Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 354-368).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1952. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [430]-440).

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2006. / AD-A445 333. Thesis Advisor(s): Christopher P. Twomey, Edward A. Olsen. "March 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-69). Also available online.

The influence of American culture on the modernization of Japan has become a recognized subject for investigation. British cultural influence was also an important factor, especially in the later nineteenth century, but has received less attention. This holds particularly true for the study of Christianity and Christian missions. It is generally understood that Christianity contributed to the formation of the intellectual tradition of the Meiji era. Yet all studies, both in Japan and in the West, treat Christianity as identical with American Protestantism. It is the thesis of this study that another type of Christianity, which came from England, also existed in Meiji Japan. Its relation to society was less dialectical. Where American Protestantism challenged, Anglicanism affirmed traditional institutions. Although never attaining the public recognition given the American type, Anglicanism furnished an early example of a group which recognized and practised cultural and intellectual pluralism. It is therefore important for the understanding of modern Japanese society. The examination of this tradition also provides an insight into the general differences between the British and American approaches to Japanese culture. This investigation follows the careers and writings of three early Anglican missionaries who lived in Japan between 1873 and 1900. Their writings have been related to the main social and intellectual currents of their day. Where possible their family background, education and attitudes have been compared with other leaders in the church and in secular affairs. Each missionary was found to represent a particular aspect of upper and upper-middle class English life. Their views and the ways in which they related to the culture of Meiji Japan were seen to express certain general English ways of relating to foreign cultures. The missionaries views on three important areas of Meiji society--education, politics and the Emperor-system--pointed to certain clear, though tentative, conclusions. Anglicanism was part of the general ideology of the old English land-owners whose dominant position in society was being taken over at this time by the industrial middle class. As a ruling class it was naturally opposed to sudden change. Its view of culture was broadly humanistic, and this humanism was reinforced by the Anglo-catholic theology of the missionaries. Social and theological factors combined to produce a generally affirmative attitude toward certain foreign cultures with which the missionaries came in close contact. In Japan the missionaries identified with the institutions of their adopted land. The aristocratic society of their own land was passing away, but something approximately like it still existed in Japan. The leaders of Meiji society trusted the Englishmen for their conservatism, while lower-class Japanese felt safe with them because of their paternalistic sense of responsibility. Consequently, although the Englishmen still maintained their personal identity as foreigners, they felt secure enough to affirm the Japanese way of life,. Finally, the corporate and organic nature of the missionaries thinking led to the formation of a church in which Englishmen and Japanese could work together. Within the framework of a hierarchical relationship Anglicanism became a basis for coexistence between individuals of two distinct cultures. In the process of work together, the British missionaries and their Japanese colleagues associated creatively with one another in a way that was quite distinct from the American pattern. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This paper is a socio-economic study of the modern Japanese family. It is intended as an update on field studies conducted by sociologists and anthropologists on the Japanese family system of the earlier post-war period, but this study was conducted through the compilation and analysis of nationwide data, rather than through field work in a particular community. The paper begins with a discussion of the significance of the traditional family system, followed by a history of the process of urbanization in Japan, particularly in the Greater Tokyo area. Changes in the labor force during industrialization are also set out in order to explain the importance and identity of the "salaryman" in the modern urban labor force. This study then examines the financial situation of today's family. It is demonstrated that increased costs of living, particularly in urban housing, put financial strain on the budget of the young urban salaryman, causing him to depend more than in previous decades on the earnings of his wife and on financial help from his elderly parents, in a reversal of long-standing cultural patterns. The urban housing market is described in detail, with an overview of the prices and locations of various types of homes in the Greater Tokyo area. Many families now change homes throughout their life cycle, starting with an apartment for the young adult or newlyweds, then a condominium in a high-rise building or a small, non-custom-built single-family residence for the young family, and finally, perhaps, a large custom-built single-family residence. However, it is increasingly the case that such a home is priced beyond the reach of all but the most affluent, or those who can pool the most resources from several adult family members. Because of this, it is pointed out, there may be a trend back toward the extended family, but now in the city instead of the countryside. The question of personal savings is also explored, since the Japanese have been renowned for their high rates of savings. It is shown that today's young salaryman is not able to make ends meet if he buys a home, and with Japan's slowing economic growth, it is unlikely that he will ever accumulate the degree of savings that earlier generations have. Finally, changes in the physical structure of the home are outlined, with emphasis on ways in which youngsters raised in a modern urban home may have different cultural and aesthetic values than do those who were raised in a traditional home with their grandparents. In conclusion, it is speculated that changes in home and family life which are now occurring will be accelerated within the next generation, but the Japanese may find unique ways to combine traditional values with the realities of modern urban life.

published_or_final_version / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Fine Arts / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy

Medieval Japan was a fluid society in which many wanderers, including religious preachers, traveled the roads. One popular band of itinerant proselytizers was the jishū from the Yugyō school, a gender inclusive Amida Pure Land Buddhist group. This dissertation details the particular circumstances of the jishū nuns through the evolving history of the Yugyō school. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the gender relations and the changing roles women played in this itinerant religious order. Based on the dominant Buddhist view of the status of women in terms of enlightenment, one would have expected the Buddhist schools to have provided only minimal opportunities for women. While the large institutionalized monasteries of the time do reflect this perspective, schools founded by hijiri practitioners, such as the early Yugyō school, contradict these expectations. This study has revealed that during the formation of the Yugyō school in the fourteenth century, jishū nuns held multiple and strong roles, including leadership of mix-gendered practice halls. Over time, as the Yugyō school became increasingly institutionalized, both in their itinerant practices and in their practice halls, there was a corresponding marginalization of the nuns. This thesis attempts to identify the causes of this change and argues that the conversion to a fixed lifestyle and the adoption of mainstream Buddhist doctrine discouraged the co-participation of women in their order.

This thesis is an analysis of the relationship between gender and globalization in one specific national context: Japan. Japan's position as an affluent, industrialized liberal democracy, with a distinctive model of capitalism, means that Japanese women's experiences of globalization differ from those of women both elsewhere in Asia, and in other First World countries. The actions of the Japanese state and Japanese companies have been instrumental in the globalization of production, which is now having reciprocal effects upon the Japanese national model of capitalism. In response to global economic change, the Japanese model of capitalism is being intentionally restructured through company practice and legal change. This restructuring (risutora) impacts differently upon men and women, as the liberalizing processes associated with globalization interact with specific local institutions, including the ideal of the three generation family and the position of women in the Japanese national model of capitalism. After an analysis of the mainstream literature about globalization, the state and historical institutionalism and feminist literature about gender and globalization, the thesis demonstrates that the complex trends associated with globalization have produced pressures for two kinds of, ostensibly contradictory, employment reforms in Japan. There are pressures for labour market deregulation, to increase the international competitiveness of Japanese production. There are also pressures for the 're'-regulation of labour to establish a principle of sexual equality at work. The deregulation of employment, including the removal of sex-specific protective legislation, has made it increasingly difficult for many women to pursue full-time careers. A detailed examination of the impact of the Equal Employment Opportunities Law (EEOL) shows that this legislation has led to the formalization of the gender-based segregation of regular workers, and encouraged employers to employ an increasing proportion of women in non-regular positions. Nevertheless, social and political changes, which are also associated with globalization, are leading an increasing number of women to seek higher status careers or longer tenure in the workforce. These changes are also providing campaigners for women's labour rights with new opportunities for effective action, as this thesis demonstrates, using a case study of an activist group.