No description available.

Five new diterpenes, GN67-12-5-4-2 (1)¡BGN67-12-6-4-2 (2)¡BGN67-20-4-3 (3)¡BGN67-25-6-1 (4)¡BGN67-12-5-12-1 (5) and four known terpenoides, GN67-12-5-12 (6)¡BGN67-28-5-3-3 (7)¡BGN67-28-5-4 (8)¡BGN67-23-4 (9) were isolated from the methylene chloride solubles of the Formosan soft coral Cespitularia hypotentaculata. Three new cytotoxic sesquiterpenes, GN78-14-3a-B (10)¡BGN78-22-8I-B (11)¡BGN78-17-3a-B (12) and five known terpenoides, GN78-12-5-B-G (13)¡BGN78-14-3a-N (14)¡BGN78-22-8-W (15)¡BGN78-22-8-H (16)¡BGN78-24-5-Q (17) were isolated from the Formosan soft coral Paralemnalia thyrsodes Three known compounds, GN72-9-8-J (18)¡BGN72-7-4-2 (19)¡BGN72-19-6-8-E (20) were isolated from the methylene chloride solubles of the Formosan soft coral Dendronephthya divaricata The structure of 4 was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis and the configuration of the hydroxyl at C-6 of 5 was further determined by Mosher¡¦s reactions. It was suggested that the C-6 has the S configuration. The inhibition of these metabolites toward the pro-inflammatory proteins (iNOS and COX-2) expression was also investigated. Compound 17 showed more specific inhibition against the up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS protein of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.

No description available.

Forests are a key ecosystem to protect biodiversity in Sweden. One important aspect is to protect endangered species and their habitat. Evernia divaricata is an endangered lichen that is sensitive to habitat loss and changing environmental conditions. As consequenceEvernia divaricata is an excellent indicator to observe ecosystem change or habitat disturbance. In the summer 2020 ten different sites were investigated in Dalarna, wherelichens also been investigated two times earlier (year 2006 and 2012) at the same sites. For some of the investigated sites, deforesting was recorded nearby, whereas other sites exhibited favorable conditions without impact because of nearby mires. The Wilcoxon testwas used to examine if there was any statistical difference between the three different inventories, both in terms of number and size of lichens. The study showed that there has been a statistically significant decrease between the three lichen inventories. There was both a decrease over time, but also a decrease within most individual sites. Additional sites should be included, and future inventories will show whether the decline is temporary or if the population keeps decreasing.

Açoita-cavalo , Luehea divaricata Martius et Zuccarini, pertaining to the Tiliaceae family, is a forest species that suffered great entropic action in the last decades, fact that contributed a lot to the reduction of the natural populations, becoming necessary the conservation of germ plasma in vitro. It presents slow and irregular, changeable germination between 20% and 75%, and viability of the seeds very unevenness. These characteristics contribute for one reduced frequency of the species in natural forests. As form of vegetative propagation, the micropropagation becomes an alternative for the regeneration of plants that present difficulty of natural reproduction, beyond presenting itself as a conservation way for the species. The work had as objective to establish a protocol of disinfestations for aseptic germination of açoita-cavalo seeds, to determine the more efficient type of explants and way of culture for the establishment in vitro, to verify the influence of the orientation of the explants in the bottle on the development in vitro and to observe the influence of different concentrations of cytokine BAP in the multiplication of nodes segments of açoita-cavalo . The works had been carried through in the Laboratory of Tissue Culture of the Núcleo de Biotecnologia e Melhoramento, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, in Santa Maria, RS. The seeds had been collected and conserved by Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Fepagro/Florestas in Santa Maria, RS, in 2004 and 2005, and seedlings gotten in had been used as source of explants for the studies vitro. During the disinfestations experiments it was observed that the immersion of the seeds in hot water is basic for the control (partial) of microorganisms associated to the seeds, as well as promoting a bigger tax of germination. The mercury chloride controlled the fungal contamination partially and total the bacterial contamination, however it demonstrated toxicity to the development of seedling with the yellowish leaf appearance. For the establishment in vitro of açoita-cavalo can be used as many apexes shoot as nodes segments, independent of the way of culture WPM or MS. For the rooting, the half WPM was more efficient, in the two types of node explants, apexes shoot and segments. Aiming at to maximize the açoita-cavalo culture, the half WPM must be used for the establishment, for having reduced cost and explants of the type nodal segment, that are produced in bigger number for seedling. In does not have influence of the orientation of the explants in relation to the bottle in the development of cultures vitro of açoita-cavalo . In the tested concentrations, cytokine BAP inhibited the formation of shoot and leaves. The tested concentrations of BAP had been high and can have been toxic to the development of the node segments of açoita-cavalo . New studies must more be carried through for an ascertainment deepened of the culture in vitro of açoita-cavalo . / Açoita-cavalo, Luehea divaricata Martius et Zuccarini, pertencente à família Tiliaceae, é uma espécie florestal que sofreu grande ação antrópica nas últimas décadas, fato este que contribuiu muito para a redução das populações naturais, tornando necessária a conservação de germoplasma in vitro. Apresenta germinação lenta e irregular, variável entre 20% e 75%, e viabilidade das sementes muito desuniforme. Estas características contribuem para uma reduzida freqüência da espécie em florestas naturais. Como forma de propagação vegetativa, a micropropagação torna-se uma alternativa para a regeneração de plantas que apresentam dificuldade de reprodução natural, além de se apresentar como uma maneira de conservação das espécies. O trabalho teve como objetivos estabelecer um protocolo de desinfestação para germinação asséptica de sementes de açoitacavalo, determinar o tipo de explante e o meio de cultivo mais eficientes para o estabelecimento in vitro, verificar a influência da orientação do explante no frasco sobre o desenvolvimento in vitro e observar a influência de diferentes concentrações da citocinina BAP na multiplicação de segmentos nodais de açoita-cavalo. Os trabalhos foram realizados no Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos do Núcleo de Biotecnologia e Melhoramento do Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Rurais da UFSM, em Santa Maria, RS. As sementes foram coletadas e armazenadas pela Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária Fepagro/Florestas em Santa Maria, RS, em 2004 e 2005, e as plântulas obtidas foram utilizadas como fonte de explantes para os estudos in vitro. Durante os experimentos de desinfestação observou-se que a imersão das sementes em água quente é fundamental para o controle (parcial) de microrganismos associados às sementes, bem como promover uma maior taxa de germinação. O cloreto de mercúrio controlou parcialmente a contaminação fúngica e totalmente a contaminação bacteriana, porém demonstrou toxidade ao desenvolvimento das plântulas com o aparecimento de folhas amareladas. Para o estabelecimento in vitro de açoita-cavalo pode-se empregar tanto ápices caulinares como segmentos nodais, independente do meio de cultivo WPM ou MS. Para o enraizamento, o meio WPM foi mais eficiente, nos dois tipos de explantes, ápices caulinares e segmentos nodais. Visando maximizar o cultivo de açoita-cavalo, deve-se utilizar para o estabelecimento o meio WPM, por ter custo reduzido e explantes do tipo segmento nodal, que são produzidos em maior número por plântula. Não há influência da orientação do explante em relação ao frasco no desenvolvimento de culturas in vitro de açoita-cavalo. Nas concentrações testadas, a citocinina BAP inibiu a formação de brotações e folhas. As concentrações de BAP testadas foram altas e podem ter sido tóxicas ao desenvolvimento dos segmentos nodais de açoita-cavalo. Novos estudos devem ser realizados para uma averiguação mais aprofundada do cultivo in vitro de açoita-cavalo.

The antimicrobial of leaves of Luehea divaricata Martius by methods of difusion in agar, bioautography and microdilution in broth, was significant (p<0.0001) for the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538p), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11103), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10031) . By the methods 2,2 diphenil, 1 picrilhidrazil (DPPH) and β-carotene linolenate (BCB), not only the gross extrate (GE) but also the fractions showed antioxidant activity when compared to the standard quercetin. The GE showed antinociceptive action, with significance of 5% (p<0.0001) by the method of abdominal contorsions induced by the acetic acid 0.8%. By the method of formaline it did not show activity in the neurogenic stage, but in the inflammatory stage. / A atividade antimicrobiana das folhas da Luehea divaricata Martius pelos métodos de difusão em ágar, bioautografia e microdilluição em caldo, foi significativa (p < 0,0001) para os microorganismos Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538p), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11103), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 10031). Pelos métodos 2,2 difenil, 1 picrilhidrazila (DPPH) e β caroteno linolenato (BCB), tanto o extrato bruto (EB) como as frações demonstraram atividade antioxidante quando comparados com o padrão quercetina. O EB apresentou ação antinociceptiva com significância de 5% (p<0,0001) pelo método das contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético 0,8%. Pelo método da formalina não apresentou atividade na Fase Neurogênica, mas ação na Fase Inflamatória.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deisinara Giane Schulz.pdf: 1843429 bytes, checksum: 3701106cd1118653678baf4a26281b6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The formation of the changes is a phase of extreme importance for the success of any forest stand, for a change malformed, weakened, threaten the overall development, causing loss of production, and therefore any production process aimed at higher quality seedlings produced. Fertilization and acclimation to the end of the production cycle, are extremely important to promote morphological and physiological changes that enhance the growth and minimize stress damage after field planting. This study aimed to evaluate nitrogen fertilization during the production of whips-horse seedlings (Luehea divaricata Mart.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden) and quantify changes in morphogenesis after the application of ethylene in plants during hardening. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the State University of Paraná West - UNIOESTE, campus Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR, latitude 24 ° 33 'S, longitude 54 ° 04' W. The work was carried out in a randomized block design in factorial with Additional Witness (3 x 4+1), being used three forms of fertilization (100 mg L-1 conventional N x 100 mg L-1 exponential N x N zero) applied for three months (nine applications) and five treatments with different application rates ethylene, with 6 replicates of five plants per plot. The measured variables were increase of height (IH) and stem diameter (DC), leaf area (LA), dry weight of shoots (MSA), dry weight of roots (MSR), Dickson quality index (IQD) and the activity of peroxidase and lignin content. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability using the Genes program. The exponential and conventional fertilization sustain growth induction hypothesis L. divaricata seedlings and E. grandis for fertilization without nitrogen application in the growth phase, these same effects can be observed in the hardening phase with ethylene spray. The weekly sprays of ethylene induce changes in growth in the hardening phase in L. divaricata seedlings and E. grandis with two gas applications, mainly by reducing the aerial growth, reducing the leaf area and increasing stem size / A formação da muda é uma fase de extrema importância para o sucesso de qualquer povoamento florestal. Uma muda mal formada, debilitada, compromete o desenvolvimento, ocasionando perda da produção. Portanto, qualquer processo de produção visa utilizar mudas de boa qualidade. A fertilização e a rustificação ao final do ciclo de produção apresentam grande importância para promoção de alterações morfofisiológicas que potencializam o crescimento e minimizam os danos por estresse após o plantio a campo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a fertilização nitrogenada durante a produção de mudas de açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata Mart.) e eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden) e quantificar alterações na morfogênese após a aplicação de etileno durante a rustificação. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, campus de Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR, latitude 24° 33‟ S, longitude 54° 04‟ O. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial com testemunha adicional (3 x 4 + 1), sendo utilizadas três formas de fertilização (ausência de N x 100 mg L-1 de N convencional x 100 mg L-1 de N exponencial) aplicadas durante três meses totalizando nove aplicações, adicionadas a um tratamento sem aplicação de etileno e quatro tratamentos de aplicações semanais de etileno na dose de 300 mg L-1 em mudas de L. divaricata e 1.000 mg L-1 em mudas de E. grandis, com 6 repetições de cinco mudas. As variáveis mensuradas foram os incrementos em altura (H) e em diâmetro de colo (DC), área foliar (AF), massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (MSA), massa de matéria seca da parte radicular (MSR), N, P, K, Índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD), a atividade da enzima peroxidase e a concentração de lignina. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas com o Teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. As fertilizações exponencial e convencional sustentaram a hipótese de indução de crescimento em mudas de L. divaricata e E. grandis em relação a ausência da adição de nitrogênio na fase de crescimento. Aqueles mesmos efeitos poderam ser observados na rustificação com pulverização de etileno. As pulverizações semanais induziram alterações na fase de rustificação em mudas de L. divaricata e E. grandis submetidas a duas aplicações de etileno, principalmente reduzindo a área foliar e aumentando as dimensões caulinares

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Plants exhibit a flexible array of morphological, physiological and biochemical adaptations during phosphorous limitation. Legumes are vulnerable to P deficiency, because it affects their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2). In particular, legumes from nutrient-poor ecosystems, such as the Fynbos in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) evolved on P deficient soils and may therefore display unique adaptations to soil P stress. In general, very few studies on legumes have focussed on the belowground structures of nodules as a plant organ. Moreover, even less is known about the P stressed responses in nodules from legumes in nutrient-poor ecosystems. The aim of this research was to investigate the metabolic flexibility of organic acid and amino acid metabolism in the nodulated root system of the Fynbos legume Virgilia divaricata, during low P stress. Virgilia divaricata, which grows in the Cape Floristic Region, was used in this study to enhance our knowledge regarding the vital role that the cytosolic enzyme, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays in phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) metabolism, in roots and nodules of this legume during phosphate stress. V. divaricata was grown under glasshouse conditions (20 - 25°C) in sterilized quartz sand for 2-3 months whilst being inoculated with the nitrogen fixation bacteria, Burkholderia phytofirmans, which was isolated from V. divaricata nodules grown in fynbos soil. Two phosphate treatments, 5 μM and 500 μM, were applied simulating low-phosphate and high phosphate conditions respectively using a modified Long Ashton Nutrient Solution to simulate a low nutrient ecosystem such as the Cape Floristic Region. Roots and nodules were then analysed for growth kinetics, nutrient acquisition and distribution, enzyme activity and genetic responses. It was shown that during phosphate deficiency, V. divaricata nodules experienced less Pi stress than roots, due to increased metabolic phosphate conservation reactions during organic acid synthesis via an increased PEPC activity. The increased PEPC activity resulted in an increase in downstream metabolic products such as organic acids, (malic acid and citric acid), and amino acids (glutamate, aspartate and asparagine). Although the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) declined, the high efficiency of BNF may be underpinned by these altered phosphate conservation pathways and enhanced resource allocation during growth particularly under low phosphate (LP) conditions. Therefore, it can be concluded that the efficiency of the nodules via an increased allocation of resources and P acquiring mechanisms in V. divaricata may be the key to the plant’s ability to adapt to poor P environments and thus sustaining its reliance on BNF. From the data obtained as well as previous findings, it has been established that the phosphate conservation mechanisms in roots and nodules, involve the non-adenylate requiring PEPC-bypass route. 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gave us a better understanding regarding the incorporation rates of the PEPCderived C into malate, α-ketoglutarate and asparagine. It therefore is suggested that V. divaricata nodules may use their large PEPC-derived malate pool to prevent large declines in BNF under low phosphate conditions. The nodules of V. divaricata were able to offset an excessive drop in BNF, despite a decline in inorganic phophosphate (Pi) levels. It therefore appears that nodules have evolved to acquire different mechanisms than roots to adapt to phosphate deficiency in order to maintain their function. This was achieved via increased regulation of nodule PEPC and its downstream products. This implies that compared to roots under low P, nodules alter the metabolism of PEPC derived C, in order to maintain nodule respiration and amino acid synthesis. This trait could be observed in the synthesis of larger 13C malate pools of nodules compared to roots, from PEPC, which was underpinned by their different regulation mechanisms of enzyme activity, of the same protein isoform. Since malate is a potent inhibitor of PEPC activity, roots appear to have invested in more PEPC protein compared to nodules. In contrast, nodules with lower PEPC protein, achieved greater enzyme activity than roots, possibly due to higher phosphorylation in order to reduce the malate effect. The subsequent metabolism of this PEPCderived malate, caused roots and nodules to synthesise asparagine via different pathways. These findings imply that roots and nodules under P stress, synthesise their major export amino acid, asparagine, via different routes. This research has generated new knowledge regarding the physiological impact of the organic and amino acid metabolism, derived from PEPC-C in the roots and nodules of legumes growing in nutrient poor ecosystems. It has demonstrated for the first time that the nodules of legume from a nutrient-poor ecosystem rely on improved resource allocation, Pi distribution, and PEPC-derived organic acids to maintain the efficient functioning of N assimilation under P stress. This may be a consequence of having evolved in a nutrient-poor ecosystem, so that nodule-bacteroid respiration and N metabolism can be maintained in P-poor soils such as the Fynbos. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens fosfaat stremming maak plante gebruik van buigsame kombinasies van morfologiese, fisiologiese en biochemiese aanpassings. Peulplante is sensitief vir fosfaat tekorte omdat dit die vermoë om atmosferiese stikstof te kan fikseer, grootliks beïnvloed. Peulplante vanuit ekosisteme met mineraal-arme gronde, soos Fynbos binne die Kaapse Blommeryk, het ontwikkel in grond met lae fosfaatvlakke en mag dus unieke aanpassings tot fosfaat tekorte toon. Oor die algemeen is daar baie min peulplant studies wat fokus op die ondergrondse strukture van wortelknoppies as ‘n plant orgaan. Nog minder inligting is beskikbaar oor wortelknoppies, van peulplante, vanuit mineraalarme ekosisteme, se reaksie teenoor ‘n fosfaat tekort. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die metaboliese buigsaamheid van organiese- en aminosuur metabolisme in die (nodulated) wortelknoppie-wortelstelsel van die Fynbos peulplant Virgilia divaricata, tydens fosfaat tekort te ondersoek. Virgilia divaricata wat voorkom in die Kaapse Blommeryk, was gebruik in hierdie studie om die huidige kennis te verbeter van die essensiële rol wat die sitisoliese ensiem, fosfo-enol piruvaat karboksilase (PEPC) in fosfo-enol piruvaat metabolisme tydens ‘n fosfaat tekort speel binne die wortels en wortelknoppies van hierdie peulplant. V. divaricata was gegroei onder glashuis toestande (20 - 25°C) in gesteriliseerde kwartssand vir 2-3 maande. Die plante was geïnokuleer met die stikstoffikserende bakterie, Burkholderia phytofirmans, wat geïsoleer is vanaf V. divaricata wortelknoppies wat in Fynbos grond gegroei is. Twee fosfaatbehandelings, 5μM and 500μM, was toegedien om lae en hoë fosfaat toestande, onderskeidelik, na te boots deur gebruik te maak van ‘n aangepasde Long Ashton voedingstofmengsel om ‘n ekosisteem, soos die Kaapse Blommeryk, met lae voedingstofvlakke na te boots. Die wortels en knoppies was geanaliseer ten opsigte van die groeikinetika, opname en verspreiding van voedingstowwe, ensiemaktiwiteit en genetiese aanpassings. Dis is bewys dat tydens fosfaat tekort V. divaricata wortelknoppies minder fosfaat stres ervaar as die wortels, as gevolg van die verhoogde metaboliese fosfaat bewaringsreaksies tydens organise suur sintese via die styging in PEPC aktiwiteit. Die styging in PEPC aktiwiteit lei tot ‘n verhoging in stroomaf metaboliese produkte soos organiese- (appel- en sitroënsuur) en aminosure (glutamaat, aspartaat en asparagien). Alhoewel biologiese stikstoffiksering verlaag het, kan die hoë doeltreffendheid daarvan ondersteun word deur díe aangepasde fosfaat bewarings weë asook verhoogde hulpbron toekenning tydens groei onder lae fosfaat omstandighede. Dit kan dus afgelei word dat die doeltreffendheid van die wortelknoppies via die verhoging in belegging van hulpbronne en fosfaat opname meganismes in V. divaricata moontlik die sleutel is tot die plant se vermoë om aan te pas tot omgewings met lae fosfaatvlakke en sodoende die afhanklikheid van biologiese stikstofbinding te kan onderhou. Data in hierdie as ook vorige studies, wys dat die fosfaat bewaringsmeganismes in wortels en wortelknoppies die PEPC-ompad roete, wat nie adenilaat benodig nie, gebruik. 13C NMR het meer lig gewerp aangaande die vaslegging van koolstof vanaf PEPC na malaat, α-ketoglutaraat en asparagien. Dit word voorgestel dat V. divaricata knoppies ‘n groot hoeveelheid malaat, afkomstig van PEPC-werking, gebruik om groot dalings in biologiese stikstofbinding tydens fosfaat tekort, te verhoed. Die wortelknoppies van V. divaricata kon ‘n oormatige verlaging in biologiese stikstofbinding voorkom ten spyte van die verlaging in fosfaatvlakke. Dit wil voorkom dat wortelknoppies ander meganismes as die wortels ontwikkel het om aan te pas tot fosfaat tekort en sodoende dus hul funksie behou. Dit word bereik deur ‘n verhoging in die regulering van PEPC en die stroomaf produkte in die wortelknoppies. Dit blyk dat wortelknoppies tydens fosfaat te kort, in vergelyking met wortels, die metabolisme van die koolstof vanaf PEPC verander om sodoende respirasie en aminosuursintese te onderhou. Dit wil voorkom dat hierdie meganismes verskil van die van wortel meganismes. Hierdie eienskap kan toegeskryf word aan die produksie van ‘n groter hoeveelheid van 13C malaat vanaf PEPC in die wortelknoppies teenoor die wortels, wat ondersteun word die verskillende reguleringsmeganismes van ensiemaktiwiteit van dieselfde proteïen isoform. Malaat is ‘n kragtige inhibeerder van PEPC-aktiwiteit, dus blyk dit dat die wortels belê in meer PEPC proteïene as die wortelknoppies. In teenstelling, toon die wortelknoppies met laer PEPC proteïene, ‘n hoër ensiem aktiwiteit as die wortels. Dit kan wees as gevolg van hoër fosforilasie om die effek van malaat te verlaag. Die metabolisme van die malaat vanaf PEPC het die sintese van asparagien in die wortels en wortelknoppies via verskillende roetes tot gevolg gehad. Dit impliseer dat tydens ‘n tekort aan fosfaat, wortels en wortelknoppies hul hoof uitvoer aminosuur, asparagien, deur verskillende roetes sintetiseer. Hierdie studie het nuwe kennis aangaande die fisiologiese impak van organiese- en aminosuur metabolisme met koolstof vanaf PEPC in die wortels en wortelknoppies van peulplante wat voorkom in ekosisteme met lae voedingstofvlakke, voortgebring. Vir die eerste keer is dit bewys dat die wortelknoppies vanaf peulplante wat voorkom in mineraal-arme ekosisteme, staatmaak op verbeterde hulpbron beleggings, fosfaat verspreiding en organiese sure vanaf PEPC om die doeltreffendheid van funksionele stikstofassimilasie tydens fosfaat tekort, te onderhou. Dit mag die gevolg wees van, om in ‘n voedingstof arme ekosisteem te ontwikkel sodat die wortelknoppiebakteroïed respirasie en stikstofmetabolisme onderhou kan word in fosfaat arme grond soos die Fynbos.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-04-07T18:47:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline Alves Courtes.pdf: 830792 bytes, checksum: f4e235b098c3ac508c33359985b6608b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T18:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline Alves Courtes.pdf: 830792 bytes, checksum: f4e235b098c3ac508c33359985b6608b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / A doença de Huntington (DH) é uma desordem neurodegenerativa, hereditária autossômica dominante, caracterizada por alterações motoras progressivas, distúrbios emocionais, movimentos involuntários anormais e demência, os quais podem ser atribuídos à morte de neurônios estriatais e corticais. Apesar de ser uma etiologia ainda não totalmente conhecida, tem-se sugerido que o estresse oxidativo contribua para o desenvolvimento dessa condição. Nesse contexto, o ácido 3- nitropropiônico (3-NP), um inibidor da enzima mitocondrial succinato desidrogenase (SDH), têm sido utilizado em modelos animais por desenvolver as características fenotípicas observadas na DH. De um modo geral, o efeito do 3-NP está relacionado a capacidade do mesmo em causar disfunção mitocondrial e gerar espécies reativas. Nesse cenário, a pesquisa por terapias em que se busque neutralizar os efeitos deletérios das espécies reativas são de grande importância. A Luehea divaricata (L. divaricata), popularmente conhecida no Brasil como açoita cavalo contêm numerosos polifenóis, os quais poderiam atuar como agentes neuroprotetores em estudos in vitro e in vivo de doenças neurodegenerativas. Diante do exposto, buscamos nesse estudo testar a hipótese que o extrato aquoso de L. divaricata pode exercer efeito antioxidante e neuroprotetor frente às alterações comportamentais e oxidativas induzidas pelo 3-NP em ratos. Nossos dados demonstraram que o 3-NP induziu os sintomas da DH, uma vez que provocou mudanças de comportamento, evidenciados pela diminuição da atividade locomotora no Campo Aberto e Rota Rod; bem como alterações oxidativas evidenciadas pelo aumento dos níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e peroxidação lipídica; redução nos níveis de glutationa reduzida e na atividade da acetilcolinesterase. O extrato aquoso de L. divaricata preveniu as alterações comportamentais e oxidativas induzidas pelo tratamento com 3-NP, sugerindo possível efeito neuroprotetor da L. divaricata contra a toxicidade do 3-NP, o qual pode ser devido a suas propriedades antioxidantes. Consequentemente, a planta poderia ser utilizada como um agente terapêutico para a prevenção dos sintomas da DH. / Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, autosomal dominant, characterized by progressive motor disorders, emotional disturbances, abnormal involuntary movements and dementia, which can be attributed to the death of striatal and cortical neurons. Although a etiology is not fully known, it has been suggested that oxidative stress contributes to the development of this condition. In this context, the 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), an inhibitor of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), have been used in animal models to develop the phenotypic characteristics observed in HD. In general, the effect of 3-NP associated with the same capacity to cause mitochondrial dysfunction and generating reactive species. In this scenario, the search for treatments that seek to neutralize the deleterious effects of reactive species are of great importance. Luehea divaricata (L. divaricata), popularly known in Brazil as “açoita cavalo” contain numerous polyphenols, which could act as neuroprotective agents in in vitro and in vivo neurodegenerative diseases. Given the above, this study sought to test the hypothesis that the aqueous extract of L. divaricata may exert antioxidant and neuroprotective effect front and behavioral changes induced by oxidative 3-NP in rats. These data demonstrate that the 3-NP induced the symptoms of HD, because changes in behavior caused evidenced by the decrease in locomotor activity in the Open Field and Rota Rod; and oxidative changes evidenced by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation; reduction in the levels of reduced glutathione and acetylcholinesterase activity. The aqueous extract of L. divaricata was able to prevent the oxidative and behavioral changes induced by 3-NP treatment, suggesting the possible neuroprotective effect against 3-NP toxicity, which may be due to its antioxidant properties. Consequently, this plant could be used as a potential therapeutic for the prevention of HD-like simptoms.

The proximity of coral reefs to coastal urban areas and shipping lanes predisposes corals to petroleum pollution from multiple sources. Previous research has evaluated petroleum toxicity to coral using a variety of methodologies, including monitoring effects of acute and chronic spills, in situ exposures, and ex situ exposures with both adult and larval stage corals. Variability in toxicant, bioassay conditions, species and other methodological disparities among studies prevents comprehensive conclusions regarding the toxicity of hydrocarbons to corals. This research evaluated the 48-hour toxicity of 1-methylnaphthalene to Porites divaricata using a continuous-flow passive dosing system. The range-finding exposure evaluated the dosing protocol and verified the effectiveness of the passive dosing technique at maintaining exposure concentrations. The full-toxicity exposures resulted in a precise estimate of toxic threshold concentrations for use in the target lipid model. The target lipid model promoted comparisons across different species by calculating the critical target lipid body burden of 355.7 µmol/ g lipid for P. divaricata. This indicates a greater resilience to petroleum hydrocarbon exposure compared to other species for which these data are available.