão da concorrência energético alimentícia, podendo ser considerada uma nova área para a exploração sucroalcooleira no Brasil. / The purpose of this dissertation is to measure and compare financial and economic viability indexes for building ethanol plants with cogeneration units of electrical power in two Brazils sugar cane expansion regions: the North of Goias, represented by the city of Uruaçu/GO; and the Sao Francisco Valley, on the northwest semiarid area, represented by the city of Casa Nova/BA. Discounted cash-flow methodology was used to compute the Net Present Value - NPV, Internal Rate of Return - IRR, Discounted Payback Period - DPP and Benefit-Cost Ratio - BCR. Besides of that, sensibility analysis methods were applied with the objective to find intrinsic uncertainties in the developed models. Primary data were obtained through sugar cane units close to those regions during the 2007/08 harvest season. As results, it has been found out that the Uruaçu/GO region presented higher financial economic viability levels compared to the Casa Nova/BA region, due to the respective NPV of R$ 181,57 million and R$ 66,73 million over a 30-year horizon using a real discount rate of 8,02%. In an alternative scenario, it has been admitted the presence of 80% financial loan of the initial undertaking investments. In this case, the NPV were estimated as R$ 503,37 million for Uruaçu/GO and R$ 318,50 million for Casa Nova/BA. Sensibility analysis showed higher impacts on the financial economic indicators through ethanol price and the average productivity of the sugar cane crop. We concluded that there is financial economic viability in installing ethanol plants for exportation in both analyzed regions; however the North of Goias region is the most appropriate region. Whereas Sao Francisco Valley region presented the advantage of being an abstain region from the polemic question of agriculture for food or energy and being a new area for the ethanol production in Brazil.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo mensurar e comparar a viabilidade econômico financeira para a implantação de destilaria com unidades cogeradoras de energia elétrica anexas em duas regiões de expansão da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil: o Norte de Goiás, representado pela cidade de Uruaçu/GO; e o Vale do São Francisco, no semiárido nordestino, representado pela cidade de Casa Nova/BA. Para tanto, utilizou-se a metodologia de fluxos de caixa descontados, calculando-se os indicadores de Valor Presente Líquido - VPL, Taxa Interna de Retorno - TIR, Payback descontado - PBD e Relação Benefício-Custo - RBC para projetos de mesmo tamanho nas duas regiões propostas. Além disso, foram feitas análises de sensibilidade com o objetivo de captar as incertezas intrínsecas nos modelos desenvolvidos. Dados primários foram obtidos junto a usinas e produtores de cana-de-açúcar, tendo como base a safra 2007/08. Como resultado, verificou-se que a região de Uruaçu/GO apresentou maior nível de atratividade econômico financeira em comparação a Casa Nova/BA, dados os respectivos VPL de R$ 181,57 milhões e R$ 66,73 milhões, num horizonte de 30 anos e com uma Taxa Mínima de Atratividade - TMA real de 8,02%. Em um cenário alternativo admitiu-se a presença de financiamento de 80% do capital investido no empreendimento. Neste caso, os VPL foram de R$ 503,37 milhões para Uruaçu/GO e R$ 318,50 milhões para Casa Nova/BA. As análises de sensibilidade mostraram que as variáveis que mais impactam nos indicadores de viabilidade econômico financeira são o preço de venda do etanol e a produtividade média da lavoura de cana-de-açúcar. Concluiu-se ainda, que há viabilidade econômico financeira na instalação de destilarias produtoras de etanol para exportação em ambas as regiões analisadas, indicando-se a região Norte de Goiás como aquela mais apta ao recebimento de investimentos no setor alcooleiro na atualidade. Por outro lado, o Vale do São Francisco apresenta a vantagem desta ser uma região exclusa da polêmica questão da concorrência energético alimentícia, podendo ser considerada uma nova área para a exploração sucroalcooleira no Brasil. / The purpose of this dissertation is to measure and compare financial and economic viability indexes for building ethanol plants with cogeneration units of electrical power in two Brazils sugar cane expansion regions: the North of Goias, represented by the city of Uruaçu/GO; and the Sao Francisco Valley, on the northwest semiarid area, represented by the city of Casa Nova/BA. Discounted cash-flow methodology was used to compute the Net Present Value - NPV, Internal Rate of Return - IRR, Discounted Payback Period - DPP and Benefit-Cost Ratio - BCR. Besides of that, sensibility analysis methods were applied with the objective to find intrinsic uncertainties in the developed models. Primary data were obtained through sugar cane units close to those regions during the 2007/08 harvest season. As results, it has been found out that the Uruaçu/GO region presented higher financial economic viability levels compared to the Casa Nova/BA region, due to the respective NPV of R$ 181,57 million and R$ 66,73 million over a 30-year horizon using a real discount rate of 8,02%. In an alternative scenario, it has been admitted the presence of 80% financial loan of the initial undertaking investments. In this case, the NPV were estimated as R$ 503,37 million for Uruaçu/GO and R$ 318,50 million for Casa Nova/BA. Sensibility analysis showed higher impacts on the financial economic indicators through ethanol price and the average productivity of the sugar cane crop. We concluded that there is financial economic viability in installing ethanol plants for exportation in both analyzed regions; however the North of Goias region is the most appropriate region. Whereas Sao Francisco Valley region presented the advantage of being an abstain region from the polemic question of agriculture for food or energy and being a new area for the ethanol production in Brazil.