Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1933. / Vita. Bibliography: p. [35].

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Available also in an electronic form.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rhode Island, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-149).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1917. / Cover title. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-125).

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During the course of this research an instrument utilising combustion as a means of gas extraction capable of N, e, Ar and He analysis has been developed and the entire analytical procedure has been automated. N and e isotopic analysis has been performed on eclogitic and peridotitic diamonds (mainly from Yakutian kimberlites and the Roberts Victor kimberlite pipe). Diamonds with unusual (light and heavy relative to the peak of ol3e distribution of mantle diamonds) carbon isotopic signatures were considered for the research so that diamonds in the range of δ¹³C from -30‰ to + 2.8‰ were characterised for δ¹⁵N. The results together with data obtained previously by the others define fields for eclogitic and peridotitic diamonds on a plot of δ¹⁵N vs. δ¹³C. The model of mantle nitrogen and carbon evolution is discussed. A comprehensive comparison between carbonado and other known forms of microcrystalline diamond (framesites and shock diamonds) has been made for a number of parameters: N and e isotopic composition and N content; 4He content; morphology of the inner structure of diamond aggregates. It can be concluded that carbonado is generally similar to frame sites and all facts known about carbonado can be explained on the grounds of common mantle origin involving subducted carbon and nitrogen. Since extremely high 4He concentrations are encountered in carbonado this parameter is considered to be the most singular feature of this diamond variety and the radial distribution of 4He in single diamond crystals has been studied. A 4He content comparable with that in carbonado was found in the 30 J.lm skin of diamond crystals (up to 1.4 x 10⁻²) suggesting that carbonado could acquire high 4He concentration in the same geological processes as single diamond crystals and making carbonado indistinguishable from mantle diamonds in terms of He content. An additional result of the investigation is that the maximum of 4He diffusion coefficient for diamond at mantle P,T conditions can be estimated (≈4x10⁻²¹ ) from the 4He zoning identified in the interior of a diamond crystal from the Finsch kimberlite. A number of diamonds of impact origin from Popigai crater and Ebeliakh river placer deposits were studied for N, C and Ar isotopic compositions. It was concluded that diamonds from these two localities have resulted from separate impact events and that diamond aggregates studied are most probably consist of a mixture of different Ar and N carriers (e.g. two types of diamond grains).

Knowledge of the isotopic evolution of volcanic eruptions is essential to volcanologists, geochemists, and paleoclimatologists. I isotopically evaluate the evolution of magmas from their initial formation, to eruption, and then to their alteration during the diffusion of environmental waters into volcanic glass. I focus first on the formation and evolution of large, caldera-forming eruptions from both Gorely volcano in Kamchatka, Russia and 30–40 Ma caldera forming eruptions through Oregon in the United States of America. I utilize oxygen (δ18O), hafnium (εHf), strontium (87Sr/86Sr), and neodymium (143Nd/144Nd) isotopes to document the creation of caldera-forming eruptions at these eruptive centers through the melting of surrounding crust. I also use U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar to document the timescales of the formation of these large-volume silicic eruptions. Following eruption, the volcanic glass in tephra and ash can slowly take in environmental water. It is thought that the hydrogen isotopic ratio (δD) of these waters can be used to determine paleoenvironments from the time that the volcanic glass was deposited. The latter portion of my dissertation focuses on the use of hydrogen isotopes of environmentally hydrated volcanic glass to determine paleoenvironments, and the calibration of the TCEA to analyze oxygen isotopes of hydrated volcanic glass. I first focus on the rate of diffusion of water at ambient temperature to better understand the time frame necessary to hydrate volcanic glass for use as a paleoenvironmental indicator. I also document the hydrogen isotopic ratios that result from the diffusion of water into volcanic glass, which is documented as a decrease in δD with an increase in secondary hydration in all regions worldwide except equatorial. Finally, I focus on the earliest stages of diffusion of water into volcanic glass by analyzing tephra deposits that were collected within days of the 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens as well as tephra deposits recently collected in 2015 to identify changes in water concentration and hydrogen isotopic ratios over an ~35 year period.

Quantification of tin isotopes in environmental samples, particularly the radioactive 126Sn, is important for processes such as the biomonitoring of organotin species, long-term nuclear waste storage and treatment planning. The detection of 126Sn by mass spectrometric methods is, however, hampered by the presence of the stable 126Te isotope. Therefore, separation of tin from tellurium is crucial to minimize isobaric interferences that limit the quantification of 126Sn by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and other instrumental techniques. In the present study, three major accomplishments are discussed: i) development of an analytical strategy to separate tin from tellurium, ii) monitoring of anionic interferences in the separation of tin from tellurium, and iii) suppression of 126Te background to allow the detection of 126Sn by AMS.

abstract: This project investigates social mobility in premodern states through a contextualized program of isotopic research at the archaeological site of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Due to the lack of a concrete methodology that can be used to recover information concerning rates of social mobility from archaeological remains, many traditional archaeological models either ignore social mobility or assume that boundaries between socioeconomic strata within archaic states were largely impermeable. In this research, I develop a new methodological approach to the identification of socially mobile individuals in the archaeological record based on changes in the diet across the lifecourse that can be detected through isotopic paleodietary indicators. Drawing upon cross-cultural research surrounding the relationship between diet and socioeconomic status and established methodologies in the biogeochemical analysis of human remains, this methodological approach provides a basis for broader comparative studies evaluating the nature of social mobility within archaic states. I then test the practical application of this methodology by applying it to a mortuary sample including individuals from distinctive socioeconomic groups from the pre-Hispanic city of Teotihuacan, Mexico. The study recovers and uses the dietary isotope ratios within bone and tooth samples from 81 individuals buried throughout the city 1) to define the dietary correlates of wealth and status at Teotihuacan and 2) to identify individuals displaying lifetime dietary changes consistent with changes in socioeconomic status. In addition to supplementing our current understanding of Teotihuacan foodways and processes of geographic migration into the city, I identify an adult male individual from the La Ventilla B apartment compound who displays dietary changes throughout his life that are consistent with downward socioeconomic mobility from a high status socioeconomic group in early adolescence to an intermediate status group later in adulthood. I conclude by identifying ways to move forward with the comparative archaeology of socioeconomic mobility in premodern contexts and highlight the applicability of archaeological information to our understanding of present-day processes of social mobility. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2017