This doctoral dissertation traces the origins of the East River and the Hainan Base Areas, which were established by the Chinese Communist Party in Guangdong during the Anti-Japanese War (1937-45) and explains why they failed to achieve the kind of dramatic expansion as did their northern counterparts. As the case of the East River Base Area demonstrates, the major problem which confronted the Party was the limited scope of Japanese occupation. The absence of widespread political anarchy on the Guangdong mainland did not only trigger much initial debate among Party leaders over the possibility of guerrilla mobilisation but also imposed severe constraints on local attempts to construct Communist bases. In Hainan, although the political-military situation was more favourable, the Party's plan of developing the island into a Communist stronghold in South China still ended up in a merely theoretical construct. Among those important factors which contributed to its frustration were inadequate resources at the Party's disposal, the loss of radio communication between Hainan and the Party Centre in Yan'an, the intense Japanese "mopping-up" campaigns and the island's age-long Li-Han racial conflict. It was not until mid-1944 that the Japanese Ichigo offensive created in Guangdong an environment conducive to the reduplication of the Communist expansion in the north. Unfortunately, this extensive enemy occupation came to the province too late and was too short. Japan's sudden surrender in August 1945 thwarted Mao Zedong's ambitious efforts of combining the Communist bases in Central and South China. By examining the reasons for the underdevelopment of the two southern bases, this study raises some important questions about the Communist wartime movement such as the limits of Mao's model of base construction and the need of a dynamic balance between central supervision and local initiatives for achieving the Communist revolution.

Tidal energy is a clean, sustainable, reliable, predictable source of energy. Recent developments in underwater turbines have made harvesting tidal energy feasible. Determining the power potential available in a given water body can be accomplished by using numerical hydraulic models to predict the flow velocity at a location of interest. The East River in Manhattan has been used here in an effort to develop a modeling methodology for assessing the power potential of a site. Two two-dimensional CFD models, FESWMS and TUFLOW, as well as one one-dimensional model, HEC-RAS, are used to analyze flows in the East River. Comparisons are made between the models and TUFLOW proves to best represent flows in the East River. HEC-RAS provides accurate results; however, the one-dimensional results lack the necessary detail of a two-dimensional model. FESWMS cannot produce results that mimic actual flow conditions in the East River. Using the TUFLOW model, power and energy estimates are made. These estimates show that a two-dimensional model, such as TUFLOW, can be a great tool for engineers and planners developing tidal energy projects. Using the results of this work, a methodology is developed to assess power potential at other sites using publicly available data. / Master of Science

The East River Mountain district. located in Tazewell and Bland counties. Virginia. is an area of approximately 80 square miles much of which is underlain by ferruginous sandstones of Clinton age. The extensive areas of outcrop of the ferruginous sandstone make large tonnages of the rock readily available for open-pit quarrying. Investigations show that within the area studied over 60 million tons of hematite were contained in the ferruginous sandstones present in the East River Mountain district. Thus these sandstones constitute a large potential for commercial iron ore if extraction is possible. In September of 1956 9 laboratory study of the ironbearing sandstones was inaugurated primarily to discover a commercially feasible method of beneficiating and concentrating the hematite contained in the sandstones. High-tension electrostatic, wet and dry magnetic. and ultrasonic methods of extraction were studied. Of these methods ultrasonic insonation of the ferruginous sandstone appears to hold the most promise for obtaining satisfactory concentrates of hematite from the sandstone. A marked upgrading of the hematite content was noted after the crushed iron-bearing sandstones were subjected to ultrasonic insonation at a frequency of 22 kilocycles. The ultrasonic treatment used to concentrate the hematite appears to be both adaptable and economical on a commercial scale. / Master of Science

The cycling of phosphorus (P) through floodplain environments is critical to ecosystem productivity and has significant implications on both water quality and soil fertility. P export from soils in response to saturation has been well documented, but the relative vulnerability of specific P pools to mobilization remains poorly constrained, as do the mechanisms mediating its release. The prediction of P availability in and export from mountainous floodplain soils is of great importance as global climate change is projected to significantly alter precipitation regimes in alpine systems. This study combined a thorough characterization of P distribution across a hillslope to floodplain transect with a high resolution analysis of P response to saturation, providing insight into both P cycling and flood-induced mobilization in the East River watershed in Gothic, Colorado. P-XANES, 31P NMR, and sequential extractions revealed that P concentrations were greatest in the floodplain and dominated by inorganic P (Pi) bound to primary minerals, while hillslope P was lower and characterized by more bioavailable and organic (Po) pools. Time series analysis of P response to extended water saturation confirmed our hypothesis that P mobilization would occur in two phases, first driven by lysis of microbial cells upon initial rewetting, and later driven by the reductive dissolution of Fe oxides with extended saturation. These findings indicated that (i) the interaction of weathering and hydrology dictate P speciation across the transect; (ii) hillslope P may be concentrated in microbial pools while floodplain P is primarily bound by minerals; (iii) bioavailable P pools may be dominated by Po; and (iv) Po is more vulnerable to mobilization during initial rewetting of dried soils while Pi responds more to changes in redox potential during extended saturation. Results from this study underscore the significance of hydrology in determining P speciation and mobilization, indicating that long-term changes in precipitation may influence P bioavailability and export from alpine watersheds. Understanding the mechanisms by which P is mobilized is therefore of critical importance to better predict soil P response to saturation in a changing climate.

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