This study examined the strength of association between food workers and food to norovirus in comparison to bacteria associated with foodborne-related gastroenteritis by whether norovirus had a direct (physical evidence), indirect (statistical evidence), or suspect (neither of the two) association with food or food handlers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers norovirus to cause the largest number of foodborne-related gastroenteritis cases in the United States. The association of norovirus with foodborne outbreaks through its information data collection form focuses on the food worker as the typical source. Yet, many outbreaks are not foodborne in nature. The gap in the research is the evidence supporting the theory that norovirus transmission is the same as bacterial transmission. A secondary data anaylsis was conducted on the data from the electronic Foodborne Outbreak Reporting System between 1998 and 2006. An odds ratio analysis showed no similarity between proportion of the implicated and nonimplicated numbers of outbreaks from norovirus and those from Salmonella. The odds ratios also showed a stronger similarity between proportions of food handler implicated outbreaks from norovirus than from Salmonella. An analysis showed, though, a significant emphasis was not placed on the food handler but on other indirect routes of transmission of norovirus in outbreaks. The analysis also indicated that norovirus transmission was not mainly through food. Norovirus transmission appeared to be through person-to-person rather than food and had more similarities with pandemic influenza than gastroenteritis-associated bacteria. A change in approach to norovirus by local, state, and federal agencies could have social change implications for prevention, surveillance, and public health programs to reduce infection and outbreaks.

With the number of people living longer and with more chronic problems, it is important that health educators examine who they are educating as well as the methods and circumstances of the education. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between self-directedness and health promotion in the elderly. A convenience sample of 108 elders who use Senior Centers in rural East Tennessee comprised the study group. The sample was asked to complete the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, and a demographic information survey at a regular meeting of a Senior Center. A positive relationship (r=.394; p<.005) was found between self-directedness as a measure of intrinsic motivation with participation in health promoting behaviors. Demographic information was used to describe the sample and was also used to determine if there was a relationship between any of the demographic items and health promotion practices or self-directed learning readiness. Participation in religious/spiritual activities was significant for both self-directed learning readiness and health promotion practices. Pender’s Revised Health Promotion Model and the Personal Responsibility Orientation Model provided an excellent basis for this study. The study confirmed the need for personal motivation in the elderly to accomplish increased participation in health promotion practices. Both self-directed learning readiness and health promoting behaviors were reviewed for consideration of previous research in the area, and theoretical perspectives. The key implication for practice is that health educators need to understand the motivation of their client prior to educating them regarding an aspect of health promotion. Recommendations for research include more qualitative studies. Almost all the studies available at present are quantitative and the reason for participation needs further investigation. Qualitative studies would enhance the information regarding the reasons for participation in health promotion.

In recent years, retailers have evolved to offer higher levels of hedonic value in shopping experience, thereby intensifying levels of the competition within the industry. The reason for success of President Chain Store Corporation¡¦s integrated marketing of whole store also is hedonic value. However, academic research on consumer reactions to these efforts is limited. This study focuses on the integrated marketing of whole store carried out by two leading convenience store in Taiwan, and investigates consumer reactions to these promotions enhancing hedonic value in shopping experience.Research results find that, hedonic benefits of sales promotion have positive relationship with customer satisfaction, word of mouth, repatronage anticipation, and resource expenditures. On the contrary, utilitarian benefits of sales promotion have negative relationship with those retail outcomes. And results show that the distinct categories of sex and age have different level of effect on the benefits of sales promotion¡¦s relationship with customer satisfaction, word of mouth, re-patronage anticipation, and resource expenditures. According to the research findings, this study provides useful insight for the further development of marketing strategies.

This study is to probe into the sales promotion case of Uni-President convenience store ( 7-11), Hello Kitty. The method used in this study is qualitative research, especially the¡§In-depth Interview¡¨. Two of the senior managers of Uni-President convenience store were interviewed to gather more specific data and information. Furthermore, we combined together with the relevant secondary data to have more deeply analysis and research. The conclusions for this study are as below: A. The planning processes related to sales promotion strategy Sales promotions such as buy one get one free, coupons and free samples, are targeting and appealing to consumers across all demographics. B. The execution of the Hello Kitty promotion activities during the promotion period: The 7-11 uses various sales promotion events to attract the customers to buy and also to pay for the advertising expenditure during the promotion period. C. The results of 7-11 Hello Kitty sales promotion The promotion results indicate that the sales increased by 14.9% compared with the same period of last year.

This research will discuss the effects of framing promotion messages to different price level products. Consumers will perceive the difference of significance of savings, and the different perceptions of retailer¡¦s tactics in price promotion: inflating the regular price before a promotion and a permanent price reduction. If it has differences on promote effects and purchase intentions when using the different promotion type. Finally, this research uses price consciousness to make deep investigation. To understand if consumers with different price consciousness have different perceptions on the subject of the effects of framing price promotion messages. In this research, we find that for the high-price product, consumers perceive a price reduction framed in dollar terms as more significant of savings than in percentage terms. For the low-price product, consumers perceive a price reduction framed in percentage terms as more significant of savings than in dollar terms. But the effects of framing price promotion messages have no significant effect on consumer¡¦s perception of whether retailers use tactics or not. It is no significant effects of promotion type ( coupon v.s discount ) on the perceived significance of the savings. Consumers consider that the lower likelihood of retailer¡¦s tactics using in coupon promotions. In purchase intentions, consumers are more likely to purchase in coupon promotions than in discount promotions. It is no significant difference on different price consciousness consumer to the subject of the effects of framing price promotion messages. We can¡¦t find that whether it has relationship between price consciousness and the effects of framing price promotion messages.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 47-06, page: 3553. Adviser: Andrew E. Springer. Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this study was to show a relationship between the programming practices of wellness coordinators who perceive support from their organization and management and those who do not perceive support. Most research on worksite wellness has focused on the effectiveness or impact of wellness programs, while neglecting aspects of implementation such as the availability of support for the wellness coordinators in the worksite. The theoretical constructs of perceived organizational support (POS) served as the framework for the current study. A non-experimental, cross sectional questionnaire was the design of the study. Specifically, this quantitative study consisted of web-based electronic surveys. The questionnaire consisted of the following three components: 1.) An original set of demographic questions, 2.) Two subscales within the Leading by Example (LBE) scale, and 3.) Section Four of the HERO Scorecard. The participants included all members (N=150) of the West Virginia Wellness Council (WCWV) and all members (N=2000+) of the Health Educator Directory (HEDIR). All potential participants were sent a request for participation via email during the March and April 2011. The sample consisted of 30 worksite wellness coordinators. It was found that wellness coordinators perceived moderate levels of organizational (mean= 3.84, median=4) and managerial (mean=3.67, median=3.75) on a 5-point Likert scale. The program practices reported were consistent with typical worksite wellness programming initiatives. The analysis of the variables produced unexpected results. The results generally indicated that a negative relationship existed between perceptions of support and program practices. / Fisher Institute for Wellness and Gerontology

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.Ed.)--Baylor University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-191).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2002. / Adviser: S. M. Taylor. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-146). Also available via World Wide Web.