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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Drug detection using Eosin Y and cobalt thiocyanate paper assays

Canfield, Jeremy 04 May 2020 (has links)
No description available.
2

Optimization of a Method for the Extraction of Drugs of Abuse from Wastewater

Martin, Danica Paige 24 May 2021 (has links)
No description available.
3

Comparison of the Recovery of Drugs in Oral Fluid Using Biotage Evolute Express Solid Phase Extraction Columns with Active and Passive Solutions

McGuire, Annamarie 30 August 2022 (has links)
No description available.
4

The feasibility of testing hair for illicit drug use in the United States Marine Corps

Hatala, John W. 03 1900 (has links)
Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The purpose of this thesis was to examine the feasibility of testing hair for illicit drug use in the United States Marines Corps. Specifically, the study determined the hair test's potential for detecting and deterring illicit drug use and abuse among Marines. In addition, the study estimated the potential costs of implementing hair tests and examined fairness concerns with regard to testing hair among ethnically diverse populations. The results indicate that the hair test would be more effective than the urinalysis at detecting a wide variety of illicit drugs, with the exception of marijuana. The increased effectiveness of the hair test is likely to enhance the level of deterrence currently sustained by the Marine Corps' urinalysis program. Costs associated with the implementation of hair test would be offset by the increase in detection of illicit drug use and drug dependence among enlisted recruits and officer candidates pursuing active duty military service. Enhanced deterrence levels among active duty personnel that are a consequence of implementing the hair test would result in additional cost savings. Finally, implementation of the hair test would not result in racial bias, but may amplify the existence of drug preferences among different races. / Major, United States Marine Corps
5

Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical and Colorimetric Sensors for On-Site Detection of Small-Molecule Targets

Guntupalli, Bhargav 20 April 2017 (has links)
An ideal biosensor is a compact and in-expensive device that is able to readily and rapidly detects different types of analytes with high sensitivity and specificity. The affectability of a biosensing methodology is subject to the limit of nanomaterials to transduce the target binding process to an improved perceptible signal, while the selectivity is accomplished by considering the binding and specificity of certain moieties to their targets. Keeping these requirements in mind we have chosen nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that has catalytic properties combined with their size, shape and configuration dependent chemical and physical properties as essential precursors and signaling components for creation of biosensors with tremendous sensitivity. The primary goal of the research work described in this dissertation is to develop and evaluate novel methods to detect various analytes using nanomaterials, at the same time making an affordable architecture for point-of-care (POC) applications. We report here in chapter 3 a simple and new strategy for preparing disposable, paper-based, porous AuNP/M-SWCNT hybrid thin gold films with high conductivity, rapid electron transfer rates, and excellent electrocatalytic properties to achieve multiple analyte electrochemical detection with a resolution that greatly exceeds that of purchased flat gold slides. We further explored the use of nanomaterial-based paper films in more complex matrices to detect analytes such as NADH, which can act as a biomarker for certain cellular redox imbalances and disease conditions. Carbon nanotubes with their large activated surfaces and edge-plane sites (defects) that are ideal for performing NADH oxidation at low potentials without any help of redox mediators minimizing surface fouling in complex matrices is described in chapter 4. With an instrument-free approach in mind we further focused on a colorimetric platform using split cocaine aptamers and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to detect cocaine for on-site applications as described in chapter 5. In chapter 5, the split aptamer sequences were evaluated mainly on three basic criteria, the hybridization efficiency, specificity towards the analyte (cocaine), and the reaction time to observe a distinguishable color change from red to blue. The assay is an enzyme-assisted target recycling (EATR) strategy following the principle that nuclease enzyme recognizes probe–target complexes, cleaving only the probe strand releasing the target for recycling. We have also studied the effect of the number of binding domains with variable chain lengths on either side of the apurinic (AP) site. On the basis of our results, we finally shortlisted the sequence combination with maximum signal enhancement fold which is instrumental in development of colorimetric platform with faster, and specific reaction to observe a distinctive color change in the presence of cocaine.
6

PAPER SPRAY-MASS SPECTROMETRY COUPLED WITH PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE-BASED COLLECTION FOR THE RECOVERY AND DETECTION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE

Sarah Prunty (16631748) 30 August 2023 (has links)
<p> Illicit drug abuse is a widespread issue in the United States and worldwide. Many methods  seek to ease the analytical workload required to collect, analyze, and identify these drugs. Paper  spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS) is one response to this analytical workload as it offers a rapid,  affordable, and simple means for drug identification by mass spectrometry. This work centers on  the use of pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) lined paper as a PS-MS substrate for drug recovery  and detection. The use of PSA paper as a sampling and analysis substrate has been previously  established but is expanded herein with new capabilities and applications. Chapter 2 introduces  the combination of color tests followed by PS-MS for presumptive and confirmatory drug  identification. Three color tests (cobalt thiocyanate, Simon, or Marquis) were performed on the  PSA paper with subsequent drug confirmation occurring by PS-MS. Chapter 3 examines the use  of PSA paper and PS-MS for the recovery and detection of fentanyl, fentanyl precursors, and  analogs from shipping-related surfaces and in the presence of high amounts of cutting agents. The  use of a cartridge that accommodates a full-sized PSA paper ticket was also explored for drug  detection. Chapter 4 assesses PS-MS with PSA paper on portable MS instrumentation. Analyte  recovery and carryover as well as instrument robustness were evaluated. The color test and PS-MS protocol examined in Chapter 2 was also successfully applied to a portable MS instrument.  Application of PS-MS to the portable system highlights the potential fieldability of the technique. </p>
7

Substâncias psicoativas no trânsito : estudo sobre fatores de risco e tecnologias de detecção in loco

Scherer, Juliana Nichterwitz January 2017 (has links)
O impacto do uso do álcool na condução de veículos automotores foi primeiramente evidenciado concomitantemente ao surgimento dos primeiros automóveis. Desde então, diversos estudos foram realizados a fim de identificar a relação entre o uso de álcool e a capacidade psicomotora de motoristas. Atualmente, já está bem estabelecido que dirigir veículos sob o efeito de álcool aumenta o risco de colisões no trânsito. Por outro lado, dados sobre o impacto de outras substâncias psicoativas (SPAs) além do álcool ainda são escassos na literatura, mesmo com o crescente relato de motoristas envolvidos em colisões no trânsito que testaram positivo para SPAs. No Brasil, poucos estudos foram realizados visando à detecção de SPAs no trânsito - porém, mesmo com poucos dados, já foi possível observar uma alta prevalência de uso de SPAs pelos condutores. Além disso, estudos internacionais apontam que condutores que dirigem sob o efeito de álcool e de outras SPAs possuem características específicas, como por exemplo, alto índice de recidiva e alta prevalência de transtornos pelo uso de substâncias. Apesar de o Brasil possuir legislação que proíba motoristas de dirigir sob o efeito de álcool e também outras SPAs, contamos apenas com o uso de etilômetros para a mensuração do uso de álcool como medida efetiva na testagem de motoristas em barreiras de fiscalização, sem nenhum dispositivo aprovado para SPAs. Assim, o objetivo desta tese foi investigar fatores de risco para colisões no trânsito envolvendo o uso de SPAs e avaliar dispositivos de detecção de SPAs que possam ser implementados na fiscalização de condutores brasileiros. O artigo 1 da presente tese é uma análise de dados secundários provenientes de um estudo multicêntrico que avaliou 765 usuários de crack, e teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de dirigir sob o efeito de SPAs e de colisões no trânsito na amostra, analisando se questões psiquiátricas e padrão de uso de SPAs estão relacionadas ao histórico de acidentalidade. O artigo 2 compreende uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a confiabilidade de dispositivos de triagem para a detecção de SPAs utilizando urina ou fluido oral como matrizes biológicas. O artigo 3 é uma avaliação de dois dispositivos de triagem para a detecção de cocaínicos, utilizando amostras de fluido oral doadas por usuários de cocaína ou crack recrutados em centros de atendimento para transtorno pelo uso de substâncias na cidade de Porto Alegre. Como resultados principais, encontrou-se uma alta prevalência de usuários de crack que relataram ter dirigido sob o efeito de SPAs e também uma alta prevalência do relato de colisões no trânsito após o uso de crack. Além disso, o uso de crack por mais de cinco anos - independente de comorbidades psiquiátricas ou consumo de outras SPAs - foi o único fator associado à maior prevalência de histórico de acidentalidade (RR=1.52, 95%IC: 1.02-2.75). De forma geral, os dispositivos de triagem avaliados pela revisão sistemática mostraram uma alta variabilidade nos dados de confiabilidade (sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia), tanto para dispositivos de urina quanto para dispositivos de fluido oral. Especificamente, o dispositivo DDS2TM atingiu resultados superiores ao recomendado para os critérios de confiabilidade (>80%) para a análise de benzoilecgonina no ponto de corte de 10 ng/mL. Já o dispositivo Multi-Drugs Multi-Line – Twist Screen Test Device™ não atingiu esses parâmetros de forma concomitante para nenhuma das análises realizadas. Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que a população de usuários de crack é uma população de risco para colisões no trânsito. Além do uso prolongado de crack (que foi estatisticamente associado ao desfecho de histórico de acidentalidade), outros fatores, como o uso de múltiplas substâncias, prejuízo cognitivo e altos índices de impulsividade também podem estar indiretamente associados ao aumento do risco de colisões no trânsito nessa população. Devido à alta variabilidade dos resultados de confiabilidade dos dispositivos de triagem encontrados na literatura, e devido ao fato de que o uso desses dispositivos frequentemente implica em questões legais e morais dos sujeitos testados, aconselha-se que os dispositivos sejam avaliados quanto as suas capacidades analíticas e características práticas antes de serem implementados em qualquer contexto. Especificamente para a detecção de cocaínicos, o dispositivo DDS2TM apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado ao dispositivo MDMLTM. Entretanto, principalmente devido à alta prevalência de resultados falsos positivos, ressalta-se a importância da realização de testes confirmatórios sempre que a realização de testes de triagem tiverem finalidades forenses, como no caso do uso para fiscalização de trânsito. / The impact of alcohol use in driving abilities was initially described concomitantly to the development of the automobile. Since then, several studies were conducted aiming at the identification of the relationship between alcohol use and driving impairment. Currently, it is well established that driving under the influence of alcohol increases the risks of traffic crashes. However, data regarding the impact of psychoactive substances (PAS) other than alcohol are still missing in the literature, even with the increased report of drivers who have tested positive in traffic crashes. In Brazil, few studies were conducted aiming at the detection of PAS in traffic settings; however, even with little data, it is possible to describe a high prevalence of PAS use among drivers. Moreover, international studies suggest that drivers who drive under the influence of alcohol or other PAS present specific characteristics, such as high rates of recidivism and high prevalence of substance-use related disorders. Although Brazil has legislation that prohibits drivers to drive under the influence of alcohol and other PAS, we can only rely on the use of breathalyzers for the measurement of alcohol at the roadside. Therefore, the aim of the present thesis was to investigate risk factors for traffic crashes involving PAS use, and to evaluate point-of-collection testing devices for detection of PAS that could be implemented in the context of Brazilian traffic enforcement. The first paper is a secondary data analysis derived from a multicenter study which evaluated 765 crack-cocaine users; its main goal was to estimate the prevalence of driving under the influence of PAS and traffic crashes, and to ascertain psychiatric comorbidities and polydrug use related to the history of crashes. The second paper is a systematic review of the literature about the reliability of point-of-collection testing devices for detecting PAS in urine and oral fluid. The third paper is an analytical evaluation of two point-of-collection testing devices for cocaine detection, using samples of oral fluid obtained from cocaine or crack-cocaine users recruited in substance abuse treatment centers in the city of Porto Alegre. We found a high prevalence of crack-cocaine users that reported driving under the influence of PAS, and a high prevalence of reported involvement in traffic crashes after crack-cocaine use. Besides that, crack-cocaine consumption for more than five years – independently of psychiatric comorbidities and other PAS use - was the single factor associated with higher prevalence of crash history (RR=1.52, 95%IC: 1.02-2.75). Overall, the point-of-collection testing devices evaluated in the systematic review showed high variability in the reliability results (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy), even for urine as for oral fluid analysis. Specifically, the DDS2TM mobile test system achieved results superior to that recommended for reliability measures (>80%) for the analysis of benzoylecgonine with the cutoff of 10 ng/mL. The Multi-Drugs Multi-Line – Twist Screen Test Device™ did not achieve these parameters in a concomitant way in any of the analysis performed. The results of the present study suggest that crack-cocaine users are a risky population for traffic crashes. Besides the longer use of crack-cocaine (which was statisticaly associated with the traffic crash outcome), other factors - such as use of several PAS, cognitive impairment and high levels of impulsivity could be indirectly associated with increased risk for traffic crashes among this population. Due to the high variability in the reliability measures of the point-of-collection testing devices found in the literature, and also due to the fact that the use of these devices frequently implies legal and moral aspects of the subjects being tested, it is recommended that these devices be evaluated for its analytical and practical capacities before they are implemented in any context. Specifically for cocaine detection, the DDS2TM mobile test system showed better results in comparison with the MDMLTM device. However, primarily because of the high prevalence of false positive results, we highlight the need for confirmatory analysis in all cases where the screening tests would have forensic purposes, such as in the traffic enforcement context.
8

Substâncias psicoativas no trânsito : estudo sobre fatores de risco e tecnologias de detecção in loco

Scherer, Juliana Nichterwitz January 2017 (has links)
O impacto do uso do álcool na condução de veículos automotores foi primeiramente evidenciado concomitantemente ao surgimento dos primeiros automóveis. Desde então, diversos estudos foram realizados a fim de identificar a relação entre o uso de álcool e a capacidade psicomotora de motoristas. Atualmente, já está bem estabelecido que dirigir veículos sob o efeito de álcool aumenta o risco de colisões no trânsito. Por outro lado, dados sobre o impacto de outras substâncias psicoativas (SPAs) além do álcool ainda são escassos na literatura, mesmo com o crescente relato de motoristas envolvidos em colisões no trânsito que testaram positivo para SPAs. No Brasil, poucos estudos foram realizados visando à detecção de SPAs no trânsito - porém, mesmo com poucos dados, já foi possível observar uma alta prevalência de uso de SPAs pelos condutores. Além disso, estudos internacionais apontam que condutores que dirigem sob o efeito de álcool e de outras SPAs possuem características específicas, como por exemplo, alto índice de recidiva e alta prevalência de transtornos pelo uso de substâncias. Apesar de o Brasil possuir legislação que proíba motoristas de dirigir sob o efeito de álcool e também outras SPAs, contamos apenas com o uso de etilômetros para a mensuração do uso de álcool como medida efetiva na testagem de motoristas em barreiras de fiscalização, sem nenhum dispositivo aprovado para SPAs. Assim, o objetivo desta tese foi investigar fatores de risco para colisões no trânsito envolvendo o uso de SPAs e avaliar dispositivos de detecção de SPAs que possam ser implementados na fiscalização de condutores brasileiros. O artigo 1 da presente tese é uma análise de dados secundários provenientes de um estudo multicêntrico que avaliou 765 usuários de crack, e teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de dirigir sob o efeito de SPAs e de colisões no trânsito na amostra, analisando se questões psiquiátricas e padrão de uso de SPAs estão relacionadas ao histórico de acidentalidade. O artigo 2 compreende uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a confiabilidade de dispositivos de triagem para a detecção de SPAs utilizando urina ou fluido oral como matrizes biológicas. O artigo 3 é uma avaliação de dois dispositivos de triagem para a detecção de cocaínicos, utilizando amostras de fluido oral doadas por usuários de cocaína ou crack recrutados em centros de atendimento para transtorno pelo uso de substâncias na cidade de Porto Alegre. Como resultados principais, encontrou-se uma alta prevalência de usuários de crack que relataram ter dirigido sob o efeito de SPAs e também uma alta prevalência do relato de colisões no trânsito após o uso de crack. Além disso, o uso de crack por mais de cinco anos - independente de comorbidades psiquiátricas ou consumo de outras SPAs - foi o único fator associado à maior prevalência de histórico de acidentalidade (RR=1.52, 95%IC: 1.02-2.75). De forma geral, os dispositivos de triagem avaliados pela revisão sistemática mostraram uma alta variabilidade nos dados de confiabilidade (sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia), tanto para dispositivos de urina quanto para dispositivos de fluido oral. Especificamente, o dispositivo DDS2TM atingiu resultados superiores ao recomendado para os critérios de confiabilidade (>80%) para a análise de benzoilecgonina no ponto de corte de 10 ng/mL. Já o dispositivo Multi-Drugs Multi-Line – Twist Screen Test Device™ não atingiu esses parâmetros de forma concomitante para nenhuma das análises realizadas. Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que a população de usuários de crack é uma população de risco para colisões no trânsito. Além do uso prolongado de crack (que foi estatisticamente associado ao desfecho de histórico de acidentalidade), outros fatores, como o uso de múltiplas substâncias, prejuízo cognitivo e altos índices de impulsividade também podem estar indiretamente associados ao aumento do risco de colisões no trânsito nessa população. Devido à alta variabilidade dos resultados de confiabilidade dos dispositivos de triagem encontrados na literatura, e devido ao fato de que o uso desses dispositivos frequentemente implica em questões legais e morais dos sujeitos testados, aconselha-se que os dispositivos sejam avaliados quanto as suas capacidades analíticas e características práticas antes de serem implementados em qualquer contexto. Especificamente para a detecção de cocaínicos, o dispositivo DDS2TM apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado ao dispositivo MDMLTM. Entretanto, principalmente devido à alta prevalência de resultados falsos positivos, ressalta-se a importância da realização de testes confirmatórios sempre que a realização de testes de triagem tiverem finalidades forenses, como no caso do uso para fiscalização de trânsito. / The impact of alcohol use in driving abilities was initially described concomitantly to the development of the automobile. Since then, several studies were conducted aiming at the identification of the relationship between alcohol use and driving impairment. Currently, it is well established that driving under the influence of alcohol increases the risks of traffic crashes. However, data regarding the impact of psychoactive substances (PAS) other than alcohol are still missing in the literature, even with the increased report of drivers who have tested positive in traffic crashes. In Brazil, few studies were conducted aiming at the detection of PAS in traffic settings; however, even with little data, it is possible to describe a high prevalence of PAS use among drivers. Moreover, international studies suggest that drivers who drive under the influence of alcohol or other PAS present specific characteristics, such as high rates of recidivism and high prevalence of substance-use related disorders. Although Brazil has legislation that prohibits drivers to drive under the influence of alcohol and other PAS, we can only rely on the use of breathalyzers for the measurement of alcohol at the roadside. Therefore, the aim of the present thesis was to investigate risk factors for traffic crashes involving PAS use, and to evaluate point-of-collection testing devices for detection of PAS that could be implemented in the context of Brazilian traffic enforcement. The first paper is a secondary data analysis derived from a multicenter study which evaluated 765 crack-cocaine users; its main goal was to estimate the prevalence of driving under the influence of PAS and traffic crashes, and to ascertain psychiatric comorbidities and polydrug use related to the history of crashes. The second paper is a systematic review of the literature about the reliability of point-of-collection testing devices for detecting PAS in urine and oral fluid. The third paper is an analytical evaluation of two point-of-collection testing devices for cocaine detection, using samples of oral fluid obtained from cocaine or crack-cocaine users recruited in substance abuse treatment centers in the city of Porto Alegre. We found a high prevalence of crack-cocaine users that reported driving under the influence of PAS, and a high prevalence of reported involvement in traffic crashes after crack-cocaine use. Besides that, crack-cocaine consumption for more than five years – independently of psychiatric comorbidities and other PAS use - was the single factor associated with higher prevalence of crash history (RR=1.52, 95%IC: 1.02-2.75). Overall, the point-of-collection testing devices evaluated in the systematic review showed high variability in the reliability results (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy), even for urine as for oral fluid analysis. Specifically, the DDS2TM mobile test system achieved results superior to that recommended for reliability measures (>80%) for the analysis of benzoylecgonine with the cutoff of 10 ng/mL. The Multi-Drugs Multi-Line – Twist Screen Test Device™ did not achieve these parameters in a concomitant way in any of the analysis performed. The results of the present study suggest that crack-cocaine users are a risky population for traffic crashes. Besides the longer use of crack-cocaine (which was statisticaly associated with the traffic crash outcome), other factors - such as use of several PAS, cognitive impairment and high levels of impulsivity could be indirectly associated with increased risk for traffic crashes among this population. Due to the high variability in the reliability measures of the point-of-collection testing devices found in the literature, and also due to the fact that the use of these devices frequently implies legal and moral aspects of the subjects being tested, it is recommended that these devices be evaluated for its analytical and practical capacities before they are implemented in any context. Specifically for cocaine detection, the DDS2TM mobile test system showed better results in comparison with the MDMLTM device. However, primarily because of the high prevalence of false positive results, we highlight the need for confirmatory analysis in all cases where the screening tests would have forensic purposes, such as in the traffic enforcement context.
9

The Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds from Synthetic Cathinone Derivatives for the Development of Odor Mimic Training Aids

Francis, Vanquilla Shellman 01 June 2017 (has links)
Methylone, Ethylone, Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), and α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP) collectively referred to as bath salts are a new trend of illicit substances known as synthetic cathinones. Designed by chemically modifying the core structure of the compound cathinone, synthetic cathinones became prevalent within the United States around the mid-2000s. As a cheap and less controlled alternative to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), it has become heavily abused, prompting emergency scheduling by federal regulators. Although regulations have been placed to halt incoming traffic of these drugs, lack of ground efforts still leave a large percentage of bath salts available. This study is two-fold, as it seeks to develop an extraction method for the development of Volatile Organic Compound profiles associated with various synthetic cathinones; and also determine the odorant used for canine recognition. The initial goal of this dissertation was to develop an extraction method to characterize various cathinone derivatives. The present study concluded that by employing a Polydimethylsiloxane Divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) coated fiber along with complimentary soft ionization techniques, the volatile components and all parent drugs could be identified within sixteen synthetic cathinone cases. The second goal of the dissertation was to assess and enhance the detection capabilities of narcotic detection teams. Canine field detection is routinely used to stop the increasing distribution influx of drugs into the United States that go undetected by standard procedures currently employed. Although currently canines can detect a multitude of drugs including heroin, cocaine, MDMA, and methamphetamine; this study revealed that more than ten canine teams (throughout south Florida) were not able to detect the presence of synthetic cathinones with current training material. While concerns have grown concerning the safety and reliability of canines being trained on various illicit substances, this research aimed to develop a safe, efficient, controlled alternative to training any canine for detection in the form of a Controlled Mimic Permeation System (COMPS). Field examination concluded that 3,4-methylenedioxypriophenone was the odorant responsible for the canine recognition of the cathinone derivative odor. Therefore a mimic training aid was developed and deployed within the field to enhance the detection capabilities of various canine teams.
10

Substâncias psicoativas no trânsito : estudo sobre fatores de risco e tecnologias de detecção in loco

Scherer, Juliana Nichterwitz January 2017 (has links)
O impacto do uso do álcool na condução de veículos automotores foi primeiramente evidenciado concomitantemente ao surgimento dos primeiros automóveis. Desde então, diversos estudos foram realizados a fim de identificar a relação entre o uso de álcool e a capacidade psicomotora de motoristas. Atualmente, já está bem estabelecido que dirigir veículos sob o efeito de álcool aumenta o risco de colisões no trânsito. Por outro lado, dados sobre o impacto de outras substâncias psicoativas (SPAs) além do álcool ainda são escassos na literatura, mesmo com o crescente relato de motoristas envolvidos em colisões no trânsito que testaram positivo para SPAs. No Brasil, poucos estudos foram realizados visando à detecção de SPAs no trânsito - porém, mesmo com poucos dados, já foi possível observar uma alta prevalência de uso de SPAs pelos condutores. Além disso, estudos internacionais apontam que condutores que dirigem sob o efeito de álcool e de outras SPAs possuem características específicas, como por exemplo, alto índice de recidiva e alta prevalência de transtornos pelo uso de substâncias. Apesar de o Brasil possuir legislação que proíba motoristas de dirigir sob o efeito de álcool e também outras SPAs, contamos apenas com o uso de etilômetros para a mensuração do uso de álcool como medida efetiva na testagem de motoristas em barreiras de fiscalização, sem nenhum dispositivo aprovado para SPAs. Assim, o objetivo desta tese foi investigar fatores de risco para colisões no trânsito envolvendo o uso de SPAs e avaliar dispositivos de detecção de SPAs que possam ser implementados na fiscalização de condutores brasileiros. O artigo 1 da presente tese é uma análise de dados secundários provenientes de um estudo multicêntrico que avaliou 765 usuários de crack, e teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de dirigir sob o efeito de SPAs e de colisões no trânsito na amostra, analisando se questões psiquiátricas e padrão de uso de SPAs estão relacionadas ao histórico de acidentalidade. O artigo 2 compreende uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a confiabilidade de dispositivos de triagem para a detecção de SPAs utilizando urina ou fluido oral como matrizes biológicas. O artigo 3 é uma avaliação de dois dispositivos de triagem para a detecção de cocaínicos, utilizando amostras de fluido oral doadas por usuários de cocaína ou crack recrutados em centros de atendimento para transtorno pelo uso de substâncias na cidade de Porto Alegre. Como resultados principais, encontrou-se uma alta prevalência de usuários de crack que relataram ter dirigido sob o efeito de SPAs e também uma alta prevalência do relato de colisões no trânsito após o uso de crack. Além disso, o uso de crack por mais de cinco anos - independente de comorbidades psiquiátricas ou consumo de outras SPAs - foi o único fator associado à maior prevalência de histórico de acidentalidade (RR=1.52, 95%IC: 1.02-2.75). De forma geral, os dispositivos de triagem avaliados pela revisão sistemática mostraram uma alta variabilidade nos dados de confiabilidade (sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia), tanto para dispositivos de urina quanto para dispositivos de fluido oral. Especificamente, o dispositivo DDS2TM atingiu resultados superiores ao recomendado para os critérios de confiabilidade (>80%) para a análise de benzoilecgonina no ponto de corte de 10 ng/mL. Já o dispositivo Multi-Drugs Multi-Line – Twist Screen Test Device™ não atingiu esses parâmetros de forma concomitante para nenhuma das análises realizadas. Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que a população de usuários de crack é uma população de risco para colisões no trânsito. Além do uso prolongado de crack (que foi estatisticamente associado ao desfecho de histórico de acidentalidade), outros fatores, como o uso de múltiplas substâncias, prejuízo cognitivo e altos índices de impulsividade também podem estar indiretamente associados ao aumento do risco de colisões no trânsito nessa população. Devido à alta variabilidade dos resultados de confiabilidade dos dispositivos de triagem encontrados na literatura, e devido ao fato de que o uso desses dispositivos frequentemente implica em questões legais e morais dos sujeitos testados, aconselha-se que os dispositivos sejam avaliados quanto as suas capacidades analíticas e características práticas antes de serem implementados em qualquer contexto. Especificamente para a detecção de cocaínicos, o dispositivo DDS2TM apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado ao dispositivo MDMLTM. Entretanto, principalmente devido à alta prevalência de resultados falsos positivos, ressalta-se a importância da realização de testes confirmatórios sempre que a realização de testes de triagem tiverem finalidades forenses, como no caso do uso para fiscalização de trânsito. / The impact of alcohol use in driving abilities was initially described concomitantly to the development of the automobile. Since then, several studies were conducted aiming at the identification of the relationship between alcohol use and driving impairment. Currently, it is well established that driving under the influence of alcohol increases the risks of traffic crashes. However, data regarding the impact of psychoactive substances (PAS) other than alcohol are still missing in the literature, even with the increased report of drivers who have tested positive in traffic crashes. In Brazil, few studies were conducted aiming at the detection of PAS in traffic settings; however, even with little data, it is possible to describe a high prevalence of PAS use among drivers. Moreover, international studies suggest that drivers who drive under the influence of alcohol or other PAS present specific characteristics, such as high rates of recidivism and high prevalence of substance-use related disorders. Although Brazil has legislation that prohibits drivers to drive under the influence of alcohol and other PAS, we can only rely on the use of breathalyzers for the measurement of alcohol at the roadside. Therefore, the aim of the present thesis was to investigate risk factors for traffic crashes involving PAS use, and to evaluate point-of-collection testing devices for detection of PAS that could be implemented in the context of Brazilian traffic enforcement. The first paper is a secondary data analysis derived from a multicenter study which evaluated 765 crack-cocaine users; its main goal was to estimate the prevalence of driving under the influence of PAS and traffic crashes, and to ascertain psychiatric comorbidities and polydrug use related to the history of crashes. The second paper is a systematic review of the literature about the reliability of point-of-collection testing devices for detecting PAS in urine and oral fluid. The third paper is an analytical evaluation of two point-of-collection testing devices for cocaine detection, using samples of oral fluid obtained from cocaine or crack-cocaine users recruited in substance abuse treatment centers in the city of Porto Alegre. We found a high prevalence of crack-cocaine users that reported driving under the influence of PAS, and a high prevalence of reported involvement in traffic crashes after crack-cocaine use. Besides that, crack-cocaine consumption for more than five years – independently of psychiatric comorbidities and other PAS use - was the single factor associated with higher prevalence of crash history (RR=1.52, 95%IC: 1.02-2.75). Overall, the point-of-collection testing devices evaluated in the systematic review showed high variability in the reliability results (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy), even for urine as for oral fluid analysis. Specifically, the DDS2TM mobile test system achieved results superior to that recommended for reliability measures (>80%) for the analysis of benzoylecgonine with the cutoff of 10 ng/mL. The Multi-Drugs Multi-Line – Twist Screen Test Device™ did not achieve these parameters in a concomitant way in any of the analysis performed. The results of the present study suggest that crack-cocaine users are a risky population for traffic crashes. Besides the longer use of crack-cocaine (which was statisticaly associated with the traffic crash outcome), other factors - such as use of several PAS, cognitive impairment and high levels of impulsivity could be indirectly associated with increased risk for traffic crashes among this population. Due to the high variability in the reliability measures of the point-of-collection testing devices found in the literature, and also due to the fact that the use of these devices frequently implies legal and moral aspects of the subjects being tested, it is recommended that these devices be evaluated for its analytical and practical capacities before they are implemented in any context. Specifically for cocaine detection, the DDS2TM mobile test system showed better results in comparison with the MDMLTM device. However, primarily because of the high prevalence of false positive results, we highlight the need for confirmatory analysis in all cases where the screening tests would have forensic purposes, such as in the traffic enforcement context.

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