No description available.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of high and low anxiety on motivation for treatment, length of stay in treatment, and intrapsychic focus of attention in Veterans Administration drug-abuse patients. The dependent variables were measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Reasons For Seeking Treatment Inventory (RFST), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Psychopathic State Inventory (PSI), and the total number of days each subject participated in the treatment program. The major hypothesis was stated in the null form.The PSI and the STAI were used to measure motivation for seeking treatment. The MMPI and the RFST were used to measure intrapsychic focus of attention.On admission and on day 60, the subjects in the High Stress Treatment Group and the subjects in the Low Stress Treatment Group were not found to he significantly different, as measured by the STAI and the PSI, and intrapsychic focus of attention, as measured by the MMPI and the RFST.This study revealed that the subjects in the High Stress Treatment Group developed a higher level of motivation than the subjects in the Low Stress Treatment Group. The Subjects in the High Stress Treatment Group stayed in treatment longer than the subjects in the Low Stress Treatment Group. Subjects in the High Stress Treatment Group focused more on intrapsychic issues than subjects in the Low Stress Treatment Group.

Background Traditional medication therapy and psychotherapy are commonly used for treatment drug abstinence syndrome. Because of the side effects of traditional medication therapy (MT), acupuncture therapy (AT) is under investigation for treating abstinence syndrome, particularly for heroin detoxification. This project aims to review different randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of heroin detoxification treatment by acupuncture, and retrieve relevant data so that appropriate suggestions can be made to the Narcotics Division (ND), the Department of Health (DH), non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and related local public health institutes for the anti-drug services of heroin and opioid drugs. Methods A systematic review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar to retrieve 13 relevant articles of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) in English and Chinese conducted from 2000 to 2014. These RCTs contained data of heroin-dependent patients, details of assessment of abstinence syndrome and treatments; and comparison of efficacy of AT with MT, such as side effects, severity and relapse of heroin abstinence in physical and psychological aspects. Results 13 articles were included. All treatments were conducted in clinics or hospitals. Different intervention strategies were included, comparing AT with MT, AT plus MT with MT alone, AT with no treatment as well as true AT with superficial AT. All trials have reported better therapeutic effects in the heroin abusers with AT, regardless the use of medication, age and sex. Improved treatment effects were demonstrated in reducing psychological effect of heroin abstinence, such as anxiety and depression, sleep quality, relapse and heroin craving. Also, improved treatment of physical effects of abstinence was shown by increasing body weight, improved liver and kidney functions, improved immunity and lower adverse effects than conventional MT. No adverse effect was reported in 3 trials (23%) or mentioned in 9 trials (69%), mild adverse effects was reported in 1 trial. Conclusions ND, DH, NGOs and other local public health institutes should conduct further studies in Hong Kong to obtain primary local data of the therapeutical effects of AT, and implement AT as an adjunct to the traditional MT and psychotherapy for treating heroin abstinence syndrome due to it high efficacy, safety and low side effects. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

M.A.(Social Work) / In South Africa very few facilities exist for the treatment of chemical substance dependency, and-many chemically dependent persons who, because of work and family commitments cannot admit themselves to a long-term inpatient government or registered treatment facility, are deprived of an opportunity to receive appropriate treatment for their condition. Riverfield Lodge, a private treatment centre, was designed and built to meet the need for a shorter-term intensive inpatient treatment programme for individuals and their families whose physical, psychological and social functioning, and work performance have become impaired as a result of their abuse of psychoactive chemical substances. Realizing the responsibility to be accountable both to the clients served and to the funding agents of this project, the need for an accountable empirically-based treatment programme which can be used at Riverfield Lodge was identified. This study was undertaken with the aim to develop a short-term treatment programme for chemically dependent persons in a therapeutic community, based on research findings and a literature study of already existing intervention strategies (social technology) and treatment programmes. This study is undertaken within the practice-research paradigma- - a new perspective which calls for social workers to adopt systematic research procedures to shape, direct and monitor their practice activities (in this case the treatment of chemically dependent persons), and (since theultimate aim of this study is to design new social technology) Development research, a relatively new research model 'that was designed by Edwin Thomas, is used as research design. In order to ascertain whether the treatment of chemically dependent persons is necessary and successful, and to identify and determine which treatment methods are most effective when treating chemical substance dependency, vailable literature on the treatment of chemical substance dependency was studied. Based on the finding of this investigation, a short-term treatment programme was designed. Although this programme was designed on request of the Management of Riverfield Lodge, it can also be adapted and used by any other praciitioners who render treatment services to persons who are addicted to chemical substances. The Riverfield Lodge treatment programme takes an holistic approach to treating the individual, rather than treating the symptoms. Symptomatic treatment of drug dependency is rarely successful, and this treatment programme provides for the' physical restoration, resocialization and psychological integration of the dependent individual and those close to him. It entails improvement in physical and social functioning, self image, self esteem, interpersonal relationships, positive family interaction and productivity, the establishment and attainment of realistic life goals, and a healthy lifestyle adjustment without chemical substances. Treatment at Riverfield Lodge will be rendered in a therapeutic community, and medical treatment, individual psychotherapy and social work intervention, group work, behaviour modification, occupational therapy and family therapy will be used as treatment methods. The importance of continuing, prolonged aftercare is emphasized, and post-discharge support services and follow-up counselling will be provided. Based on research findings it is recommended that, although a general treatment programme has been developed, it is imperative to assess every patient individually to determine which combination of the available forms of treatment methods are best suited in the case concerned. It is likely that in the individual suffering from chemical substance dependence, a number of interacting predisposing and precipitating factors have been at work to produce the condition which itself in turn produces physical, psychological, emotional and social changes. For these reasons it is unlikely that one and the same method of treatment would be effective for every individual case. Finally it is emphasised that the treatment of chemical substance dependency is not the prerogative or the responsibility of one profession. The multi-dimensional nature of this social problem necessitates the participation of a multi-disciplinary team of trained and skilled professionals in the treatment process. In addition the dependents family and friend, his employer and colleagues and other support systems have to work in close co-operation with the multi-professional team to achieve the best possible results. This short term, twenty eight day inpatient treatment programme will hopefully offer an extensive and comprehensive foundation for recovery from chemical substance dependence, and combined with long term aftercare treatment programmes, it is expected to make a significant contribution to the alcohol and drug treatment field in South Africa.

No description available.

The thesis investigates the dynamics that surround participants' responses to questions about illicit drug activities. By examining the attributional and discursive literatures, the opening chapters (Chapters 1 and 2) outline the difficulties associated with assuming veridicality in question-answer dyads. Emphasis is placed on the essentially social and intentional foundations of the applied research procedure. The existing research on methodological effects in substance research is outlined at the start of Chapter 3. These form the foundation for the empirical investigations that constitute the remainder of the thesis. The studies carried out attempt to examine methodological issues in the context of applied research procedures that combine quantitative outcomes with qualitative considerations such as reflexive consideration of the role of the researcher and the status of the participant. The first investigation demonstrates the influence of treatment status on the discourse provided by adult substance users. Drug users in contact with treatment services provide drug-related explanations distinct from those given by users who are not in treatment. This distinction is assessed in terms of a theoretical model of addiction based on discursive criteria and contextual influence (Chapter 4). These contextual influences are further examined in the empirical studies presented in Chapters 4 and 5 in which the subjects are young people whose drug experiences are assessed in the context of drug education (Chapter 5) and treatment and service needs (Chapter 6). Each of these investigations attempts to demonstrate the sophistication of discourse that respondents exhibit in their drug-related conversations and the ways in which their attitudes and understandings of these topics are shaped by the context of the experiences they have had.

Bibliography: leaves 174-213. / Three questions concerning drug use and its treatment in Cape Town are posed in an attempt to guide planning of the treatment system. Firstly, is drug use in Cape Town of a problematic nature and magnitude? An affirmative conclusion is reached here by analysis of relevant local studies but is rendered tentative by inadequacies of the data. Secondly, are the relevant professional medical-psychological treatment facilities able to meet the treatment needs of all drug abusers in Cape Town? Analysis of the treatment system by means of a questionnaire produced a negative conclusion which was necessarily tentative. Thirdly, what directions should future expansion or modification take in order that cost-effectiveness be maximised? Three areas, were investigated by review of the literature - should psychotherapy be included in drug abuse treatment? Can drug abusers be effectively treated alongside other psychiatric patients? Can drug abusers be effectively treated as outpatients? Affirmative conclusions were reached in each case. Suggestions are made for accurate matching of patients to in- or outpatient treatment situations.

No description available.

M.Cur. (Psychiatric Nursing) / Globally, the use of substances which seem to be harmful in all life dimensions appear to be an alarming problem. Recent studies indicate that the use and abuse of these substances is more prevalent among adolescents than any other age group. This is so because there are enormous changes to the physical, psychological and social dimensions at this stage. The use of these substances is a daily occurrence and reality for many people. However, for some individuals, the use of drugs can become overwhelming and be the focus of their lives and their existence. Among all abused substances, alcohol remains the dominant substance of abuse across sites. In South Africa too, adolescents abuse substances than other age groups. Substance abuse is commonly observed among adolescents who dropped out of school before completion of matric, those who completed matric but failed to go for tertiary education due to financial constraints, and those who are already in tertiary institutions thus making it difficult for them to complete their careers. Adding up on alcohol as commonly used substances are marijuana and hallucinogens. Some contributing factors of adolescent substance abuse have been identified as family environment factors, conflicting parental monitoring, peer group influence, psychiatric conditions and attention. To explore this problem of adolescents, the researcher conducted a study on the life stories of adolescents who abuse substances. The objectives of the study were to:- -Explore and describe the life stories of adolescents who abuse substances. -Describe the guidelines for advanced psychiatric nurses to facilitate the mental health of adolescents who abuse substances. This study was undertaken within the framework of Caplan's model of health promotion and prevention of illness based on the resources of community mental health care (Kaplan & Sadock 2003:1376). A qualitative, explorative and descriptive research design was used to answer the research questions. In depth, semi-structured phenomenological interviews were conducted with adolescents who met the sample criteria. Steps were taken throughout the research to ensure trustworthiness. Data analysis was done according to (Cresswell 1994:155) Tech's model. The results of this study indicate that adolescents abuse substances in certain behaviours which lead to substance abuse, face challenges in the physical, social and psychological dimensions. However, positive feelings of determination and courage to quit the substance abuse behaviour are also expressed. Conclusions were drawn and recommendation made concerning psychiatric nursing practice, nursing education and nursing research.

Wong, Ngai Sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-190). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 論文摘要 --- p.II / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.III / TABLES OF CONTENTS --- p.V / LIST OF ACRONYMS --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XI / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.XIII / Chapter CHPATER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- BACKGROUND & CONTEXT --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Methadone Maintenance Treatment --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.1. --- Definition of Methadone Maintenance Treatment --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.2. --- The Role of Methadone Maintenance Treatment --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.3. --- Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Hong Kong --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Utilization of Methadone Treatment --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.2.1. --- Definition of Utilization --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.2.2. --- Utilization Study in Methadone Treatment --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- Geographic Information System Application --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2. --- STUDY AREA --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3. --- RATIONALE & SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4. --- RESEARCH QUESTIONS --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5. --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6. --- STUDY PROCEDURES --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7. --- STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW OF METHADONE TREATMENT UTILIZATION STUDY --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- METHADONE TREATMENT UTILIZATION STUDIES --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Individual Determinants --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Predisposing Factors --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Enabling Factors --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Illness Level --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Health Service System --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Resource --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Organization --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2 --- ANALYSIS METHODS IN METHADONE TREATMENT UTILIZATION STUDIES --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Common Measures --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Study Approach --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Analysis Methods --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Geographic Information System --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- METHADONE TREATMENT UTILIZATION STUDY IN HONG KONG --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.45 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1. --- DEFINITION OF UTILIZATION AND LOCAL UTILIZATION --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2. --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR MMT UTILIZATION --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Framework Selection --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Components of Andersen & Newman，s Framework for Health Service Utilization --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3. --- DATA SOURCE --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Official Data --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Survey --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Interviews --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- Case Study-Survey in a Methadone Clinic in Tai Po --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.4.1. --- Survey Subject --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.4.2. --- Rationale for the Survey --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.4.3. --- Sampling Methods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.4.4. --- Questionnaire Design --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5. --- Digitized Maps --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4. --- DATA PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- District Utilization and Local Utilization Calculation --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Questionnaire Data Processing --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.2.1. --- Data Entry & Coding --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.2.2. --- Digitizing a GIS Layer --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.2.3. --- Estimated Location of User Home --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.2.4. --- Sufficiency Level --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Database Management --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5. --- TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE DATA --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Descriptive Analysis for Spatiotemporal Utilization Pattern --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Quantitative Analysis for Factor Exploration --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5.2.1. --- Assumptions for Correlation and Regression Analysis --- p.70 / General Assumptions --- p.70 / Data Assumptions --- p.72 / Factor Assumptions --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.2.2. --- Factors Included in the Study Framework --- p.74 / Societal Determinants --- p.75 / Health Services System --- p.76 / Individual Determinants --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5.2.3. --- Pearson´ةs Correlation --- p.80 / Chapter 3.5.2.4. --- Multiple Stepwise Linear Regression --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Quantitative Analysis for Spatial Factor Study --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5.3.1. --- Catchments --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5.3.2. --- Spatial Autocorrelation --- p.89 / Chapter 3.5.4. --- Curve Estimation --- p.90 / Chapter 3.6. --- GIS Customized Tools --- p.90 / Chapter 3.6.1. --- GIS System Literature Review --- p.90 / Chapter 3.6.2. --- Customized Tools Design --- p.92 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- ANALYSIS OF MMT UTILIZATION: A CASE STUDY IN HONG KONG … --- p.95 / Chapter 4.1. --- GENERAL DESCRIPTION --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2. --- HEROIN ADDICTION IN HONG KONG --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Spatiotemporal Pattern of Heroin Addiction --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Characteristics of Heroin Users in Hong Kong --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3. --- MMT USERS IN HONG KONG --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Characteristics of Methadone Clinics --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Characteristics of MMT Users --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2.1. --- Predisposing Factors of MMT Users --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2.2. --- Spatial movement of MMT user --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2.3. --- Clinic Environment-Gathering Place --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2.4. --- Unique Clinics --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Spatiotemporal Patterns of MMT Users --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4. --- INDIVIDUAL UTILIZATION STUDY - SURVEY IN A METHADONE CLINIC IN TAIPO --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Methadone Clinic Users in Tai Po --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Characteristics of Respondents --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4.2.1. --- Demographic Characteristics --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4.2.2. --- Utilization Level --- p.115 / Chapter 4.4.2.3. --- Spatial Factors and Distribution --- p.116 / Chapter 4.4.3. --- Factors Affecting the Utilization of Tai Po Methadone Clinic --- p.120 / Chapter 4.5. --- CATCHMENTS OF METHADONE CLINICS IN HONG KONG --- p.122 / Chapter 4.5.1. --- Voronoi polygons --- p.123 / Chapter 4.5.2. --- Network Analysis based on travel time --- p.124 / Chapter 4.5.2.1. --- Catchments of Methadone Clinic in Tai Po --- p.125 / Chapter 4.5.2.2. --- Projected Catchments for All Clinics in Hong Kong --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6. --- SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERN AND SPATIAL RELATIONS OF MMT UTILIZATION --- p.128 / Chapter 4.6.1. --- MMT Utilization --- p.128 / Chapter 4.6.2. --- MMT Local Utilization --- p.131 / Chapter 4.6.3. --- Spatial Relations of MMT Utilization --- p.133 / Chapter 4.7. --- PREDICTORS OF MMT UTILIZATION AND LOCAL UTILIZATION --- p.134 / Chapter 4.7.1. --- Health Care Systems --- p.135 / Chapter 4.7.1.1. --- Resource --- p.135 / Operating Hours --- p.135 / Nearest clinic distance --- p.137 / Distance between a clinic and its nearest clinic in other districts --- p.138 / Chapter 4.7.1.2. --- Accessibility --- p.138 / Chapter 4.7.2. --- Individual Determinants --- p.139 / Chapter 4.7.2.1. --- Predisposing Determinants --- p.140 / Age --- p.140 / Gender --- p.140 / Education --- p.141 / Chapter 4.7.2.2. --- Behavioral Determinant´ؤInjection --- p.141 / Chapter 4.8. --- FUTURE MMT UTILIZATION IN HONG KONG --- p.143 / Chapter 4.9. --- SERVICE GAPS --- p.144 / Chapter 4.10. --- SUMMARY OF STUDY RESULTS --- p.152 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.153 / Chapter 5.1. --- DISCUSSIONS ON THE RELEVANCE OF UTILIZATION PREDICTORS --- p.154 / Chapter 5.2. --- DISCUSSIONS ON METHADONE CLINIC CLOSURE --- p.159 / Chapter 5.3. --- RESEARCH LIMITATION --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Data Limitation --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Time & Resource Limitation --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.3. --- Technical Limitation --- p.165 / Chapter 5.4. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.167 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- Recommendations for Methadone Treatment System --- p.167 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- For the Society --- p.169 / Chapter 5.4.3. --- For Further Study --- p.172 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.174 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.177 / APPENDICES --- p.191