<p>Objective: To explore views of medical doctors, veterinarians and drug sellers on use of antibiotics on humans and nonhumans and on factors that influences the development of resistance to antibacterial agents. Further, to look at the bi-directional relationship between antibiotic use and environment. </p><p>Methods: The study was a qualitative explorative interview study, analysed using conventional content analysis. It was conducted in Orissa, India. Data were collected by face to face semi structured interview. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed into Oriya, then translated in to English. Each paragraph or sentence was coded. Similar codes were clustered together and collapsed into sub categories and categories. The main themes were allowed to emerge, based on the relationship between categories.</p><p>Findings: The main finding of the study was mishandling and abuse of antibiotics in patients as well as at professional level due to weak implementation of legislation, which appears to be the major cause of antibacterial agent resistance. Incomplete course or dose due to poverty in rural area and self medication in urban area are more common. The study also showed that climatic factors, pollution and population density are the major ecological factors which influence antibiotic prescriptions. Another major finding of this study was that, due to improper disposal system of pharmaceuticals; antibiotics are contaminating air, water and terrains which can cause major risk to aquatic and grazing animals. </p><p>Conclusion: This study emphasises the need for comprehensive actions including information, training, legislation and education at all levels of drug delivery system to rationalize antibiotic use by improving prescribing pattern and creating awareness among consumers. Proper disposal of pharmaceutical wastes is required to prevent the contamination of environment from pharmaceutical pollutants. Further study is essential concerning environmental impact of antibiotics.</p><p>Key words: Antibiotic use; antibiotic resistance; environment; qualitative; conventional; content analysis; veterinarians; medical doctors; drug sellers; Orissa; India.</p>

Objective: To explore views of medical doctors, veterinarians and drug sellers on use of antibiotics on humans and nonhumans and on factors that influences the development of resistance to antibacterial agents. Further, to look at the bi-directional relationship between antibiotic use and environment. Methods: The study was a qualitative explorative interview study, analysed using conventional content analysis. It was conducted in Orissa, India. Data were collected by face to face semi structured interview. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed into Oriya, then translated in to English. Each paragraph or sentence was coded. Similar codes were clustered together and collapsed into sub categories and categories. The main themes were allowed to emerge, based on the relationship between categories. Findings: The main finding of the study was mishandling and abuse of antibiotics in patients as well as at professional level due to weak implementation of legislation, which appears to be the major cause of antibacterial agent resistance. Incomplete course or dose due to poverty in rural area and self medication in urban area are more common. The study also showed that climatic factors, pollution and population density are the major ecological factors which influence antibiotic prescriptions. Another major finding of this study was that, due to improper disposal system of pharmaceuticals; antibiotics are contaminating air, water and terrains which can cause major risk to aquatic and grazing animals. Conclusion: This study emphasises the need for comprehensive actions including information, training, legislation and education at all levels of drug delivery system to rationalize antibiotic use by improving prescribing pattern and creating awareness among consumers. Proper disposal of pharmaceutical wastes is required to prevent the contamination of environment from pharmaceutical pollutants. Further study is essential concerning environmental impact of antibiotics. Key words: Antibiotic use; antibiotic resistance; environment; qualitative; conventional; content analysis; veterinarians; medical doctors; drug sellers; Orissa; India.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KleberCS_DISSERT.pdf: 1628339 bytes, checksum: 6ece4b008d6b236199cd6b15bb1d6452 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-20 / A Ind?stria Farmac?utica ? uma das mais competitivas ind?strias do mundo contempor?neo, e um dos seus principais desafios est? na comercializa??o de seus medicamentos, que na sua maioria depende da prescri??o m?dica. O objetivo deste estudo ? identificar as estrat?gias de avalia??o de desempenho utilizadas pela Ind?stria Farmac?utica de origem multinacional que atua no nordeste Brasileiro e o papel dos seus gerentes, para avaliar os propagandistas vendedores de medicamentos. Para tanto, buscouse reunir elementos para uma abordagem satisfat?ria que contemple a complexidade da tem?tica pesquisada: Avalia??o de Desempenho, Estrat?gias da Ind?stria Farmac?utica, Propaganda M?dica e Compet?ncias dos Propagandistas de Medicamentos. A tem?tica justifica-se em raz?o da import?ncia estrat?gica dos propagandistas de medicamentos para a ind?stria farmac?utica, que ? uma das ind?strias que mais investe em pesquisa na atualidade, e contribui para melhorar a qualidade de vida e a sa?de humana. A metodologia ? caracterizada como um survey, de natureza quali-quantitativa. O objeto de estudo ? composto pelas empresas farmac?uticas multinacionais de origem Americanas, Europeias e Asi?ticas, associadas ? INTERFARMA que atuam no Nordeste do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada atrav?s de um question?rio fechado (instrumento de pesquisa), composto por 5 perguntas fechadas que abordam a tem?tica central dessa disserta??o, 27 afirmativas para medir a concord?ncia(escala likert) e 1 tabela contendo 46 compet?ncias, aplicado junto a gerentes da ind?stria farmac?utica. A an?lise dos dados foi feita por meio das t?cnicas de estat?stica descritiva e uma an?lise quantitativa para estabelecer o Ranking M?dio (RM) para a parte do question?rio que utilizou escala tipo Likert de 5 pontos para mensurar o grau de concord?ncia dos respondestes. Atrav?s dos resultados desta pesquisa foi poss?vel identificar as estrat?gias de avalia??o de desempenho, utilizadas pelas empresas farmac?uticas, que atuam no Nordeste do Brasil, na gest?o dos propagandistas vendedores de medicamentos, e identificar as compet?ncias essenciais dos propagandistas de medicamentos, na percep??o dos gestores. Os resultados demonstraram que a Ind?stria Farmac?utica desenvolve e utiliza v?rias estrat?gias para medir e avaliar o desempenho dos propagandistas de medicamentos no Brasil, assim como em outros pa?ses, e que na percep??o dos gerentes da Ind?stria Farmac?utica existem compet?ncias consideradas essenciais ao bom desempenho profissional dos propagandistas de medicamentos da ind?stria farmac?utica, contribuindo de para avan?o do conhecimento deste tema