<p>Sagledavanje ukupnog genetičkog i fenotipskog diverziteta i evolucionog potencijala vrste E. tenax izvr&scaron;eno je analizom jedinki poreklom sa 42 područja Evrope, Australije, Severne i Južne Amerike i laboratorijske kolonije iz &Scaron;panije. Analiza intraspecijske varijabilnosti vrste E. tenax izvr&scaron;ena je kvantifikovanjem varijacija u veličini i obliku krila 1653 jedinke i obojenosti abdomena 936 jedinki. Analiza genetičkog diverziteta na nivou polimorfizma nukleotidnih sekvenci mtDNK je izvr&scaron;ena kod 58 jedinki, dok je analiza alozimske varijabilnosti obuhvatila 821 jedinku prirodnih populacija i laboratorijske kolonije vrste E. tenax. Rezultati su ukazali da inbriding i stohastički procesi utiču na redukciju genetičkog diverziteta i da &ldquo;oslobađaju&rdquo; skrivenu genetičku varijabilnost koja je povezana sa fenotipskom diferencijacijom. Vremenska distribucija fenotipskog diverziteta vrste E. tenax je kvantifikovana analizom jedinki četiri alohrona uzorka poreklom sa lokaliteta Venac, Fru&scaron;ka gora. Mali stepen genetičke i fenotipske diferencijacije između durmitorskih uzoraka vrste E. tenax ukazuje na odsustvo prostorne substruktuiranosti i njihovu međusobnu povezanost intenzivnim protokom gena. Analiza konspecifičkih populacija vrsta E. tenax ukazala je na odsustvo jasne međupopulacione diferencijacije na osnovu parametrara krila i molekularnih markera (alozimski lokusi i COI mtDNK), te se može zaključiti da postoji intenzivan protok gena koji elimini&scaron;e razlike između populacija. Registrovan je polni dimorfizam u veličini i obliku krila i obojenosti abdomena. Uočeno je da mužjaci u proseku imaju manja i uža krila i svetlije obojene abdomene od ženki. Analizom fenotipske diferencijacije u karakterima abdomena na uzorcima vrste E. tenax sakupljenim duž geografskog gradijenta Evrope je utvrđeno odsustvo promena po tipu kline. Dobijeni rezultati omogućavaju preciznije sagledavanje intra- i interpopulacione varijabilnosti ovog takona i ukazuju da vrsta E. tenax ima visok evolucioni potencijal za adaptacije na sredinske promene</p> / <p>This paper examines molecular and phenotypic variability in the widely spread hoverfly species Eristalis tenax. We compared 42 samples from Europe, Australia North and South America, with the aim of obtaining insights into the temporal and spatial variations and sexual dimorphism in the species. Additionally, wild specimens from Spain were compared with a laboratory colony reared on artificial media. The integrative approach was based on allozyme loci, cytochrome c oxidase I mitochondrial DNA, morphometric wing parameters (shape and size) and abdominal colour patterns. Our results indicate that the fourth and eighth generations of the laboratory colony show a severe lack of genetic diversity compared to the figures observed in natural populations. Reduced genetic diversity in subsequent generations of the laboratory colony was found to be linked with phenotypic divergence. The distribution of genetic diversity at polymorphic loci indicated genetic divergence among collection dates from Fru&scaron;ka Gora Mt, and landmark-based geometric morphometrics revealed significant wing shape variation throughout the year. Phenotypic differentiation in abdominal pattern of the E. tenax populations along latitudinal gradient Europe has not been established. Consistent sexual dimorphism was observed, indicating that male specimens had lighter abdomens and smaller and narrower wings than females. It is reasonable to assume high mobility of the dronefly and high rate of gene flow reflected the similarity of genetic and phenotypic diversity of otherwise geographically distinct populations. Hence, the present study expands our knowledge of the genetic diversity and phenotypic variability of E. tenax. The quantification of such variability represents a step towards the evaluation of the adaptive potential of this species of medical and epidemiological importance.</p>

<p>U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; prikazana&nbsp; distribucija,&nbsp; dinamika&nbsp; i&nbsp; diverzitet&nbsp; insekata opra&scaron;ivača iz reda Hymenoptera&nbsp; -&nbsp; Apiformes (Anthophila) i Diptera Syrphidae)&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; i&nbsp; na&nbsp; suncokretu&nbsp; u agroekosistema&nbsp; Vojvodine.&nbsp; U&nbsp; cilju&nbsp; uvida&nbsp; u&nbsp; strukturu&nbsp; predela&nbsp; injenog&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; na&nbsp; sastav&nbsp; i&nbsp; brojnost&nbsp; polinatora,&nbsp; kartirani&nbsp; su&nbsp; tipovistani&scaron;ta&nbsp; oko&nbsp; svakog&nbsp; stepskog&nbsp; fragmenta.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; podataka dobijenih kartiranjem, odabrano je sedam stepskih fragmenata kojiu&nbsp; svom&nbsp; okruženju&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; visok&nbsp; udeo&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; kao&nbsp; masovnocvetajuće&nbsp; kulture&nbsp; i&nbsp; sedam&nbsp; stepskih&nbsp; fragmenata&nbsp; koji&nbsp; su&nbsp; bez&nbsp; ili&nbsp; saniskim&nbsp; udelom&nbsp; suncokreta.&nbsp; Iz&nbsp; reda&nbsp; Hymenoptera&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; Apoideazabeleženo&nbsp; je&nbsp; &scaron;est&nbsp; familija:&nbsp; Andrenidae,&nbsp; Apidae,&nbsp; Colletidae,Halictidae,&nbsp; Melittidae&nbsp; i&nbsp; Megachilidae,&nbsp; 114&nbsp; vrsta,&nbsp; a&nbsp; iz&nbsp; reda&nbsp; Diptera(Syrphidae),&nbsp; registrovano&nbsp; je&nbsp; ukupno&nbsp; 11&nbsp; vrsta.&nbsp; Predstavnici&nbsp; familija Andrenidae, Apidae i Halictidae su distribuirani na svim lokalitetima,predstavnici&nbsp; familije&nbsp; Megachilidae&nbsp; su&nbsp; distribuirani&nbsp; na&nbsp; 15&nbsp; od&nbsp; 16lokaliteta,&nbsp; a&nbsp; najmanje&nbsp; su&nbsp; zastupljene&nbsp; jedinke&nbsp; familija&nbsp; Colletidae&nbsp; i<br />Melittidae,&nbsp; distribuirane&nbsp; na&nbsp; pet&nbsp; lokaliteta.&nbsp; Polinatori&nbsp; reda&nbsp; Diptera familije&nbsp; Syrphidae&nbsp; su&nbsp; distribuirani&nbsp; na&nbsp; svim&nbsp; lokalitetima.&nbsp; Rezultati Kruskal-Volisovog H testa ukuzuju da je tokom sve tri sezone (2011.,2012.,&nbsp; 2013.)&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; bilo&nbsp; zastupljeno vrsta&nbsp; solitarnih&nbsp; pčela,&nbsp; zatim&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; osolikih&nbsp; muva,&nbsp; a&nbsp; najmanje&nbsp; vrsta bumbara.&nbsp; Istim&nbsp; testom&nbsp; je&nbsp; dobijano&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; tokom&nbsp; sve&nbsp; tri&nbsp; sezone&nbsp; na stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima,&nbsp; registrovano&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; osolikih&nbsp; muva,<br />zatim&nbsp; medonosne&nbsp; pčele,&nbsp; solitarne&nbsp; pčele,&nbsp; a&nbsp; najmanje&nbsp; jedinki bumbara.&nbsp; Fridmanovim&nbsp; testom&nbsp; su&nbsp; utvrđene&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; u&nbsp; brojnosti (dinamici)&nbsp; polinatora&nbsp; kroz&nbsp; sezone,&nbsp; uočen&nbsp; je&nbsp; porast&nbsp; broja&nbsp; jedinki medonosne pčele i opadanje broja jedinki solitarnih pčela.Rezultati&nbsp; dobijeni&nbsp; Man-Vitnijevim&nbsp; U-testom&nbsp; pokazuju&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; na<br />stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; koji&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; niži&nbsp; udeo&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; u&nbsp; predelu zastupljeno&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; bumbara.&nbsp; Istim&nbsp; testom&nbsp; je&nbsp; dobijen rezultat&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; sa&nbsp; visokim&nbsp; udelom suncokreta&nbsp; ima&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; medonosne&nbsp; pčele.&nbsp; Vilkoksonovim testom&nbsp; sume&nbsp; rangova&nbsp; je&nbsp; pokazano&nbsp; da&nbsp; su&nbsp; jedinke&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; bumbara zastupljenije na stepskim fragmentima nakon cvetanja suncokreta, za&nbsp; vreme&nbsp; cvetanja&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; je registrovano&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; <em>Apis&nbsp; mellifera</em>,&nbsp; osolikih&nbsp; muva&nbsp; i&nbsp; solitarnih pčela.&nbsp; Modeli&nbsp; regresionih&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; linearnih&nbsp; me&scaron;ovitih&nbsp; modela&nbsp; su pokazali&nbsp; da&nbsp; se&nbsp; sa&nbsp; porastom&nbsp; udela&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; u&nbsp; predelu&nbsp; smanjuje broj jedinki divljih pčela i jedinki i vrsta bumbara. Sa porastom udela polu-prirodnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; u&nbsp; predelu&nbsp; i&nbsp; većom&nbsp; cvetnom&nbsp; pokrovnosti, povećava se udeo jedinki i vrsta osolikih muva.</p> / <p>This&nbsp; paper&nbsp; shows&nbsp; distribution,&nbsp; dynamic&nbsp; and&nbsp; pollinator&nbsp; diversity Hymenoptera&nbsp; -&nbsp; Apiformes&nbsp; (Anthophila)&nbsp; and Diptera (Syrphidae)&nbsp; in semi-natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; in&nbsp; sunflower&nbsp; crops&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina&nbsp; agroecosystems.&nbsp; Around&nbsp; each&nbsp; of&nbsp; 16&nbsp; selected&nbsp; steppe&nbsp; fragments,&nbsp; habitat types&nbsp; were&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; to&nbsp; test&nbsp; how&nbsp; do&nbsp; landscape&nbsp; structure&nbsp; affects pollinator&nbsp; diversity&nbsp; and&nbsp; abundance&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi&nbsp; natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; in sunflower&nbsp; crops.&nbsp; Based&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; results&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; by&nbsp; mapping,&nbsp; seven study sites with high % of sunflower like mass flowering crops, and eight&nbsp; study&nbsp; sites&nbsp; with&nbsp; no&nbsp; or&nbsp; low&nbsp; %&nbsp; of&nbsp; mass&nbsp; flowering&nbsp; crops&nbsp; are selected. In total, there were 114 species from 6 families&nbsp; from order Hymenoptera-Apiformes:&nbsp; Andrenidae,&nbsp; Apidae,&nbsp; Colletidae, Halictidae, Melittidae and Megachilidae, and 11 species from order Diptera&nbsp; (Syrphidae).&nbsp; Insects&nbsp; from&nbsp; families:&nbsp; Andrenidae,&nbsp; Apidae, Colletidae&nbsp; and&nbsp; Halictidae&nbsp; were&nbsp; distributed&nbsp; on&nbsp; all&nbsp; study&nbsp; sites,&nbsp; while insects&nbsp; from&nbsp; family&nbsp; Megachilidae&nbsp; were&nbsp; distributed&nbsp; almost&nbsp; on&nbsp; all study&nbsp; sites&nbsp; (15&nbsp; sites).&nbsp; At&nbsp; least&nbsp; only&nbsp; on&nbsp; five&nbsp; study&nbsp; sites&nbsp; were distributed insects from family: Colletidae and Melittidae. Hoverflies were distributed on all study sites.&nbsp; Kruskal-Wallis H test shows that an&nbsp; all&nbsp; three&nbsp; seasons&nbsp; (2011.,&nbsp; 2012.,&nbsp; 2013.)&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi&nbsp; natural&nbsp; habitats wild bees species were most abundant, followed by hoverfly species, and bumblebee species at the end. Same test&nbsp; shows that&nbsp; in all three seasons in semi natural habitats individuals of hoverflies were more abundant than individuals of honey bees, wild bees&nbsp; and individuals of&nbsp; bumblebees,&nbsp; which&nbsp; were&nbsp; least&nbsp; abundant.&nbsp; Friedman&nbsp; test&nbsp; shows differences in densities of pollinator through the seasons, and these results&nbsp; shows&nbsp; increasing&nbsp; in&nbsp; Apis&nbsp; mellifera&nbsp; densities&nbsp; and&nbsp; decline&nbsp; of wild bees densities through seasons. Man-Whitney&nbsp; U-test&nbsp; shows&nbsp; that&nbsp; there&nbsp; were&nbsp; more&nbsp; species&nbsp; and individuals of bumble bees in semi-natural habitats which landscapes are without&nbsp; or low % of sunflower. Same test shows that there were more&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi-natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; which landscapes&nbsp; have&nbsp; high&nbsp; %&nbsp; of&nbsp; sunflower.&nbsp; Wilcoxon&nbsp; signed-rank&nbsp; test shows&nbsp; that&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi-natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; species&nbsp; and&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of bumblebees&nbsp; were&nbsp; more&nbsp; abundant&nbsp; after&nbsp; blooming&nbsp; sunflower,&nbsp; while species&nbsp; and&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of&nbsp; wild&nbsp; bees&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of hoverflies and&nbsp; <em>Apis mellifera</em>&nbsp; were&nbsp; more abundant during blooming sunflower.&nbsp; Linear mixed-effect model shows that with increase of % of&nbsp; sunflower&nbsp; in&nbsp; landscape&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of&nbsp; wild&nbsp; bees&nbsp; and species and individuals of bumblebees decreasing, and individuals of hoverflies increasing. With an increase of % of semi natural habitats and&nbsp; increase&nbsp; of&nbsp; flower&nbsp; cover,&nbsp; abundance&nbsp; and&nbsp; species&nbsp; of&nbsp; hoverflies<br />increases.</p>

<p>U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; analiziran&nbsp; odgovor&nbsp; lokalnih&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; tekunice&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini&nbsp; na<br />promene&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; klime&nbsp; i&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćenja&nbsp; zemlji&scaron;ta.&nbsp; Odgovori&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; tekunice<br />(tipičnog&nbsp; predstavnika&nbsp; otvorenih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i&nbsp; idealnog&nbsp; model&nbsp; organizma)&nbsp; na<br />pomenute promene omogućiće razmatranje kako mere na regionalnom nivou: i)<br />mogu unaprediti za&scaron;titu i očuvanje tekunice ii) ublažiti efekti promene klime i<br />kori&scaron;ćenja&nbsp; zemlji&scaron;ta&nbsp; iii)&nbsp; mogu&nbsp; usaglasiti&nbsp; razvoj&nbsp; poljoprivrede&nbsp; sa&nbsp; očuvanjem<br />biodiverziteta travnatih ekosistema. Kako&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; odgovorilo&nbsp; na&nbsp; pitanja&nbsp; i&nbsp; postavljene&nbsp; hipoteze&nbsp; u&nbsp; radu&nbsp; sprovedeno&nbsp; je terensko&nbsp; istraživanje,&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćen&nbsp; standardni&nbsp; prostorni&nbsp; pristup&nbsp; i&nbsp; ekolo&scaron;ko modelovanje.&nbsp; Sve&nbsp; primenjene&nbsp; tehnike&nbsp; su&nbsp; komplementarne&nbsp; jedna&nbsp; drugoj&nbsp; u dobijanju&nbsp; odgovora&nbsp; na&nbsp; postavljena&nbsp; pitanja&nbsp; gde&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; jedne&nbsp; analize predstavljaju&nbsp; ulazne&nbsp; podatke&nbsp; za&nbsp; drugu&nbsp; analizu.&nbsp; U&nbsp; tezi&nbsp; su&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćeni&nbsp;&nbsp; podaci dobijeni&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; terenskog&nbsp; mapiranja&nbsp; lokalnih&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; i&nbsp; podaci&nbsp; iz eksperimenta&nbsp; modelovanja&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; serija&nbsp; podataka&nbsp; dobijena&nbsp; cenzusom&nbsp; kolonija tekunica i terenskim uzorkovanjem zemlji&scaron;ta i vegetacije. Rasprostranjenje&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; oblikuju&nbsp; klimatski&nbsp; uslovi&nbsp; ali&nbsp; pored&nbsp; abiotičkih faktora&nbsp; uslovljavaju&nbsp; ih&nbsp; i&nbsp; biotički&nbsp; faktori&nbsp; i&nbsp; kretanje&nbsp; jedinki.&nbsp; Promena&nbsp; klime direktno&nbsp; utiče&nbsp; na&nbsp; distribuciju&nbsp; optimalnih&nbsp; uslova.&nbsp; Istraženo&nbsp; je&nbsp; u&nbsp; kojoj&nbsp; meri&nbsp; će doći&nbsp; do&nbsp; promene&nbsp; u&nbsp; distribuciji&nbsp; optimalnih&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; sredine&nbsp; za&nbsp; tekunicu. Potencijalna promena&nbsp; analizirana je&nbsp; uzimajući&nbsp; u obzir klimatski scenario Max Plank&nbsp; Instituta&nbsp; sa&nbsp; tri&nbsp; rcp&nbsp; projekcije&nbsp; i&nbsp; tri&nbsp; generisana&nbsp; prostorna&nbsp; scenarijadistribucije&nbsp; otvorenih&nbsp; travnatih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini.&nbsp; Sagledavanje&nbsp; mogućih efekata promene sredinskih uslova&nbsp; dalo je&nbsp; mogućnost da se ukaže na zone koja će&nbsp; biti&nbsp; ključne&nbsp; za&nbsp; očuvanje&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; tekunica&nbsp; i&nbsp; travnatih&nbsp; ekosistema&nbsp; u Vojvodini. Sledeće,&nbsp; s&nbsp; obzirom&nbsp; da&nbsp; disperzija&nbsp; jedinki,&nbsp; dostupnost&nbsp; resursa&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; delovanje lokalnih&nbsp; faktora&nbsp; ugrožavanja&nbsp; (barijere,&nbsp; menadžment&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta,&nbsp; varijabilnost sredinskih uslova, predatorstvo, poljoprivredne aktivnosti) oblikuju distribuciju populacija&nbsp; u&nbsp; prostoru,&nbsp; u&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; analiziran&nbsp; i&nbsp; uticaj&nbsp; promene&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; faktora&nbsp; na distribuciju populacija. Na području lokalnog slatino-stepskog koridora srednjeg Banata istražene su kompozicija biljnih vrsta, upravljanje na stani&scaron;tu, promena u kompoziciji okolnih poljoprivrednih kultura i dinamika populacije. Dobijene su informacije o efektima lokalnih uslova na prisustvo&nbsp; kolonija,&nbsp; veličinu kolonija i kondiciono stanje jedinki. Informacije dobijene u ovim poglavljima&nbsp; su kasnije kori&scaron;ćeni&nbsp; za&nbsp; formiranju&nbsp; seta&nbsp; kriterijuma&nbsp; radi&nbsp; karakterizacije&nbsp; svih&nbsp; mapiranih stani&scaron;ta u Vojvodini. Dalje,&nbsp; veliku&nbsp; ulogu&nbsp; u&nbsp; poljoprivrednom&nbsp; predelu&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; tranziciona&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; koja&nbsp; povezuju&nbsp; lokalne&nbsp; populacije.&nbsp; Identifikovanje&nbsp; koja&nbsp; tranziciona&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; koriste jedinke tekunice je ključno za očuvanje&nbsp; populacija i&nbsp; ublažavanje trena&nbsp; opadanja brojnosti. Na terenu su mapirani distribucioni obrasci lokalnih kolonija tekunice i istraženo je da li postoje razlike na lokalnom i predeonom&nbsp; nivou u distribuciji nastanjenih i napu&scaron;tenih stani&scaron;ta na području Vojvodine. U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; dalje&nbsp; analizirana&nbsp; mapirana&nbsp; mreža&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; lokalnih&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; i pretpostavljano&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; populacije&nbsp; funkcioni&scaron;u&nbsp; i&nbsp; održavaju&nbsp; se&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru metapopulacione strukture. Sa druge strane, veličina i povr&scaron;ina koju zauzimaju potencijalne&nbsp; metapopulacione&nbsp; struktura&nbsp; mapirane&nbsp; mreže&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; koje&nbsp; se razlikuju&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; okupiranost,&nbsp; kapacitet&nbsp; i&nbsp; povezanost&nbsp; nisu&nbsp; bile&nbsp; poznate. Kako&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; kvantifikovale&nbsp; potencijalne&nbsp; metapopulacione&nbsp; jedinice&nbsp; i&nbsp; utvrdila vijabilnost&nbsp; svake&nbsp; definisane&nbsp; pojedinačne&nbsp; metapopulacione&nbsp; mreže&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćen&nbsp; je metod ključnog fragmenta. Mapirane mreže evaluirane su iz perspektive samog taksona&nbsp; i&nbsp; testiran&nbsp; je&nbsp; potencijalni&nbsp; disperzioni&nbsp; kapacitet.&nbsp; Proverena&nbsp; je permeabilnost predeonog matriksa između mapiranih stani&scaron;ta i identifikovani su potencijalni koridori za jedinke. Ovakav pristup daje uvid&nbsp; u koji deo predela&nbsp; je značajno&nbsp; i&nbsp; neophodno&nbsp; ulagati&nbsp; ograničena&nbsp; sredstva&nbsp; za&nbsp; za&scaron;titu&nbsp; prirode&nbsp; unutar regiona Vojvodine. U&nbsp; tezi&nbsp; je&nbsp; na&nbsp; kraju&nbsp; ocenjen&nbsp; doprinos&nbsp; trenutne&nbsp; regionalne&nbsp; konzervacione&nbsp; prakse za&scaron;titi&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; tekunice,&nbsp; dat&nbsp; pregled&nbsp; slabih&nbsp; tačaka&nbsp; i&nbsp; predlog&nbsp; predeono adaptacionih mera koji će doprineti za&scaron;titi i očuvanju populacije tekunice kao i mozaika otvorenih travnatih stani&scaron;ta.</p> / <p>The study analyzes the&nbsp; European ground squirrel (EGS) population&nbsp; response to land use and climate change&nbsp; in Vojvodina. The response&nbsp; of the EGS population&nbsp; (typical&nbsp; species&nbsp; of&nbsp; open&nbsp; grassland&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; ideal&nbsp; model&nbsp; organism)&nbsp; to changes in&nbsp; environmental conditions in this region will enable consideration of following measures at&nbsp; the local and landscape level: i) effective protection and<br />conservation of the EGS and habitat it relay on; ii) climate change and land use mitigation&nbsp; and&nbsp; adaptation&nbsp; iii)&nbsp; how&nbsp; can&nbsp; we&nbsp; harmonize&nbsp; the&nbsp; development&nbsp; of agriculture and preserve&nbsp; the biodiversity of&nbsp; grassland ecosystem&nbsp; in agricultural settings. In order to answer the questions of this study, the field research was conducted, standard spatial approach and ecological modeling were employed. All applied techniques&nbsp; are&nbsp; complementary&nbsp; to&nbsp; one&nbsp; another&nbsp; in&nbsp; obtaining&nbsp; responses&nbsp; to&nbsp; the questions&nbsp; asked.&nbsp; The&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; one&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; represent&nbsp; the&nbsp; input&nbsp; data&nbsp; for&nbsp; the following&nbsp; one.&nbsp; The&nbsp; data&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; study&nbsp; were&nbsp; obtained:&nbsp; from&nbsp; EGS&nbsp; local populations&rsquo;&nbsp; field&nbsp; mapping,&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; modeling&nbsp; experiment,&nbsp; the&nbsp; census campaigned and the field sampling of soil and vegetation. Distribution of populations, which in addition to abiotic factors are conditioned by biotic factors and movement of individuals were evaluated in the context of climate&nbsp; change.&nbsp; Climate&nbsp; change&nbsp; directly&nbsp; affects&nbsp; the&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; optimalconditions.&nbsp; The&nbsp; potential&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; optimal&nbsp; environmental conditions for EGS were assessed by considering&nbsp; changes in abiotic factors and the&nbsp; availability&nbsp; of&nbsp; grasslands.&nbsp; The&nbsp; climate&nbsp; scenario&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; using&nbsp; a&nbsp; dynamic vegetation&nbsp; map&nbsp; with&nbsp; three&nbsp; rcp&nbsp; projections&nbsp; and&nbsp; three&nbsp; spatial&nbsp; scenarios&nbsp; for&nbsp; the distribution of open grasslands were used. The extrapolation of a suitable area obtained&nbsp; by&nbsp; presence&nbsp; only&nbsp; model&nbsp; Maxent&nbsp; gives&nbsp; the&nbsp; possibility&nbsp; to&nbsp; point&nbsp; to&nbsp; the zones&nbsp; that&nbsp; will&nbsp; be&nbsp; crucial&nbsp; for&nbsp; preserving&nbsp; the&nbsp; populations&nbsp; and&nbsp; grassland ecosystems in future. Dispersion&nbsp; of&nbsp; individuals,&nbsp; availability&nbsp; of&nbsp; resources&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; operation&nbsp; of&nbsp; local threats (e. g. barriers, habitat management, variability of the central conditions, predation, agricultural activities) shape the distribution of&nbsp; populations in space and time. In the area of the local saline steppe corridor of the central Banat in Vojvodina&nbsp; i)&nbsp; the&nbsp; composition&nbsp; of&nbsp; plant&nbsp; species,&nbsp; ii)&nbsp; open&nbsp; grassland&nbsp; habitat management&nbsp; iii)&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; composition&nbsp; of&nbsp; surrounding&nbsp; crops&nbsp; and&nbsp; iv) population&nbsp; dynamics&nbsp; of&nbsp; EGS&nbsp; have&nbsp; been&nbsp; investigated.&nbsp; The&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp; local conditions on the presence, size of colonies and condition of the individuals&nbsp; of EGS were assessed. The&nbsp; information obtained in these chapters was later used to&nbsp; form&nbsp; a&nbsp; set&nbsp; of&nbsp; criteria&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; characterization&nbsp; of&nbsp; all&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; in Vojvodina. In the agricultural area, transitional habitats connect local populations of many species. Identifying&nbsp; transitional&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; which potentially&nbsp; can&nbsp; be used by focal species&nbsp; is&nbsp; key&nbsp; to&nbsp; protect&nbsp; and&nbsp; mitigate&nbsp; population&nbsp; decline.&nbsp; For&nbsp; this&nbsp; purpose distribution&nbsp; patterns&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; colonies&nbsp; were&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; field.&nbsp; The haracteristics&nbsp; and&nbsp; differences&nbsp; among&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; patches&nbsp; at&nbsp; the&nbsp; local&nbsp; and&nbsp; sub landscape scale were detected and evaluated. Later in the study the network of&nbsp; mapped habitats patches was evaluated. It was assumed&nbsp; that&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; populations&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina&nbsp; function&nbsp; within&nbsp; several&nbsp;&nbsp; metapopulations networks. However, the size and area of potential meta-population networks&nbsp; are&nbsp; likely&nbsp; to&nbsp; differ&nbsp; in&nbsp; relation&nbsp; to&nbsp; occupancy,&nbsp; capacity&nbsp; and&nbsp; habitat connectivity. The knowledge of potential population units was&nbsp; scarce. In&nbsp; order to&nbsp; quantify&nbsp; the&nbsp; potential&nbsp; population&nbsp; units,&nbsp; to&nbsp; determine&nbsp; the&nbsp; viability&nbsp; and conservation&nbsp; priority&nbsp; of&nbsp; each&nbsp; defined&nbsp; habitat&nbsp; network&nbsp; the&nbsp; key&nbsp; patch&nbsp; approach was used. Mapped networks were evaluated from the perspective of the taxon itself&nbsp; and potential dispersed capacity was tested. The ermeability of the matrix area,&nbsp; connectivity&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; potential corridors&nbsp; was&nbsp; verified.&nbsp; This&nbsp; approach&nbsp; gives an&nbsp; opportunity&nbsp; to&nbsp; assess to&nbsp; which part&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; area&nbsp; and&nbsp; population&nbsp; it&nbsp; is&nbsp; necessary&nbsp; to&nbsp; invest&nbsp; limited&nbsp; resources&nbsp; for nature protection in&nbsp; Vojvodina.The contribution of&nbsp; current regional conservation practice to protection of EGS was evaluated,&nbsp; a brief overview of the weak points and the proposal of preciseadaptation&nbsp; measures&nbsp; that&nbsp; should&nbsp; be&nbsp; taken&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina&nbsp; are&nbsp; presented&nbsp; in&nbsp; final chapter. The results of this study&nbsp; propose the&nbsp; development of&nbsp; spatial adaption measures&nbsp; and&nbsp; conservation&nbsp; design&nbsp; that&nbsp; will&nbsp; contribute&nbsp; not&nbsp; only&nbsp; in&nbsp; preserving EGS and habitats it relay on&nbsp; but also other wild plant and animal species&nbsp; in this intensively used agricultural settings.</p>