Anaerobic digestion (AD) of corn thin stillage (CTS) offers the potential to reduce corn grain ethanol production energy consumption. This thesis focuses on results collected from AD of CTS at mesophilic temperatures in batch and by down-flow fixed film reactor. Experiments conducted include a series of biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays that investigated the digestion of CTS as the sole carbon source at a variety of food-to- microorganism ratios with and without acclimated biomass, under co-digestion conditions and also with the addition of supplemental nutrients. Additional BMP assays were conducted which investigated the potential to reduce fresh water consumption by using of digested effluent for substrate dilution. Continuous studies employed two 28L down-flow stationary fixed film reactors to examine. Chemical oxygen demand and volatile solids removal efficiencies greater than 85% were achieved up to an organic loading rate of 7.4 g TCOD/L/d and hydraulic retention time of 5 days.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of corn thin stillage (CTS) offers the potential to reduce corn grain ethanol production energy consumption. This thesis focuses on results collected from AD of CTS at mesophilic temperatures in batch and by down-flow fixed film reactor. Experiments conducted include a series of biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays that investigated the digestion of CTS as the sole carbon source at a variety of food-to- microorganism ratios with and without acclimated biomass, under co-digestion conditions and also with the addition of supplemental nutrients. Additional BMP assays were conducted which investigated the potential to reduce fresh water consumption by using of digested effluent for substrate dilution. Continuous studies employed two 28L down-flow stationary fixed film reactors to examine. Chemical oxygen demand and volatile solids removal efficiencies greater than 85% were achieved up to an organic loading rate of 7.4 g TCOD/L/d and hydraulic retention time of 5 days.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of corn thin stillage (CTS) offers the potential to reduce corn grain ethanol production energy consumption. This thesis focuses on results collected from AD of CTS at mesophilic temperatures in batch and by down-flow fixed film reactor. Experiments conducted include a series of biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays that investigated the digestion of CTS as the sole carbon source at a variety of food-to- microorganism ratios with and without acclimated biomass, under co-digestion conditions and also with the addition of supplemental nutrients. Additional BMP assays were conducted which investigated the potential to reduce fresh water consumption by using of digested effluent for substrate dilution. Continuous studies employed two 28L down-flow stationary fixed film reactors to examine. Chemical oxygen demand and volatile solids removal efficiencies greater than 85% were achieved up to an organic loading rate of 7.4 g TCOD/L/d and hydraulic retention time of 5 days.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of corn thin stillage (CTS) offers the potential to reduce corn grain ethanol production energy consumption. This thesis focuses on results collected from AD of CTS at mesophilic temperatures in batch and by down-flow fixed film reactor. Experiments conducted include a series of biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays that investigated the digestion of CTS as the sole carbon source at a variety of food-to- microorganism ratios with and without acclimated biomass, under co-digestion conditions and also with the addition of supplemental nutrients. Additional BMP assays were conducted which investigated the potential to reduce fresh water consumption by using of digested effluent for substrate dilution. Continuous studies employed two 28L down-flow stationary fixed film reactors to examine. Chemical oxygen demand and volatile solids removal efficiencies greater than 85% were achieved up to an organic loading rate of 7.4 g TCOD/L/d and hydraulic retention time of 5 days.

A dupla filtração pode ser considerada como uma das mais promissoras tecnologias para tratamento de água, estimando-se que grande parte das necessidades de tratamento poderiam ser satisfeitas com o uso desta tecnologia. Alguns aspectos ainda não devidamente esclarecidos até o presente sobre esta tecnologia estão relacionados ao tratamento de água com turbidez elevada. Com a montagem e operação de uma instalação piloto, constituída de dois sistemas de dupla filtração (sistema 1: filtro ascendente de areia grossa e filtro descendente de areia e sistema 2: filtro ascendente de pedregulho e filtro descendente de areia), foi realizada uma investigação experimental com águas de estudo preparadas com caulinita (água tipo I com turbidez em torno de 100 uT e água tipo II com turbidez em torno de 300 uT). A coagulação foi realizada com o sulfato de alumínio, sem o uso de alcalinizante ou de acidificante, para que resultasse potencial zeta próximo de zero. A operação de ambos os sistemas foi efetuada com e sem descargas de fundo intermediárias nos filtros ascendentes, e foram variadas as taxas de filtração em ambos os filtros (de 120 a 240 m&sup3/m&sup2.d nos filtros ascendentes e de 180 a 300 m&sup3/m&sup2.d nos filtros descendentes). Concluiu-se principalmente que os dois sistemas foram capazes de produzir água filtrada com turbidez consistentemente menor que 0,5 uT e que a produção efetiva de água depende da turbidez da água de estudo, das taxas de filtração, da execução das descargas de fundo intermediárias e da carga hidráulica disponível para retenção de sólidos. / Double filtration may be considered one of the most important technologies for water treatment. It has been estimated that most of water treatment can be efficiently achieved with the use of this technology, although some design and operational aspects related to the high turbidity of the influent water have not been fully studied until the present time. A pilot plant was built comprising two double filtration systems (system 1 with an upflow coarse sand filter followed by a downflow fine sand filter; system 2 with an upflow gravel filter followed by a downflow filter identical to that used in system 1). The experimental investigation was carried out using influent waters prepared with kaolin (water type I with turbidity of approximately 100 NTU and water type II with turbidity of approximately 300 NTU). Coagulation was accomplished by using aluminum sulfate (no acid or alkaline products) so that the zeta potential resulted approximately zero. The operation of both systems was carried out with and without intermediate down flushes during the runs. Filtration rates in the filters of both systems varied from 120 to 240 m&sup3/m&sup2.d in the upflow filters and from 180 to 300 m&sup3/m&sup2.d in downflow filters. It was mainly concluded that both systems resulted capable to produce filtered water with turbidity consistently lower than 0.5 NTU and that the net production was related to the influent water turbidity, filtration rates, execution of intermediate down flushes and the hydraulic head provided for solids retention in both filter of each double filtration system.

A dupla filtração pode ser considerada como uma das mais promissoras tecnologias para tratamento de água, estimando-se que grande parte das necessidades de tratamento poderiam ser satisfeitas com o uso desta tecnologia. Alguns aspectos ainda não devidamente esclarecidos até o presente sobre esta tecnologia estão relacionados ao tratamento de água com turbidez elevada. Com a montagem e operação de uma instalação piloto, constituída de dois sistemas de dupla filtração (sistema 1: filtro ascendente de areia grossa e filtro descendente de areia e sistema 2: filtro ascendente de pedregulho e filtro descendente de areia), foi realizada uma investigação experimental com águas de estudo preparadas com caulinita (água tipo I com turbidez em torno de 100 uT e água tipo II com turbidez em torno de 300 uT). A coagulação foi realizada com o sulfato de alumínio, sem o uso de alcalinizante ou de acidificante, para que resultasse potencial zeta próximo de zero. A operação de ambos os sistemas foi efetuada com e sem descargas de fundo intermediárias nos filtros ascendentes, e foram variadas as taxas de filtração em ambos os filtros (de 120 a 240 m&sup3/m&sup2.d nos filtros ascendentes e de 180 a 300 m&sup3/m&sup2.d nos filtros descendentes). Concluiu-se principalmente que os dois sistemas foram capazes de produzir água filtrada com turbidez consistentemente menor que 0,5 uT e que a produção efetiva de água depende da turbidez da água de estudo, das taxas de filtração, da execução das descargas de fundo intermediárias e da carga hidráulica disponível para retenção de sólidos. / Double filtration may be considered one of the most important technologies for water treatment. It has been estimated that most of water treatment can be efficiently achieved with the use of this technology, although some design and operational aspects related to the high turbidity of the influent water have not been fully studied until the present time. A pilot plant was built comprising two double filtration systems (system 1 with an upflow coarse sand filter followed by a downflow fine sand filter; system 2 with an upflow gravel filter followed by a downflow filter identical to that used in system 1). The experimental investigation was carried out using influent waters prepared with kaolin (water type I with turbidity of approximately 100 NTU and water type II with turbidity of approximately 300 NTU). Coagulation was accomplished by using aluminum sulfate (no acid or alkaline products) so that the zeta potential resulted approximately zero. The operation of both systems was carried out with and without intermediate down flushes during the runs. Filtration rates in the filters of both systems varied from 120 to 240 m&sup3/m&sup2.d in the upflow filters and from 180 to 300 m&sup3/m&sup2.d in downflow filters. It was mainly concluded that both systems resulted capable to produce filtered water with turbidity consistently lower than 0.5 NTU and that the net production was related to the influent water turbidity, filtration rates, execution of intermediate down flushes and the hydraulic head provided for solids retention in both filter of each double filtration system.

Este trabalho consiste na avaliação do desempenho de uma instalação piloto de dupla filtração no tratamento de água superficial, apresentando turbidez entre 8,5 e 21 uT. A instalação piloto constituída de um sistema de filtração de duas fases, com filtração direta ascendente em areia grossa seguida da filtração rápida descendente em areia fina. A taxa de filtração variou de 120 a 360 m3/m2.dia no filtro ascendente e de 200 a 400 m3/m2.dia no filtro ascendente. Foram executadas descargas de fundo intermediários no filtro ascendente durante a carreira de filtração para avaliar a instalação piloto. Além disso, simulou pico de turbidez, para avaliar as condições. Baseado no trabalho experimental concluiu-se que: (i) a eficiência global do sistema de dupla filtração ascendente em areia grossa foi satisfatória, apresentando efluente final com turbidez inferior a 1 uT e cor verdadeira inferior a 1 uH; (ii) a distribuição da perda de carga nas camadas do meio granular do FAAG não apresentou diferenças significativas para as variadas taxas de filtração e modo de operação (com e sem execução de DIFs); (iii) os ensaios que foram realizados com a execução de DIFs apresentaram carreiras de filtração mais longas. / This work concerns the study of the performance of a double filtration pilot plant whom treating surface water, presenting turbidity between 8,5 and 21,0 NTU. The pilot plant consisted of a two-stage filtration system, with an upflow coarse sand direct filtrer followed by a dowflow fine sand filter. Filtration rats varied from 120 to 360 m/day in the upflow filter and from 200 to 400 m/day in the downflow filter. Intermediate downflow in the upflow filter were performed during the run length do evaluate the performance of the pilot plant in addition, a peak of turbidity in the for influent selected filter operating varabile, was studied here in. Based on the experimental work carried out, it was concluded that: (i) the global efficiency of the system of double filtration with upflow filtration in coarse sand was satisfactory, presenting final efflents with inferior turbidity to 1,0 NTU and inferior true color to 1 uH; (ii) the distribution of the load loss in the layers of the granular middle of FAAG didn\'t present significant differences for the varied filtration taxes and operation way (with and without execution of DFIs); (iii) the rehearsals that were accomplished with the execution of DFIs presented longer filtration runs.

Strong development of suburbanization in the bigger towns of the Czech Republic, coupled with the arrival of younger families with kids in suburbia, leads to the need to increase the capacity of primary schools serving these facilities, respectively suburbia. In contrast, the peripheral rural areas are faced with the opposite problem. This thesis is devoted to basic education in the territory MEP České Budějovice. It monitors the deployment, how full a capacity of primary schools fully and not fully organized, distribution of child (pupil) of the population, declared a real school catchment of individual settlements to individual fully and not fully organized elementary schools and public transit options pupils in basic schools. Additionally, also evaluates the skills of individual primary school and their construction and urban characteristics. As a result, the issue is synthesized and implemented optimization proposal territorial organization of basic education in selected area.

Este trabalho consiste na avaliação do desempenho de uma instalação piloto de dupla filtração no tratamento de água superficial, apresentando turbidez entre 8,5 e 21 uT. A instalação piloto constituída de um sistema de filtração de duas fases, com filtração direta ascendente em areia grossa seguida da filtração rápida descendente em areia fina. A taxa de filtração variou de 120 a 360 m3/m2.dia no filtro ascendente e de 200 a 400 m3/m2.dia no filtro ascendente. Foram executadas descargas de fundo intermediários no filtro ascendente durante a carreira de filtração para avaliar a instalação piloto. Além disso, simulou pico de turbidez, para avaliar as condições. Baseado no trabalho experimental concluiu-se que: (i) a eficiência global do sistema de dupla filtração ascendente em areia grossa foi satisfatória, apresentando efluente final com turbidez inferior a 1 uT e cor verdadeira inferior a 1 uH; (ii) a distribuição da perda de carga nas camadas do meio granular do FAAG não apresentou diferenças significativas para as variadas taxas de filtração e modo de operação (com e sem execução de DIFs); (iii) os ensaios que foram realizados com a execução de DIFs apresentaram carreiras de filtração mais longas. / This work concerns the study of the performance of a double filtration pilot plant whom treating surface water, presenting turbidity between 8,5 and 21,0 NTU. The pilot plant consisted of a two-stage filtration system, with an upflow coarse sand direct filtrer followed by a dowflow fine sand filter. Filtration rats varied from 120 to 360 m/day in the upflow filter and from 200 to 400 m/day in the downflow filter. Intermediate downflow in the upflow filter were performed during the run length do evaluate the performance of the pilot plant in addition, a peak of turbidity in the for influent selected filter operating varabile, was studied here in. Based on the experimental work carried out, it was concluded that: (i) the global efficiency of the system of double filtration with upflow filtration in coarse sand was satisfactory, presenting final efflents with inferior turbidity to 1,0 NTU and inferior true color to 1 uH; (ii) the distribution of the load loss in the layers of the granular middle of FAAG didn\'t present significant differences for the varied filtration taxes and operation way (with and without execution of DFIs); (iii) the rehearsals that were accomplished with the execution of DFIs presented longer filtration runs.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de um sistema de dupla filtração, utilizando filtro ascendente de pedregulho seguido de filtro rápido descendente na remoção de substâncias húmicas. A parte experimental foi realizada em uma instalação piloto, que utilizou como afluente a água do Ribeirão Feijão na qual foi adicionado extrato de substâncias húmicas, previamente extraído de solo turfoso por meio de extração alcalina, para que a cor verdadeira da água de estudo resultasse entre 90 e 110 uH. As condições de coagulação, como gradiente de velocidade, dosagem e pH, foram definidos em ensaios com jarteste. As taxas utilizadas no filtro ascendente em pedregulho foram de 80 e 120 m3/m2.dia e no sistema de filtração rápida descendente de 80, 120, 150, 180, 220 e 240 m3/m2.dia. As carreiras tiveram duração máxima de 72 horas. A utilização do critério de realização de Descargas de Fundos Intermediárias (DFIs), quando o efluente do Filtro Ascendente de Pedregulho (FAP) atingisse valor maior ou igual 50 uH, não permitiu aumento da cor no efluente final. O sistema de dupla filtração estudado foi eficiente na remoção de cor, atingindo diversas vezes remoção completa; outros parâmetros relativos à concentração de substâncias húmicas, como absorvância (254 nm) e Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido (COD), foram removidos entre 89,1 a 93,6% e 27,5 a 48,5% respectivamente. / The present work was carried out to evaluate the removal of humic substances in a double filtration system, comprising on upflow gravel prefilter followed by a rapid down flow filter. Raw water was abstracted from the influent took to the municipal water treatment Plant 2. Humic substances were extracted from peat through alkaline process. The concentrated solution was pumped to raw water in order to obtain true colour of 90-110 Hu in the influent to the pilot plant. Filtration rates studied were as follows: 80 and 120 m3/m2.day in the upflow filter 80, 120, 150, 180, 220 e 240 m3/m2.day in the down flow filter. Maximum filter run length was fixed in 72 hours. Intermediate down flushes in the upflow filter were performed during the run when the effluent colour reached 50 Hu. It is concluded that the system performed efficiently to remove colour; in most part of the effluent colour remained bellow 1 Hu. Absorbance (254 nm) removal resulted high (between 89,1% and 93,6%). Dissolved organic carbon resulted satisfactory (27,5% to 48,5%).