Doctor en Química / Esta tesis constituye una incursión y contribución al conocimiento de la química supramolecular y de la química de las interacciones sutiles en el ámbito de compuestos polimoleculares derivados de las matrices binarias de urea y tiourea. Se sintetizaron y caracterizaron los compuestos de inclusión de las matrices aniónicas urea/cloruro, urea/bromuro, urea/yoduro, tiourea/cloruro, tiourea/bromuro, tiourea/yoduro incorporando como huésped el catión diquinuclidonio. Las matrices están formadas por unidades de urea o tiourea que se unen entre sí mediante puentes de hidrógeno y puentes de halógeno. Las uniones entre las matrices y los huéspedes son débiles, de naturaleza no específica. Los compuestos obtenidos se caracterizaron a través de las técnicas difracción de rayos-X en muestras policristalinas y monocristal, análisis térmico diferencial (DTA), calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), termogravimetría (TG), 1 H y 13 C-RMN en solución y 1 H–RMN en sólido, espectroscopía infrarroja e impedancia compleja. Todos estos compuestos presentan propiedades estructurales conmensuradas. Las sustancias obtenidas en general poseen estructuras características diferentes de los clatratos típicos, excepto aquéllas de las matrices tiourea/cloruro y tiourea/bromuro que presentan canales hexagonales. Tiourea/yoduro, urea/bromuro y urea/yoduro presentan estructuras laminares. Urea/cloruro posee una estructura particular con una matriz de tipo bicanal. Estimaciones de las propiedades conductoras de los compuestos sintetizados demostraron que estos se comportan como poco conductores y anisótropos. La conductividad varía de acuerdo al ambiente en que se realicen los experimentos, esto es, vacío, humedad y temperatura. Como valores extremos se obtuvieron 1.13 x 10 -4 para urea-bromuro/diquinuclidonio en sistema abierto a 77ºC y 4.82 x 10 -11 para tiourea-bromuro/diquinuclidonio al vacío y 25ºC, ambas medidas en pastillas. Los compuestos sintetizados no descomponen antes de la fusión y la destrucción de la matriz y pérdida de huésped ocurre generalmente en ese punto. Todos los compuestos obtenidos en esta tesis muestran un efecto motriz muy particular al romperse la matriz en presencia de solventes como agua o dimetilsulfóxido, producido por el efecto de abandono acelerado del huésped. Lo anterior es acompañado de la aparición de un color rosado en presencia de fenolftaleina como indicador. También se sintetizó y caracterizó el compuesto binario de tiourea con quinuclidina cuya estructura no estaba reportada, se trata de una estructura típica de compuesto binario tipo túnel de tiourea. Se pudo demostrar experimentalmente por 13 C CP-MAS un equilibrio al interior de la matriz de tiourea de un compuesto binario a través de un desplazamiento de huéspedes, sin ocurrir la destrucción de la matriz. Intentos de síntesis de compuestos de inclusión ternarios halogenados de urea y tiourea con fosfinas aromáticas y cíclicas no aromáticas fueron infructuosos, lo mismo aconteció con éteres corona litiados.

This master thesis deals with the medical law specifically protection of doctors that Czech legal code provides. The goal of this thesis is to highlight doctor's rights in relation to patients. My thesis contains nine chapters which are divided into subsections clearly. First I defined legislation of medical law and doctors. In the next part I focus on the issue who can practice as a doctor and what conditions he/she has to fulfill. The new definition of the appropriate professional level is very important for the profession of doctor. This procedure is called lege artis. The entirely third chapter devotes this issue - I also deal with opinions of experts who assess whether the provided medical service fulfills all aspects of the lege artis. Further chapter describes the relationship between doctor and patient and the changes that have been observed in recent years. Following chapters are the most important ones. They outline the specific rights and different ways how to protect doctors. I tried to present legal instruments which are not primarily created to protect doctors however they provide this protection and are very important for their profession. I put an emphasis on issues of compulsory confidentiality and in particular on exceptions when a doctor can disclose information about a patient...

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Doctor en Química

In recent years educational researchers have expressed a growing concern about both increased rates of attrition from doctoral programs and the increased time required to compete the doctorate. Many researchers have estimated that upwards of 50% of doctoral students withdraw from their programs prior to completion of degree requirements. Although women’s rates of enrollment have grown significantly over the past decade there is also much evidence to show that women withdraw from doctoral programs of study at higher rates than men. Given these trends there is good reason to examine more closely, factors that influence women’s doctoral degree progress. This study provides an in-depth qualitative examination of the challenges women encounter in pursuing the Ph.D., and the meanings they attribute to their experiences, with the purpose of identifying critical factors that influence women’s doctoral persistence. The study breaks new methodological ground by demonstrating how the Internet, often thought to be a cold and impersonal medium, can be used to conduct in-depth personal interviews that are rich in meaning despite separation of interviewer and interviewees in both place and time. Utilizing grounded theory methodology for analyzing the data, five women Ph.D. candidates and two recent Ph.D. recipients were interviewed over the course of one year (1995). A critical feminist perspective provides the theoretical framework for understanding the women’s learning experiences within the contexts of their institutional and departmental milieux. Findings relating to women’s doctoral persistence emerge through an analysis of electronic mail transcripts and face-to-face interviews. Central to the findings is the illumination of a complex interaction of personal, social and institutional factors that both enhance and detract from women’s doctoral persistence. Eleven elements of a theory of women’s doctoral persistence are put forward. The benefits and limitations of using electronic networks to conduct qualitative inquiry are examined. / Graduate

MFamMed, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / The effect of asking the question “Is there anything else?” toward the end of selected consultations was assessed. A study was conducted using a sample of 200 patients from a Johannesburg general family practice, randomly allocated into intervention and control groups. Details of patient demographics and of the consultations in both groups were recorded. Patients from the study group were asked “Is there anything else?” at the transition to closure of the consultation. The responses elicited were recorded and compared to issues raised spontaneously by patients in the control group at the same stage of the consultation. 43% of the patients in the study group used the opportunity to introduce new issues not yet discussed. 26% of the patients in the control group asked questions at the same point in the consultation. The problems raised were similar in each group, as was the time added to the consultation. This would suggest that patients will raise more issues if given the opportunity than they may have raised unprompted. Dealing with these issues may make the consultation longer, but may prevent unnecessary future visits and investigations.

Thesis advisor: Andrea Heberlein / Expressions of empathy are considered a core component of a physician’s treatment of their patients. It is imperative to the establishment of open communication, which aids in facilitating a good interpersonal relationship, exchanging information and making treatment-related decisions. Although empathy is widely viewed as essential, it is also commonly viewed as burdensome. We propose that empathy can be divided based on the characteristics in which we evaluate another’s mind. Previous research indicates that we attribute mental capacities based on two distinct dimensions: experience and agency, described as the capacity to feel and the capacity to act, respectively. By dividing physician empathy into an understanding of a patient’s feelings and an understanding of a patient’s goals, it may be possible to extract what we are assuming to be the emotionally taxing component by focusing just on the patient’s agency. 270 participants were surveyed regarding their opinions of their physician’s communication in an attempt to identify trends within demographic populations for preferences for goal-directed or emotional empathy. Results indicate significant effects of age, gender and combined income. As age and combined income increase, appreciation for agency-related communication decreases. Females also expressed significantly higher appreciation for an experience-related style of communication. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Psychology.

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Class of 2014 Abstract / Specific Aims: Our goal was to identify the extent and type of research requirements in Doctorate of Pharmacy programs in the United States and Puerto Rico. Regular and associate institutional school members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) were eligible to complete this study. Methods: Online questionnaires were distributed through email in three waves. Questions consisted of demographic questions, and questions about the type and extent of research requirements each school offers. Main Results: Some type of research project was required in seven schools (25.9%) during the course of their PharmD curriculum. Of the 27 schools completing the questionnaire, 55% indicated they required research methods, 78% required statistics, and 100% required drug information/literature evaluation courses during their PharmD curriculum. Conclusion: The majority of colleges provide research-related coursework for their students in PharmD programs. Roughly a quarter of schools require some form of research project be completed prior to graduation, with a large portion offering some form of research experience or elective with research opportunities.