M.A. / When Glaser departed from the University of California, Strauss was left to answer to those who critiqued grounded theory for its seeming looseness, its lack of variation, and the tangled description of it in their joint book, Discovery of Grounded Theory (Stern, 1994). Strauss' need to respond to critics led him in 1987 and in 1990, together with Corbin, to modify their description of grounded theory from its original concept of emergence to a densely codified, structured operation (Stern, 1994). Strauss's development of grounded theory differed considerably from the method that he and Glaser developed in 1967. Glaser (1992) said that what Strauss and his co-author, Corbin called "grounded theory" is "full conceptual description", and not grounded theory. Which method does the novice in grounded theory pursue? Which of the two methods is grounded theory? The goal of the present study is to provide the novice in grounded theory with an overview on the development and split in the methods. The aim is to help the beginning researcher make an informed decision when choosing one of the two particular methods of grounded theory. The first chapter of the book is a discussion of the history and development of qualitative research. The second chapter is a discussion of the history and development of grounded theory, which flows into a dialogue between Glaser, and Strauss and Corbin about their differences concerning the methods of grounded theory. The originators of grounded theory wrote their method mainly for qualitative researchers. Qualitative research developed out of the need to study social phenomena from the perspective of the participants. It moved away from numeric means of verifying theory, to develop an improved understanding of human behaviour and experience. Glaser and Strauss (1967) based the original approach to grounded theory on these assumptions about qualitative research. Strauss and Corbin (1994) then moved back to some of the positivistic assumptions of verification and interpreting the phenomena for the participants. This shift brought a major split in the methods of grounded theory. The rationale for this study is to provide a clear understanding on where grounded theory stemmed from. Strauss and Corbin published a book in which they explicated their method of grounded theory. Glaser (1992) felt that the original method of grounded theory was lost in Strauss and Corbin's (1990) book and he set out to correct the methods outlined in their book. He wrote a book analysing Strauss and Corbin's (1990) ideas of grounded theory. This dissertation presents the reader with a detailed explanation of Strauss's method and Glaser's method of grounded theory. Epistemologically Strauss and Corbin (1990) seem to have a different stance from Glaser (1992) with regard to grounded theory. I found that Strauss and Corbin's lack of reference to past books and publications of grounded theory might have caused them to depart from the original and fundamental ideas of grounded theory. Strauss and Corbin returned to that which grounded theory moved away from. From this point of view, I would rather support the Glaserian method of grounded theory because it holds more purely to the original method of grounded theory, notwithstanding that Strauss and Corbin did make tremendous contributions to the grounded theory methodology. This division in grounded theory will not end unless the loyal followers of grounded theory somehow merge the two theories to develop a unified theory.

Gjennom intervju i fenomenologisk tradisjon har eg undersøkt tre unge menn si oppleving av meining i deira eigne liv. Forskingsdeltakarane vurderar sjølv kva hendingar som er relevante. På bakgrunn av intervjua har eg prøvd å finne ein essens i opplevingane. Inspirert av kodingsprosessane i Grounded Theory har eg komme fram til fem kategoriar som representerar ulike måtar forskingsdeltakarane opplever meining på. Eg prøvar vidare å seie noko om kva samanheng det ser ut til å vere mellom kategoriane. Resultata frå analysen munnar ut i ein kontekstuelt forankra lokal teori. Den lokale teorien blir i drøfta i lys av generelle teoriar og tidligare empirisk forsking. I drøftinga ser eg at forskjellige teoretiske utgangspunkt bidreg til ei rik forståing av meining som omgrep. Til slutt ser eg på kva mine funn og drøftingar betyr for forsking og praksis innanfor rådgivingspedagogikk. Eg konkluderar med at meining som omgrep er relevant for menneske generelt og rådgivarar spesielt. / In this research paper I will present the results of analysis based on the interviews of three young men and their experiences with meaning in their own lives. The interviews are placed within a phenomenological tradition, and the participants themselves decide what experiences are deemed relevant. Inspired by the coding processes of Grounded Theory I have searched for an essence of the experiences the participants share. Through categorical analysis I have reached five categories, which intend to describe the different ways in which the participants experience meaning. By looking at the interaction between the categories I reach a contextual local theory. This local theory is discussed in light of general theory and previous empiric research. In the discussion I will point out how the different theoretical views contribute to a rich understanding of meaning as a concept. Based on my general discussion I look at what impact my findings may have on future counselling research and practice. I will conclude that the concept of meaning should be relevant to human beings in general and counsellors in particular.

In the last fifteen years, the problem of domestic violence has moved from being a 'behind closed doors' phenomenon to an issue of increasing public concern. This concern has inevitably coincided with increasing research efforts. The majority of this research has focused on men who batter female partners. Attempted explanations for this problem have arisen from general theories of aggression as well as research identifying the unique characteristics of domestically violent men. This study proposed a new direction for domestic violence research, considering domestic violence as a process. The application of such a conceptualisation was intended to capture both the dynamic and complex nature of these events. A qualitative methodology based on Grounded Theory was used to delineate a descriptive model of the offence process in domestic violence from interviews with ten participants currently incarcerated at Paparua Prison, Christchurch. These men had current or prior convictions for domestic violence offences. The model that emerged from this study consists of four temporally sequential phases which are described and discussed. These consist of: background factors, buildup/ offence context phase, offence phase and post-offence phase. It is suggested that this offence process model will provide a framework for the evaluation of current causal explanations, has the potential to enhance the development ofnew hypotheses and has utility in terms of alterring current conceptualisations of effective intervention packages.

No description available.

La rencontre clinique entre un psychologue ou un psychiatre et un individu ayant recours à une chirurgie esthétique soulève certaines interrogations cruciales. En effet, comment entendre la demande du sujet à façonner son propre corps ? Quels sont les enjeux psychiques qui peuvent se cacher derrière un tel désir ? Et si le clinicien est appelé à exprimer un avis concernant la pertinence d’une demande intervention, sur quels critères il pourra le formuler ? Autrement dit, que peuvent nous apprendre les déceptions comme les satisfactions qui peuvent surgir de ces pratiques ? Cette étude veut apporter une plus grande compréhension des processus psychiques subjectifs qui peuvent expliquer une demande de chirurgie esthétique, dans le but d’améliorer la prise en charge des patients qui y font recours. Méthodologie : Afin de présenter une mise au point critique sur notre sujet d’étude, nous avons analysé les contributions théoriques des auteurs psychanalytiques l’ayant étudié de près, en mettant leurs apports en lien avec les résultats des recherches quantitatives expérimentales sur le sujet. En parallèle, nous avons réalisé trente-cinq entretiens avec des sujets demandant une chirurgie esthétique. Ces entretiens ont été enregistrés,retranscrits et ensuite analysés qualitativement selon la méthode de la Théorisation Ancrée.Résultats : L’analyse qualitative du discours des patients nous a permis de construire un modèle séquentiel du processus décisionnel de recourir à une chirurgie esthétique. Une réflexion psychanalytique successive a consenti l’intégration des résultats de notre recherche qualitative aux apports des auteurs internationaux. Une théorisation plus large, apte à rendre compte de la complexité sous-jacente au désir de chirurgie esthétique, a été ainsi formulée. Le besoin de beauté a été identifié comme phénomène central unificateur, jouant un rôle interprétatif décisif dans notre théorisation globale. Conclusions : Une meilleure compréhension des sujets demandant une chirurgie esthétique peut se révéler un atout considérable pour les chirurgiens, les psychologues ou les psychiatres qui se trouvent face à la nécessité d’exprimer un avis sur l’opportunité d’opérer ou pas les patients. Les résultats de notre recherche nous ont permis de dégager des solutions de collaboration interdisciplinaire fructueuses. Des pistes de recherche capables d’apporter des éléments nouveaux de compréhension pour les professionnels de demain ont été également présentées / Objective: The clinical encounter between a psychologist or psychiatrist and a subjectrequesting cosmetic surgery rouses some crucial questions: how can we understand the subject’s request to sculpt his body? What are the unconscious motives that could be hidden behind this kind of desire? And if the clinician is asked to express an opinion concerning the pertinence of an intervention request, which criteria should he or she follow? In others words, what could a subject’s disappointment or satisfaction with a surgical intervention teach us? This study aims to provide a greater comprehension of the subjective psychical process that could explain a cosmetic surgery request, in order to improve the care of patients undergoing aesthetic interventions. Methodology: In order to present a critical clarification of our object of study, we have analysed the theoretical contributions of psychoanalytic authors, and compared these with the experimental quantitative research on the subject. In parallel, we carried out thirty-five interviews with subjects requesting cosmetic surgery. These interviews were recorded, transcribed, and qualitatively analysed with the Grounded Theory method. Results: Qualitative analyses of the patient’-s’ speech allowed us to build a sequential model of the decision process involved in the resort to cosmetic surgery. A successive psychoanalytic reflexion permitted the integration of our qualitative research results with the international and interdisciplinary research. A larger theorization, taking into account the complexity underlying the desire for cosmetic surgery, was formulated. The need for beauty was identified as a central unifying phenomenon, playing an interpretative and decisive role in our final theorization. Conclusions: A better comprehension of a subject’s request for cosmetic surgery could constitute a considerable asset to surgeons, psychologists, or psychiatrists who are faced with the necessity to express an opinion on the decision to operate or not. The results of our study have allowed us to provide some solutions for successful interdisciplinary collaboration. We also suggest some prospective research directions to contribute valuable elements of comprehension for future professionals.

Abstract This research has aimed to explore the promotion motive model for officers promoted from operators of the state-owned power company. This researcher had interviewed the electric power maintain operators, and employed the open up method. According to expectancy theory (Vroom,1964) and equity theory (Adams,1965), the research analyzes the interviewing data by grounded theory: In the process of open Coding & Axial Coding & Selective Coding. These have set up a model of promotion motive that as officers promoted from operators. This researcher had been interviewed to 10 electric power maintain operators who stay in different Taiwan¡¦s cities. This research had analyzed interviewing data by grounded theory. Firstly, it had got 200 in vivo codes in the process of open coding, and then integrated the concepts within 21 categories in the process of axial coding, finally, it was sorting these 5 central categories which separated includes ¡§To fulfill base demands¡¨ , ¡§Intermediary impact¡¨ , ¡§Fair or fairness¡¨ , ¡§self-cognition¡¨ , ¡§self-satisfies¡¨. According to the relationship of these categories in this research that to build-up a model of promotion motive as officers promoted from operators. As the conclusion, this researcher has compared the both of expectancy theory (Vroom,1964) and equity theory (Adams,1965), moreover, it has also addressed a suggestion of the specify approach for continuing research in further.

The purpose of this study was to examine influences on the maternal process of maintaining lactation while employed outside of home during the first postpartum year as perceived by the mother. The American Academy of Pediatrics specifies human breast milk as the best source of nutrition during the first 12 months of life (Gartner, et. al., 2005). The United States Department of Labor reports (USBLS, 2009) that 56.4% of American women who have children less than 1 year of age, are employed. Employment is often cited as related to early weaning (Johnston & Esposito, 2007; McInnes & Chambers, 2008; Nichols & Roux, 2004; Rojjanasrirat & Sousa, 2010; Stewart-Glenn, 2008; Ryan, Zhou, & Arsenberg, 2006). This research was undertaken to address a significant gap in the empirical literature regarding mothers’ self-description of the process of maintaining lactation upon return to the workplace. Eleven breastfeeding mothers shared personal perspectives of the process that they face in their everyday work lives in semi-structured interviews. This qualitative study led to the development of a grounded theory of this process, which was labeled, ‘Willfully Struggling to Maintain Daily Balance’. Findings captured personal perceptions of critical elements related to this process that may serve to inform the development of effective nursing interventions or policy in support of breastfeeding and employed mothers. The study found that the breastfeeding and employed mothers began the process with a sense of willful self-determination to combine lactation with employment, the influence of role models, and basic breastfeeding knowledge. Mothers struggled with intervening variables that either bolstered or undermined their efforts during the process, such as adequate sleep and/or breast milk supply, and elements of support or non-support. Mothers developed individual strategies for use in maintaining a daily balance between their `breastfeeding and employment efforts and for addressing any intervening variables. The employed and breastfeeding mothers ultimately found ‘a way to make it work’ and/or ‘made their peace with’ resultant outcomes. The research addressed the question of what influences the maternal process of breastfeeding while employed outside of the home during the first postpartum year in a sample of central Texas women. / text

The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of postpartum depression and to generate a substantive theory that would describe and explain this experience. Although the area of postpartum depression has been extensively researched in the past three decades the overwhelming majority of studies have employed quantitative research methods. These methods do not illuminate the experience from the women's point of view and they disregard the context within which the experience occurs. This study employed the Grounded Theory Method, a naturalistic-inductive method o f inquiry, that allowed for the participants' experience to be described and for a substantive theory to emerge, which is grounded in the data. Sixteen women (age range 27 to 42 years) were interviewed twice about their experience of depression following childbirth. The first interview focused on the women's experience of depression, while the second interview centred on the women's comments and suggestions regarding the researcher's thematic summaries of their interviews. A semi-structured interview guide was used during both interviews, which allowed for variations to emerge while a unified framework was maintained. The grounded theory analysis of the data led to the development of a substantive theory describing and explaining the social-psychological process of the experience of postpartum depression. The theoretical model that describes and explains the experience has six phases: (1) Becoming Lost, (2) Getting Trapped, (3) Deep in Depression, (4) Struggling to Break Out, (5) Breaking out, and (6) Staying Well. In addition, two recurrent themes were identified: (a) The Relationship with the Partner, and (b) A Redefined Self. The theoretical model illustrates the relationship among the different phases, as well as the properties that make the phases up. It also describes the types, circumstances and conditions under which the experience occurs. Most of the components of the theoretical model are supported by the literature on postpartum depression. However, the model adds to the literature in identifying specific parts of the process of postpartum depression such as the period leading to the onset of depression, the struggle to come out of the depression and women's agency in coming out of the depression and maintaining their wellness following recovery. As well, the study illuminated the changes in the relationship with the partner, and the process of redefining self through the experience of PPD. Finally, the implications for further research and practice that stem from the theoretical model that was developed are discussed.

Thesis (MMidwif)--University of South Australia, 2001

In the last fifteen years, the problem of domestic violence has moved from being a 'behind closed doors' phenomenon to an issue of increasing public concern. This concern has inevitably coincided with increasing research efforts. The majority of this research has focused on men who batter female partners. Attempted explanations for this problem have arisen from general theories of aggression as well as research identifying the unique characteristics of domestically violent men. This study proposed a new direction for domestic violence research, considering domestic violence as a process. The application of such a conceptualisation was intended to capture both the dynamic and complex nature of these events. A qualitative methodology based on Grounded Theory was used to delineate a descriptive model of the offence process in domestic violence from interviews with ten participants currently incarcerated at Paparua Prison, Christchurch. These men had current or prior convictions for domestic violence offences. The model that emerged from this study consists of four temporally sequential phases which are described and discussed. These consist of: background factors, buildup/ offence context phase, offence phase and post-offence phase. It is suggested that this offence process model will provide a framework for the evaluation of current causal explanations, has the potential to enhance the development ofnew hypotheses and has utility in terms of alterring current conceptualisations of effective intervention packages.