In December 2015, the United States' Secretary of Defense, Ash Carter, issued a directive that each branch of military avail every position to women (Pellerin, 2015). Given this and the dearth of literature on women's leader development in military environments, it was imperative to research if and how these environments shape and influence leadership development among college aged women. Specifically, this study sought to reveal women's view of self as leader in the context of a military training environment at a senior military college. The Leadership Identity Development (LID) model developed by Komives, Owen, Longerbeam, Mainella, and Osteen (2005) served as a framework for this study that utilized constructivist grounded theory methods for data collection and analysis as described by Charmaz (2014). The participants in this study were 21 college students who identified as women participating in a 24-hour military training program between the ages of 19 to 23 and agreed to participate in individual face-to-face interviews. Through interviews and analysis of the data, eight themes emerged from the women's experiences that revealed how they developed as leaders in the environment, and conditions that both promoted and inhibited their leader development. These themes are leadership defined, internal dialogue, strategies for managing influences, practicing leadership, context for learning leadership, external influences, internal influences, and experiences. These findings have implications for future research and practice. / Doctor of Philosophy / It is important to understand how college aged women develop a leadership identity in a military training environment that has historically been male-dominated. This study sought to better understand the experiences of 21 women who learned leadership in a military training environment that was a 24-hour live in experience on a campus of higher education. The women agreed to meet for a face-to-face interview that lasted approximately one hour to share their experiences. Constructivist grounded theory methods for data collection and analysis (Charmaz, 2014) were utilized in this study, and the Leadership Identity Development (LID) model developed by Komives, Owen, Longerbeam, Mainella, and Osteen (2005) served as a framework. I share the findings of this study and implications for future research and practice.

The increasing rate of human population growth has expanded the human-primate interface, with more conversion of natural primate habitat to agricultural land. Elevated levels of crop-raiding by primates are a by-product of natural resources becoming less available, and the nutritional riches of agricultural production becoming increasingly known to the primates. It was the aim of this thesis to focus on the Bossou chimpanzees’ (Pan troglodytes verus) perspective of their habitat in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa, the risks and opportunities presented by a human-dominated landscape, and to detail their day-to-day coexistence with humans. I combined a variety of data collection techniques, from focal, scan and ad libitum behavioural sampling of the chimpanzees’ daily activities, to broad ecological and habitat surveys. The chimpanzees rely on cultivated foods, and thus are forced to respond to humans. However, significant variation in the importance of various cultivars in the chimpanzees’ diet exists; certain cultivars are mostly fallback foods, while others are preferred food items and taken according to their availability in orchards and fields. The usage patterns of wild and cultivated foods by the chimpanzees of Bossou are thus inextricably connected. Whilst engaged in crop-raiding the chimpanzees exhibit several behavioural adaptations, namely a decrease in vocalisation levels, and increases in the transportation of food and specific vigilance behaviour. Adult males and adult male-only parties crop-raid more than other age- and sex-classes/compositions, and are more likely to take risks by raiding in exposed environments with increased risk of human confrontation. The use of human cultivars also affects the socio-sexual behaviour of the chimpanzees: chimpanzees appear to share the fruits of their risky labours (crop-raiding) as a food-for-sex strategy, which allow adult males to advertise prowess and enhance affiliative relationships with reproductively valuable females (Hockings et al., in prep). In addition, behavioural adaptations to other anthropogenic high-risk situations such as road-crossing were found, with the chimpanzees exhibiting impressive levels of socio-spatial flexibility and cooperation (Hockings et al., 2006). The chimpanzees’ level of anxiety (as measured by rough self-directed scratching) increases when dealing with some of the challenges posed by their physical and social environment. The chimpanzees of Bossou have been forced to adapt ecologically and behaviourally to the various costs and benefits of living in a human-dominated environment.