This report contains the results of the 2000 National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery Trials. This replicated, small plot trial contains thirty eight varieties of nine different bean classes. Buster, a pinto variety from Seminis Vegetable Seed Company, was the highest yielding variety in the study with a yield near 4000 pounds per acre. Yields, aerial biomass, harvest index, and 100 bean weights are reported for this study.

This report contains the results of the 2002 National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery Trials. This replicated, small plot trial contains thirty-one varieties of eleven different bean classes. USPT-73, a pinto variety from WSU/USDA-ARS Prosser was the highest yielding variety in the study with a yield above 3600 pounds per acre. Yields, aerial biomass, harvest index, and 100 bean weights are reported in this study.

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Carbon dioxide reforming, or drying reforming, of methane can now be used in new applications such as landfill gas utilization where CO and CH need to be converted to a mixture of CO and H, called synthesis gas or syn-gas. A novel Ni-Co/AlMgO bimetallic powder catalyst was developed in previous research for dry reforming of methane (DRM) process which can eliminate carbon deposition. But it is difficult242x to apply this loose-powder catalyst in industrial scale. The procedure of making spherical Ni-Co/AlMgOx bimetallic catalyst supported on BASF CSS-350 alumina balls (BASF Catalysts LLC) using impregnation method with different impregnation steps and calcination steps is explained in this thesis. For every batch of preparation, the concentration of metal solution was calculated based on different impregnation steps. BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis, compressive strength test, XANES (X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure) measurement and ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) analysis are conducted to understand the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst. It is found that both impregnation steps and calcination steps have great influence on the performance of the prepared catalyst samples. Among all the catalysts prepared, BF-4-0.25(MgNiCo)-C, which was made by using 4 impregnation-calcination cycles, shows the best activity and stability for 160 h time-on stream (TOS) under the reaction condition of 0.10 g catalyst loading, 750 oC, ambient pressure, GHSV=100,000 ml/gc·h, and CH4/CO2/N2 = 1/1/1. The CH4 conversion started at 66.7% and slowly dropped to 52.8% after 160 hours. I I BF-4-0.25(MgNiCo)-C spherical catalyst shows lower reaction rate compared to the loose powder format but shows compatible or higher activity to other two reported catalysts in similar compositions. Most importantly, it is a shaped catalyst ready for industrial use.

The purpose of this study was to compile practical feeding guidelines for donkeys in the UK. Current guidelines are to feed 0.75 of horse feeding recommendations on a body weight basis. However, the superior digestive efficiency of donkeys, compared to horses, may render the use of horse recommendations inappropriate. The formulation of guidelines specific to donkeys would enable owners to calculate their donkey‟s requirements with greater accuracy and prevent overfeeding. A postal survey, used to gain information on the body condition score of donkeys in the UK, and the husbandry and feeding practices used to manage them, indicated that approximately 24% of donkeys in the UK are overweight. Feeding practices indicated that although owners were aware of their donkey‟s requirement for fibrous forages, the practice of feeding unnecessary concentrates, chaffs and high energy forages, in addition to grazing, was the likely cause of donkeys becoming overweight. The finding that the majority (85 – 90%) of donkeys were kept as non-working companion animals also reduced the need for owners to feed higher energy foods to their donkeys. Results also suggested that owners were unsure of how to adjust their donkey‟s diet to account for seasonal changes in requirements and pasture availability, as most owners‟ adjusted grazing access, and not the feeding of supplementary feeds. From a study of dry matter (DM) and digestible energy (DE) intakes by 20 mature donkeys maintaining weight during each UK season, the maintenance DE requirements of donkeys were calculated. Results showed no effect of sex on DM or DE intake. Season significantly (P<0.001) affected DM and DE intakes, implying increased requirements in winter compared to spring, summer and autumn. Dry matter intakes (DMI) increased from 51g/kg BW0.75 in spring, summer and autumn to 66g/kg BW0.75 in winter. Digestible energy requirements increased from 0.32MJ/kg BW0.75 in spring, summer and autumn to 0.43MJ/kg BW0.75 in winter. Comparison of results with horse recommendations showed considerably reduced requirements by donkeys. Horse recommendations overestimated DE requirements in summer and winter by 82 and 30%, respectively, making horse recommendations unsuitable for calculating donkey energy requirements. Husbandry practices commonly used by owners to manage their donkeys grazing access (grazing time, grazing area, strip grazing), were assessed for their effect on DMI by grazing donkeys in summer and autumn, using n-alkanes. The effect of grazing time was assessed by restricting donkeys to 8, 12 or 23 hours grazing per day. Season significantly affected food intake with donkeys in the 8 and 23 hour grazing groups eating more during summer when pasture availability was greater. Donkeys responded to the poorer quality summer pasture by grazing more intensively but less selectively, increasing the rate at which food was consumed. Grazing time was only influential over grass intake in summer, when pasture was more abundant. Restricting donkeys to 12 hours or less grazing per day significantly (P<0.001) reduced their grass intake compared to that of donkeys with 23 hours access. When grazing sparse pastures (autumn), grazing time did not influence grass intake, indicating an effect of herbage mass on grazing behaviour. Herbage mass was the most influential factor over diet composition (percentage of grass and straw consumed) in a second grazing study assessing the affect of strip grazing and set stocking systems on intake by grazing donkeys during summer and autumn. Herbage mass per donkey was higher in the set stocking system during both seasons, resulting in higher grass intakes. Determining if either grazing system was more effective at regulating grass intake was prevented due to differences in pasture availability between study sites. It is concluded that donkeys have lower DMI and maintenance DE requirements than horses, requiring donkey feeding guidelines to be formulated. Excess body weight in donkeys is caused in part, by the feeding of energy dense feeds in addition to low energy forages. Most owners place little nutritional importance on pasture, despite its potential to provide a large percentage of daily DM, DE and nutrient intake. Therefore nutritional guidelines must include advice on how to manage access to grazing, and how to feed donkeys with access to pasture. Restricting grazing time to 8 hours a day did reduce grass intake by donkeys, but was only effective when grazing abundant pastures. Providing ad libitum straw to grazing donkeys allows them to satisfy their DM and dietary fibre requirements without consuming excess energy.

This thesis compares ash collected from different boilers cleaned using infrasound cleaning. The samples were evaluated from their physical properties, in an attempt to find connections between the difficulty to remove ash and its physical appearance. To get a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind adhesion and fouling, and possibly explain results from the study of the ash samples, a literature review was carried out. The ash was also evaluated to see if any connections could be drawn between the physical properties of the ash and its fouling capabilities. A strong connection was found between ash density and its fouling capabilities. It was found that no dry ash with a density higher than 0.4 g/ml were difficult to remove with infrasound cleaning, and no ash with lower density was easy to remove. The ash density was calculated from a measurement of the weight of a certain volume of ash on a scale. Optical microscopy was used to study the ash samples, and gave an estimation of particle size, shape, and porosity. However, no clear connection could be observed with this method between the different samples and which were difficult to remove. The particle size for a few of the samples were also measured by a wet laser sieving method, and while it does give a good picture of particle size, the size was not found to be a useful prediction of the ash fouling behaviour. The exact mechanism giving rise to the density dependence need to be further investigated.

The purposes of the investigation were to determine and analyze the effects of dry heat upon the physical and mental performance tasks and to deduce implications for the improvement of educational practices.

Title: The relationship between the occurrence of a trigger point in the soleus muscle and the functional impairment of the SI joint and the possibility of their mutual influence. Objectives/Aims: The aim is to write a summarization of facts based on a literature research on the complex problem of the trigger point phenomenon with a regard to their etiology and work out a pilot study to verify the relationship between the TrP and stiffness in soleus muscle and the functional impairment of the SI joint in terms of reduced joint play in the ipsilateral lower extremity. The experiment, based on objective results, is to answer the fundamental questions of whether patients with functional impairment of the SI joint leads to the formation of a TrP in the soleus muscle on the ipsilateral limb, whether the eventual dry needle therapy of a TrP in the soleus muscle will remove the malfunction of the ipsilateral SI joint, and vice versa, whether if by restoring joint play in the SI joint by mobilization therapy will have an effect on the muscle tone of the ipsilateral soleus muscle and remove the TRP. Methods: The incidence of TrP and the level of muscle tone was tested on 8 persons with functional impairment of the SI joint. Two even groups were formed. The first group had both a TrP in the soleus muscle and...

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Karen A. Schmidt / Radio frequency dielectric heating (RFDH) can provide rapid and uniform heating throughout the products' mass, and can be used to bake, dry, and defrost foods. Studies have shown that when RFDH induced a 5-log reduction of Salmonella spp. in nonfat dry milk (NDM), whey protein nitrogen index (WPNI) decreased, suggesting that functional properties of the NDM might be impacted. This research was conducted to determine if RFDH affected the functional properties of NDM [high-heat (HH) and low-heat (LH)]. Nonfat dry milk were treated to 75, 80 and 85°C in the RFDH unit, then were held for 125, 63 and 43 min for LH-NDM or 115, 52 and 43 min for HH-NDM, and cooled to ~23 ± 1°C. Powders were evaluated for WPNI , nitrogen solubility index, and color. Maillard browning and functional properties of NDM samples were evaluated after NDM was rehydrated to 3.5% protein with deionized water, and adjusted to pH 7.00. Glucono-delta-lactone was added in rehydrated NDM (3.5% protein; natural pH) as an acidifying agent to form milk gels, and the physical properties of the gels were determined. Two replications were conducted and data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (RFDH and NDM) and Tukey mean differentiations (p ≤ 0.05). Results showed that LH-NDM (collapsed for RFDH treatments) had 5.7% less viscosity, 20.9% less overrun, 27.4% less foam stability, as well as 15% less water holding capacity compared with HH-NDM (collapsed for RFDH treatments). This can be explained by the natural whey protein denaturation differences in the HH-NDM and LH-NDM. Viscosity and surface tension were impacted by the RFDH treatment. NDM (HH and LH) treated to 85°C had 10% greater viscosity than the control, and the NDM treated to 75°C had less surface tension compared with samples treated to 80°C, 85°C and the control. Overall, RFDH decreased WPNI in LH-NDM, but not HH-NDM. The SDS-PAGE gel images provided supportive evidence to the WPNI results. RFDH is a processing technology that could change a few functional properties of NDM in this study, which makes it a promising method that may be further exploited for various food applications, such as emulsifiers, foaming agents, etc. However, potential negative impacts, such as color change caused by Maillard reaction, loss of WPNI in LH-NDM, cannot be neglected.