No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The San Pedro del Gallo area 1.8 in the north-central part of Mexico, between 25°30' and 26°00' N latitude, and 104°00' and 104°20' W longitude. It covers approximately 1,900 square kilometers at the western edge of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The oldest rocks exposed in the area belong to the Villa Juarez Formation of possible Late Triassic age. These rocks, of continental origin, comprise siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, tuff, and intercalated lavas of characteristic red color. Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks form a section with a maximum thickness of about 3,580 m. The sediments were deposited in the Mexican Geosyncline, west of the Coahuila Peninsula of pre-Aptian age. The Villa Juarez Formation is overlain with angular unconformity by orthoquartzite, quartzose sandstone, and limestone lenses of the La Gloria Formation of Oxfordian age. The La Casita Formation, which is stratigraphically above the La Gloria Formation, probably ranges in age from late Oxfordian to early Neocomian. It consists of thin-bedded limestone, black shale, and varicolored sandstone, with intercalations of coal seams and abundant ammonites. The Lower Cretaceous rocks of the area comprise the Coahuila Series, La Pena Formation, Aurora Limestone, and Cuesta del Cura Formation. Neocomian and upper Aptian rocks are represented by thin-bedded limestone, marl, and shale of the Taraises, Las Vigas, Parritas, and La Pena Formations. This sequence of rocks is overlain with apparent conformity by the medium- to thick-bedded bank-type Aurora Limestone of middle to late Albian age. A notable change of facies occurs laterally in the upper Albian and lower Cenomanian rocks, the lithology of the Aurora Limestone grading westward into the thin-bedded limestone with wavy bedding planes and black chert intercalations that characterize the Cuesta del Cura Formation. An erosional unconformity developed on the surface of the Aurora Limestone and Cuesta del Cura Formation is covered by the Indidura and Caracol Formations of Turonian to Coniacian age. These consist or thin-bedded, platy limestone, shale, and marl beds, which grade upward into a thick sequence of poorly fossiliferous calcareous sandstone, siltstone, and shale. A period of intense folding and erosion preceded the deposit of the non-marine Ahuichila Formation, of probable late Eocene and early Oligocene age. This formation was deposited with marked angular unconformity on all the older rocks, including the Villa Juarez Formation. Both, porphyritic and equigranular igneous rocks in the form of dikes, sills, plugs, and stocks intrude the bedded rocks of the area. They range in composition from quartz rhyolite porphyry to andesite and from granadiorite to monzonite. The rocks around the intrusive bodies have been metamorphosed irregularly as far as 100 m from the igneous contacts. Irregular tactite aureoles occur around intrusive bodies in the Descubridora district, west of Cerritos de Los Victorinos, and in the Sierra del Mimbre. Marble and recrystallized limestone is found west of Descubridora and in the Bajio del Bailon, and hornfels has formed in Cerrito de La Cruz and Cerrito de Las Liebres near San Pedro del Gallo, as well as in the southern part of the Sierra del Mimbre. Folowing emplacement of the intrusive bodies mineralizing solutions reacting with sedimentary rocks gave origin to the different mineralized zones in the region. The beginning of the Laramide Orogeny in the San Pedro del Gallo region is marked by Late Cretaceous uplift, which probably continued until middle or late Eocene time. Compressive forces acting in an east-west to northeast-southwest direction folded the Mesozoic strata into a series of narrow asymmetrical anticlines and synclines overturned to the east, with axial, planes almost parallel to the borders of the Coahuila Peninsula. Thrusting and faulting were important in the vicinity of San Pedro del Gallo. There is no conclusive evidence of large-scale post-Triassic and pre-Laramide deformation in the area. Extrusion of lavas ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite, accompanied by extensive block faulting, occurred during Miocene and Pliocene time. Late Tertiary uplift began during the Pliocene. The streams were rejuvenated and there was increased erosion, which caused, together with a change of climate, the overloading of some streams and local blocking of drainage by alluvial fans in the valleys, giving rise to the Santa Ines Formation. Erosion, more than deposition is the dominant event at present. Contact metasomatic silver, lead, and copper deposits in the Aurora Limestone have been mined in the Descubridora, Parranderas , and Sierra del Mimbre districts. Fluorite and barite have been extracted from veins in the La Gloria Formation and the Aurora Limestone. Thin beds and seams of coal in the La Casita Formation were mined within the town limits of San Pedro del Gallo. No important mining activity exists at present in the area studied. The area has never been tested for oil.

Cinemascape: Durango is a portrait of “cinema” from the ethnographic perspective of Durango, a state in northern Mexico whose identity as Tierra del Cine is based on its history as a "location" for both Hollywood Westerns and the low-budget, Mexican action films known as churros. From the globally "marginal" vantage of Durango, it looks at how "cinema," as a mobile signifier transects and transforms seemingly disparate topics and spaces and becomes part of new cultural configurations and flows. These flows are both concretely economic, as in the transnational traffic in media products, and imaginary, as in changing senses of meaning and identity. It addresses cinema's manifestations and meanings in a variety of institutions and practices locally regarded as cinema-related. It includes chapters on everyday space and imagination; genre and "authoritarian" visual form; national and regional ideologies; and the specific careers and artistic production of two Durango filmmakers. Although production has diminished since the mid 1980s, due to the waning popularity of movie Westerns and the rise of video, "cinema" remains a powerful presence in Durango, palpable in discourses of nostalgia, hope and patrimony, as well as in material artifacts. It "exists" in bumper stickers that say "Durango, Tierra del Cine" and movie sets of Old West towns in various states of decay. One set has become a "real" town, with people living and working behind facades that say "Saloon" and "General Store." Another is now an amusement park. Others stand as decaying ghost towns. John Wayne had a ranch in Durango, and his image appears everywhere. The state tourist office is called "The Office of Tourism and Cinema." The particularity of Durango's cinematic terrain is evoked through a representational strategy of montage, organized by piling up "scenes" from everyday life, films and film history. Its aim is to show "cinema" as a point of connection within a broad social imaginary, working at different levels of specificity, and also "leaking." The dissertation is interdisciplinary in that it links culture to imagination (thus philosophy), media, art and literature (thus art history, cultural/film studies) and global capitalism (thus political economy, history, area studies). / text

This thesis explored a regional comparison of education in post-revolutionary Mexico. It involved a micro-look into the relationship between violence, education, religion, and politics in the states of Durango and Jalisco. Research methods included primary sources and microfilms from the National Archives State Department records related to education from the internal affairs of Mexico from 1930-1939 from collection file M1370. It also utilized G-2 United States Military Intelligence reports as well as records from the British National Archives dealing with church and state relations in Mexico from 1920-1939. Anti - clericalism in the 1920’s led to violent backlash in rural regions of Durango and Jalisco called the Cristero rebellion. A second phase of the Cristero rebellion began in the 1930s, which was aimed at ending state-led revolutionary secular education and preserving the folk Catholic education system. There existed a unique ritualized culture of violence for both states. Violence against state-led revolutionary secular educators was prevalent at the primary and secondary education levels in Durango and Jalisco. Priests served as both religious leaders and rebel activists. At the higher education level there existed a split of the University of Guadalajara but no violence against educators. There existed four competing factions involved in this intellectual battle: communists followed Marx, anarchistic autonomous communists, urban folk modern Catholics, and student groups who sought reunion of the original university. This thesis described how these two states and how they experienced their unique culture of violence during the 1930s. It suggested a new chronology of the Cristero rebellion. This comparison between two regions within the broader context of the country and its experiences during the 1930s allowed for analysis in regards to education, rebellion, religion, and politics.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar las actividades mercantiles de tres libreros asentados en Lima entre 1580 y 1620. A partir de ello, se analizará el proceso de consolidación de este tipo de comercio en el Perú. Se sostiene que, para que esto fuera posible, hubo dos aspectos importantes: por un lado, el desarrollo de material de lectura obligatorio para el clero a partir de lo establecido durante el Concilio de Trento que generó un mercado nuevo, rentable y seguro para los mercaderes dedicados al comercio de libros en los territorios que pertenecían a España. Por otro lado, en el virreinato, el proceso de pacificación y crecimiento económico durante este periodo, ofrecía un panorama atractivo y estable en donde iniciar un nuevo negocio. Por tal motivo, el comercio de libros en el Virreinato del Perú recién, durante las últimas décadas del siglo XVI y las primeras décadas del siglo XVII, se asentó de manera formal. Los libreros que se establecieron en Lima, al ser comerciantes con posibilidades económicas limitadas, tuvieron necesariamente que participar en actividades mercantiles ajenas a su negocio central, la venta de libros. Esto les permitió sostenerse económicamente y, a la par, establecer conexiones comerciales que también les fueron útiles para asentar el negocio de libros en el Perú. / Tesis

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar las actividades mercantiles de tres libreros asentados en Lima entre 1580 y 1620. A partir de ello, se analizará el proceso de consolidación de este tipo de comercio en el Perú. Se sostiene que, para que esto fuera posible, hubo dos aspectos importantes: por un lado, el desarrollo de material de lectura obligatorio para el clero a partir de lo establecido durante el Concilio de Trento que generó un mercado nuevo, rentable y seguro para los mercaderes dedicados al comercio de libros en los territorios que pertenecían a España. Por otro lado, en el virreinato, el proceso de pacificación y crecimiento económico durante este periodo, ofrecía un panorama atractivo y estable en donde iniciar un nuevo negocio. Por tal motivo, el comercio de libros en el Virreinato del Perú recién, durante las últimas décadas del siglo XVI y las primeras décadas del siglo XVII, se asentó de manera formal. Los libreros que se establecieron en Lima, al ser comerciantes con posibilidades económicas limitadas, tuvieron necesariamente que participar en actividades mercantiles ajenas a su negocio central, la venta de libros. Esto les permitió sostenerse económicamente y, a la par, establecer conexiones comerciales que también les fueron útiles para asentar el negocio de libros en el Perú.