Promotional competitions are competitions in which prizes are awarded by lot or chance in order to promote goods or services. Due to the chance element, these competitions are often categorised as lotteries or gambling. Initially, South African legislation did not make provision for the running of promotional competitions, but this situation changed when the Lotteries Act, 1997 came into force. Currently, promotional competitions are regulated by the Consumer Protection Act, 2008 (CPA). This thesis examines the regulation of promotional competitions in South Africa. It commences with a background discussion, which touches on the relevant terminology and some sociological aspects. It then considers the consequences of gambling and the need for and nature of regulation, and deals with the marketing and consumer protection contexts. This is followed by a brief overview of the global and South African history of gambling, lotteries and promotional competitions, which includes a discussion of South African case law. Foreign law relating to promotional competitions in New Zealand and Great Britain is explored in order to compare this to the South African position. This is followed by an examination of the current regulation of promotional competitions in South Africa, including a discussion regarding the interplay between the CPA and the Lotteries Act and a detailed analysis of the CPA’s provisions. The self-regulation of promotional competitions is discussed as well. The concluding chapter of this thesis contains recommended solutions for the problems identified in the analysis of the relevant legislation. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Mercantile Law / LLD / Unrestricted

This dissertation seeks to examine the impact of the Protection of Personal Information Act 69 of 2013 (“POPI Act”) on direct marketing and insurance consumer in the insurance industry. This is important because the advancements in technology call for a delicate balanced between the protections of consumers Constitutional rights with an enabled economic growth market. Technology makes it easy for personal information to be collected and be disseminated in huge volumes across the globe within seconds. The personal information such as names and contact details therefore become available and can be collected for purposes of direct marketing. Before the enactment of POPI Act, unwanted direct marketing in the insurance sector was regulated by section 45 of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 (“ECTA”) as well as various insurance statutes. The Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (“CPA”) does not apply in to the insurance industry, however, will be discussed briefly to create context and an appreciation of the adequacy of the protection provided by insurance statutes on direct marketing. This dissertation therefore argues that insurance legislation was not adequate to protect the insurance consumers from the unlawful processing of their personal information by direct marketers. The inconsistencies in different statutes before POPI Act was enacted made it easy for the direct marketers to infringe on the consumers’ right to privacy by sending the unwanted direct marketing communication or by disclosing these consumers’ personal information to third parties without the consumer’s knowledge or consent. In examining the efficacy of the POPI Act, the study shows that its provisions are sufficient to protect insurance consumers from unwanted direct marketing. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the POPI Act is a personal information protection legislative instrument and more specifically because section 69 of this Act is dedicated to the regulation of direct marketing in all industries. The POPI Act provides guidelines for lawful processing of personal information, thus supporting the free flow of information for purposes of direct marketing, while securing privacy of consumers. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria 2020. / Mercantile Law / LLM / Unrestricted

the object of this thesis is to give a comprehensive description and a critical evaluation of consumer law, a field of law which has developed rapidly in the last two decades and the exact contents and function of which are the subject of keen academic debate.

Few experiments have examined the effects of attribute processing on purchase intentions. This experiment predicts a function of the left prefrontal cortex (PFC) is to process brand-name products for their attributes. Hemodynamic response was measured in bilateral PFC from 48 participants during a study task, where participants processed brand-name products using various attribute processing types (once using one attribute, twice using the same attribute, and twice using two different attributes), and during a purchase intention test, where participants chose to purchase novel or previously processed brand-name products. Analysis of variance compared differences in hemodynamic response as a function of cortical structure, Type of Processing, and task. Results demonstrated repetition suppression in the left PFC for brand-name products that were previously processed for multiple attributes. Findings suggest processing different attributes of the same brand-name product bias purchase intentions, where participants were more likely to purchase brand-name products processed for multiple attributes. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (MA)--Florida Atlantic University, 2021. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

When standard economic theories failed to be consistent predictors of consumer behaviour, Thaler (1980, 1985) developed the theory of mental accounting, which takes behavioural factors into consideration. Prelec&Loewenstein (1998), Heath&Soll (1996) and Gourville&Soman (1998) extended Thaler’s (1980,1985) work to develop the theories of prospective accounting, mental budgeting, and payment depreciation of the sunk cost effect. The purpose of this research is to use the methodologies of Prelec& Loewenstein (1998), Heath&Soll (1996), and Gourville&Soman (1998) to determine whether their theories of mental accounting exist amongst South African consumers. If this is found to be the case, the findings can be used by marketers towards the creation of a strategy that could exploit these effects. This research shows that there is insufficient evidence for the existence of mental budgeting amongst South African consumers. However, there is significant evidence for the existence of prospective accounting and the sunk cost effect. In addition, a variation of payment depreciation was found to exist. Thus, mental accounting has been shown to exist amongst South African consumers. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

The Consumer Protection Act 68 ('the CPA') came into effect on 31 March 2011. In broad terms, the purpose of the CPA is to promote the social and economic welfare of consumers. Specific reference is made to reducing disadvantages suffered by vulnerable consumers. The question posed in this thesis is whether the scope of the application of the CPA in relation to transactions for goods is consistent with the purpose of the Act, but also how it compares to the approaches taken in the European Union, United Kingdom and Australia. It is argued that the application provisions are not always fair, rational, clear, efficient and consistent with reasonable expectations. The following issues relating to the application of the Act are addressed: the approach to the protection of small juristic persons, the omission of a exclusion based on the purposes for which the transaction is concluded, the onus of proof, the exclusion of transactions outside the ordinary course of business, the definition of 'supplier', whether transactions should be 'for consideration' in order for the consumer to qualify for protection, whether the whole supply chain should be liable and whether all goods should fall within the scope of the Act. Recommendations on these issues are made in light of rationales for consumer protection legislation, proposed criteria for evaluating such legislation (namely whether the legislation is fair, rational, clear, efficient and consistent with reasonable expectations) and comparative research. Suggested amendments to the wording of relevant sections in the Act are made in the final chapter.

In recent years, the increase in social networks has led consumers to spend a lot of time online, getting a lot of information about different products and services that are of interest to them. It is in this context that companies have reoriented their strategies, in order to use social networks as a new means of advertising communication. There are different social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram; however, Facebook is one of the social networks that has taken great strength in recent years and companies have had to direct their advertising communications towards this medium. There is research that focuses on consumer attitudes towards advertising on Facebook. However, we found little literature that addresses this same issue focusing on the young consumer and a specific product category. In this context, this exploratory study focuses on understanding young women’s attitudes towards advertising in the clothing and accessories category presented on Facebook. To this end, fourteen interviews were conducted with university students in the city of Lima, selected on the basis of convenience sampling, which revealed that despite the fact that young university women have other social networks, they still use Facebook and show a positive attitude towards advertising on Facebook as long as the advertising is not invasive, entertains them, has relevant information, uses images that generate affinity with them and contains attractive messages according to their age.

Indigenous or wild leafy vegetables are very nutritious foods which are underutilised. They have made a positive impact on the nutrient intake of local communities for many years due to their vitamin and mineral content, as well as their phytochemicals and antioxidants. The increase in the desire and need for convenience foods also makes it imperative that healthy options are made available amongst other convenience food products: time is valuable to the modern urban consumer, but issues of poor health attributed to convenience foods are on the rise around the world, especially obesity in South Africa. The use of African green leafy vegetables (AGLVs) helps to prevent traditional foods from becoming lost in a westernised environment, and also allows a healthier alternative product to be made available. In order to do this, consumers are vital to the process of product development as they are the ones who have the final say as to whether a product will be successful or not. The aim of this study was to investigate and determine the desired characteristics and specifications of AGLV products, to develop four culinary products using these vegetables, and lastly to evaluate one selected culinary product by means of sensory evaluation and consumer acceptance. This study was conducted in three phases. During the first phase a data content analysis was conducted to determine trends in the market in order to identify four possible product options for consumers to select from. In this first phase, a research questionnaire was applied to collect demographic information, establish background knowledge and product characteristics of these vegetables as well as consumption information of the participants to determine what type of convenience food product is desired. This was done to obtain background knowledge of the subjects. During Phase 2 the four products were developed by following an experimental procedure. In Phase 3 one developed product was selected for sensory evaluation, which ultimately aimed to describe and evaluate the final product. The target population for this study was urban consumers residing in Gauteng who were from different education levels, gender, race and age groups (over the age of 18 so that they were able to make their own purchasing decisions). The participants also had to be able to communicate in English, read and write English, and be computer literate. Overall the findings confirmed that the participants in the study desired morogo pasta to be developed to the convenience stage of ready-to-cook. Apart from the type of product chosen by the participants, it was evident that the morogo pasta should be seasoned (to mask the strong vegetable taste), could have a green colouring (as it was not indicated whether it should have a green colour or not) and could have a morogo or vegetable odour. This study contributes to closing the gap in the knowledge of the development of innovative indigenous leafy vegetable products. The process used would enable another innovative culinary product to be developed. It also promotes the use of indigenous leafy vegetables which are sometimes seen as inferior but have the potential to be developed. The growth in the consumption of products provided by the local ecosystem is also recognised internationally and is becoming more widespread. Value was also added to the study by a combination of culinary innovation and traditional recipe development used in the development process. Keywords: African green leafy vegetables (AGLVs), morogo, recipe development, consumer-led product development, sensory evaluation, Check All That Apply (CATA) / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Consumer Science / MSc / Unrestricted

A clear understanding on the impact of the built environment on travel behavior is crucial for land use and transport planning. However, previous land use-transport studies are largely constrained to a single individual in the household and a single long-term choice (i.e. residential location). The individual was commonly used as the unit of analysis, while both long-term location/mobility choices (residential location, work location and car ownership) and daily travel behaviors could be household level decisions. Besides, previous land use-transport research usually assumed the residential location as a decision that independent with the work location, while these two location choices may be associated with each other. Ignoring intra-household interactions in travel decisions and the interdependencies between different long-term choices would lead to an incomplete understanding on the land use-transport relationship. This thesis fills these research gaps by providing a new household perspective to rethink and reexamine the relationships among the built environment, travel attitudes, and travel behavior. It extends the"individual-based"analytical framework of land use-transport research to a broader"household-based"one. Specifically, this proposed analytical framework takes the household as the basic unit of analysis, and considers interactions among different household members as well as different long-term choices. This research challenges the underlying assumptions of existing land use-transport research, and has the potential to guide the research design and model specification of future travel behavior studies. Three empirical studies were conducted to examine the proposed household-based research framework. Data was derived from a household activity-travel diary survey in 2016 in Beijing, China. The results of empirical studies indicate that: Self-selection exists in different long-term choices, including residential location, work location, commuting distance and car ownership; Travel attitudes of different household members play different roles in self-selections regarding these long-term choices; The partner's travel attitudes affect an individual's long-term choices and travel behaviors simultaneously, thereby could be additional sources of the self-selection effect; The built environment has indirect impacts on the male head's travel behaviors through the female head's travel choices; Besides, residential location has indirect impacts on travel behavior though the work location choice, and vice versa. In general, this dissertation confirms the significance and necessity of investigating the impact of the built environment on travel behavior from a household-based perspective. Findings in this dissertation contribute to a better understanding on the process and mechanism of household members' long-term and short-term travel choices, and further both the direct and indirect impacts of the built environment on travel behavior.

A clear understanding on the impact of the built environment on travel behavior is crucial for land use and transport planning. However, previous land use-transport studies are largely constrained to a single individual in the household and a single long-term choice (i.e. residential location). The individual was commonly used as the unit of analysis, while both long-term location/mobility choices (residential location, work location and car ownership) and daily travel behaviors could be household level decisions. Besides, previous land use-transport research usually assumed the residential location as a decision that independent with the work location, while these two location choices may be associated with each other. Ignoring intra-household interactions in travel decisions and the interdependencies between different long-term choices would lead to an incomplete understanding on the land use-transport relationship. This thesis fills these research gaps by providing a new household perspective to rethink and reexamine the relationships among the built environment, travel attitudes, and travel behavior. It extends the"individual-based"analytical framework of land use-transport research to a broader"household-based"one. Specifically, this proposed analytical framework takes the household as the basic unit of analysis, and considers interactions among different household members as well as different long-term choices. This research challenges the underlying assumptions of existing land use-transport research, and has the potential to guide the research design and model specification of future travel behavior studies. Three empirical studies were conducted to examine the proposed household-based research framework. Data was derived from a household activity-travel diary survey in 2016 in Beijing, China. The results of empirical studies indicate that: Self-selection exists in different long-term choices, including residential location, work location, commuting distance and car ownership; Travel attitudes of different household members play different roles in self-selections regarding these long-term choices; The partner's travel attitudes affect an individual's long-term choices and travel behaviors simultaneously, thereby could be additional sources of the self-selection effect; The built environment has indirect impacts on the male head's travel behaviors through the female head's travel choices; Besides, residential location has indirect impacts on travel behavior though the work location choice, and vice versa. In general, this dissertation confirms the significance and necessity of investigating the impact of the built environment on travel behavior from a household-based perspective. Findings in this dissertation contribute to a better understanding on the process and mechanism of household members' long-term and short-term travel choices, and further both the direct and indirect impacts of the built environment on travel behavior.