Univ., Magisterarb., 2008--Frankfurt (Main).

L’histoire du peuplement a toujours constitué un enjeu majeur pour la reconstitution des identités culturelles, sociales et même ethniques. Le pays dogon est reconnu pour la richesse de ses traditions orales dont la transmission se fait de génération en génération. Pour conduire à bien ce travail, nous avons mené une étude pluridisciplinaire : Après une analyse minutieuse des traditions orales, nous avons compris que l’historique de la migration dogon se révèle beaucoup plus complexe et ancien que supposé au départ. Malgré cette richesse, retracer les étapes du peuplement dogon de la plaine du Séno-Gondo à travers les seules traditions orales n’est pas une tâche aisée parce qu’il y a encore des zones très confuses. Sur le plan archéologique, d'une manière générale, la céramique récoltée sur les sites indique la coexistence de plusieurs traditions sur une longue période chronologique (entre le 2ème et le 14ème siècle AD). Au regard de ces données, l’occupation des sites est à situer dans le cadre de la dynamique des flux migratoires de la Boucle du Niger dès le début de notre ère et indique un début d’occupation de certaines zones du pays dogon, probablement à partir du delta intérieur du Niger. Les données ethnohistoriques et archéologiques de nos recherches nous permettent aujourd’hui d’élaborer un certain nombre d’hypothèses, préalable indispensable à l’écriture d’un scénario retraçant l’histoire du peuplement de la plaine du Séno-Gondo. / The history of populating has always been a major challenge for the reconstruction of cultural identities, social and even "ethnic". Dogon country is known for its rich oral traditions whose transmission takes place from generation to generation. To carry out this work, we conducted a multidisciplinary study: After a careful analysis of oral traditions, we understand that the history of the Dogon migration is much more complex and older than initially assumed. Despite this wealth, retracing the steps of the stand Dogon of the Seno-Gondo only through oral traditions is not an easy task because there are still areas very confused. Archaeologically, in general, ceramics collected from the sites indicates the existence of several traditions over a long period of time (between 2nd and 14th century AD). Given these data, the site occupation is placed in the context of the dynamics of migratory flows in the Niger Bend from the beginning of our era and indicates the beginning of occupation of certain areas of Dogon country, probably from the Inner Niger Delta. Ethnohistorical and archaeological data of our research allow us to develop a number of assumptions, a prerequisite to writing a screenplay about the history of the peopling of the plain of Seno-Gondo.

Texte remanié de: Thesis Ph. D.--Anthropologie--Bayreuth--Université, 2003. Titre de soutenance : Travail de Blanc, travail de Noir : la migration paysanne du pays dogon à l'Office du Niger et au Ghana. / Contient des éléments de l'enquête. Bibliogr. p. 259-264. Index.

Thesis (M.A.) -- Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1973. / Typescript. Bibliography : leaves [160]-167. Also available online.

Zugl.: Genève, Univ., Diss., 2008

L’histoire du peuplement demeure une question fondamentale en archéologie. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes proposé de retracer l’histoire du peuplement de la marge orientale du delta intérieur du Niger en examinant des macro-traces de montage identifiées sur la céramique des sites archéologiques de l’Âge du Fer et localisés dans les trois sous-régions (le delta intérieur du Niger, le Gourma-des-Mont et le Pays dogon), qui composent la zone. Il vise à comprendre les mécanismes de peuplement de chaque sous-région, appréhender les relations entre les sous-régions et établir une dynamique relationnelle entre les traditions céramiques et les communautés de la région. Grâce à une approche pluridisciplinaire associant à la fois les informations historiques, ethnoarchéologiques et archéologiques, nous avons pu établir que le peuplement et les traditions céramiques observées s’intègrent dans une dynamique historique et sociale commune à la marge orientale du delta intérieur du Niger. / The history of the population remains a key issue in archaeology. In this study, we proposed to trace the migratory history of the eastern margin of the Inner Niger Delta by examining macro-traces of assemblage identified on the ceramic from the Iron Age archaeological sites and located within three sub-regions (the Inner Niger Delta, the Gourma and the Dogon Country), which are part of the study area. It aims to understand the mechanisms of population of each sub-region, comprehend the relationship between the sub-regions and establish a dynamic relationship between ceramic traditions and communities in the region. Through a multidisciplinary approach involving both historical, ethno- archaeological and archaeological information, we have shown that settlement and ceramic traditions found in each sub-region and traditions are part of a historical and social dynamics common to the eastern margin of the inner Niger Delta.

In malaria endemic regions, resistance to malaria constitutes a critical selective pressureon genetic polymorphisms that regulate immune defense and inflammatory pathways.Differences in malaria susceptibility between sympatric ethnic groups have been described inMali. The Fulani are less susceptible to malaria compared to the neighboring group the Dogon,in spite of similar socio-economic and environmental conditions. Paper I is focused on IL-4-590 T/C polymorphism and correlation with levels of malariaspecific IgG, IgG (1-4) subclasses as well as malaria specific and total IgE level in the two ethnicgroups. Our data show that the Fulani individual carrying the IL-4-590 T allele found to havehigher parasite carriage rate and had higher levels of malaria-specific IgG4 and IgE compared tothe individual carrying the C allele. No such differences were seen within the Dogon.Paper II investigated 166 SNPs in the human host in individuals belonging to the Fulani and theDogon ethnic groups. These SNPs were correlated with total IgG against AMA-1, MSP-1, MSP-2 and CSP antigens as well as total IgE level. All antibody levels were higher in the Fulanicompared to the Dogon and strengthens previous finding that antibodies might play a role in theprotection seen in the Fulani. We identified higher frequencies of the protective blood group O.Several allelic differences between the two ethnic groups were found in CD36, IL-4, RTN3 andADCY9. Moreover several polymorphisms in SLC22A4, IRF1, IL5, LTA and TNF have beenfound to be correlated with anti-MSP antibody level; TLR6, IL3, TNF, and IL22 found to becorrelated with anti-MSP-2 antibody level in the Fulani. Such association was not seen in theDogon. In Paper III, the same individuals, as in paper II, were investigated with a focus on the FcγRIIapolymorphism and correlation with levels of anti-AMA-1, MSP-1, MSP-2, CSP specificantibodies as well as total IgE level. The genotype distribution and allele frequency weresignificantly different between the Fulani and the Dogon with the Fulani being HH, H allele- andthe Dogon RR, R allele carriers. A correlation between the HH genotype and the H allele andprotection against mild malaria was seen in the Fulani but not in the DogonTaken together our study has found significant genetic differences between the Fulani and theDogon Ethnic groups, which suggest that ethnicity should be taken into account in monitoring ofimmunological studies and vaccines trials in malaria endemic areas.

In areas where malaria is endemic, pregnant women and children bear the main burden of severe and life-threatening malarial disease. The aim of this work was to study the impact of Plasmodium falciparum infection on inflammatory responses in pregnant women and children residing in African countries. In paper I we investigated peripheral blood samples from pregnant women, living in Tanzania, for potential biomarkers of P. falciparum infection during pregnancy. We found that IL-10 and IP-10 were potential candidates, which increased upon infection, irrespective of gestational age. In addition, increased IL-10 and IP-10 and decreased RANTES levels were predictive of an infection. In paper II we investigated frequencies of peripheral blood-cell types and biomarkers upon infection, in pregnant women living in Benin, and assessed the predictive values of variables measured at inclusion for pregnancy outcomes at delivery. Higher IL-10 levels distinguished quantitative PCR-detectable, sub-microscopic infections, at inclusion, but not at delivery. Maternal anaemia at delivery was associated with increased numbers of circulating monocytes, Treg cells and IL-10 levels measured at inclusion. In paper III we investigated neutrophil functions in the context of pregnancy malaria in vivo and in vitro. Numbers of circulating neutrophils and IL-8 levels were reduced in the infected women, whilst increased levels of IL-8 were found in placental blood of those infected. In vitro assays suggested migration of neutrophils to infected placentas, which also was supported by histological examinations showing the presence of neutrophils containing hemozoin (Hz), in the infected placenta. Stimulation of neutrophils with various Hz preparations revealed distinct patterns of neutrophil activation. In paper IV we investigated cytokines and malaria-specific antibody titres in children belonging to two African ethnic groups, living in Mali, with known different susceptibility to malaria. The Fulani showed increased cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-α, IFN-γ) and higher titres of malaria-specific antibody subclasses (IgG, IgM and IgG1-IgG3), compared to the Dogon. Taken together, this thesis shows that host biomarkers in peripheral blood may represent useful diagnostic markers for malaria during pregnancy. The neutrophil population was shown to be highly affected by the presence of P. falciparum parasites, suggesting a role for neutrophils during malaria infections. The Fulani, showed increased pro-inflammatory and antibody responses against P. falciparum parasites, as compared to Dogon, and these differences are established already at an early age. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Univ., Diss.--Bremen, 2005.

A Escultura Dogon, produzida no Mali, ao noroeste do continente africano, constitui um dos mais importantes acervos das artes africanas, recolhidos a partir das Missões coloniais Etnológicas-Etnográficas coordenadas por Marcel Griaule desde 1931. ITINERÁRIO, ESTUDO ESTÉTICO E ESTILÍSTICO DE UMA ESCULTURA DOGON: \"FIGURA HERMAFRODITA\" DO MESTRE DE YAYÉ, trata da construção de uma análise dos estilos dessa arte estatuária assim como a análise específica sobre o percurso da peça em questão, desde o vilarejo de Yayé em Bandiagara, no Mali, até o acervo do museu du Quai Branly, na cidade de Paris, França. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi fortalecer os estudos sobre a Arte Africana no Brasil, contribuindo para o conhecimento da sociedade Dogon a partir de sua expressão artística, e como pensar a Arte Africana e a África a partir de sua produção estética. / The Dogon sculpture, produced in Mali, northwest of the african continent, is one of the most important collections of African art, collected from the Colonial Missions Ethnological-Ethnographic coordinated by Marcel Griaule since 1931. ITINERARY, AESTHETIC AND STYLISTIC STUDY OF A SCULPTURE DOGON \"HERMAPHRODITE FIGURE\" THE MASTER OF YAYÉ, is the construction of an analysis of styles such statuary as well as specific analysis on the route of the piece in question, from the village of Yayé in Bandiagara, Mali to the museum\'s collection du Quai Branly, in Paris, France. The objective of this research was to strengthen the studies on African Art in Brazil, contributing to the knowledge of the Dogon society from their artistic expression, and how to think African Art and Africa from its aesthetic production.