Introdução: Eventos perinatais podem afetar a saúde do indivíduo a médio e em longo prazo. Além disso, a relação mãe-bebê se relaciona com o risco para psicopatologias durante a vida, e também parece influenciar a nutrição e o crescimento da criança. Crianças nascidas com restrição de crescimento intrauterino (RCIU), especialmente as meninas, apresentam maior consumo de alimentos palatáveis em várias fases do desenvolvimento, o que aumenta o risco para obesidade ao longo da vida. Nosso grupo vem demonstrando que alterações no sistema de recompensa do cérebro possam estar envolvidas. O uso da intervenção musical tem demonstrado melhora em uma série de parâmetros comportamentais e fisiológicos, assim como a aceitação alimentar em bebês nascidos com baixo peso no início da vida. Recentemente, estudos de neuroimagem têm sugerido que a exposição à música ativa o sistema de recompensa do cérebro. Entretanto, ainda não se sabe os efeitos de uma intervenção musical no início da vida sobre estes desfechos em longo prazo. Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção em pares de mães e bebês (exposição a aulas de música) sobre desfechos relacionados à saúde da criança em longo prazo, buscando associálos com o peso ao nascer. Metodologia: Estudo longitudinal controlado que avaliou 56 crianças com idades entre 5 e 9 anos em desfechos antropométricos, nutricionais, comportamentais e de expressão musical. O grupo exposto foi recrutado de uma amostra de crianças que participou de uma intervenção musical estruturada de 2004 a 2007 no Curso de Extensão Música para Bebês do Departamento de Música do Instituto de Artes da UFRGS. O grupo não exposto foi recrutado de uma amostra de controles populacionais da mesma idade, na área de abrangência da Unidade Básica de Saúde Santa Cecília. Uma série de General Linear Model (GLMs) foram feitas, ajustadas para nível sócio-econômico e educação materna, para avaliar a interação entre a exposição à música, o peso ao nascer e sexo sobre o consumo de alimentos através de questionário de frequência alimentar. Resultados: Cinquenta e seis crianças foram avaliadas, sendo 28 expostas. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos exposto e não exposto na distribuição do sexo (p=0.42). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto aos instrumentos Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), domínio estabilidade familiar no Recursos do Ambiente Familiar (RAF), Questionário sobre o temperamento da criança (CBQ), Questionário sobre o comportamento alimentar da criança (CEBQ), Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil e Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA). Tampouco na avaliação musical ou nas medidas de cortisol. Entretanto, quanto à escolaridade do responsável, ao nível sócioeconômico e ao domínio processos proximais do RAF, os dados apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,001). Houve diferença marginal quanto à Razão de Crescimento Fetal (p=0,051), à idade das crianças (p=0,003) e ao domínio ligação famíliaescola do RAF (p=0,041). Há uma interação entre o peso ao nascer, sexo e exposição à música sobre o consumo de açúcares na infância (Wald=7,87, df=2, p=0.02). A análise da interação mostra que, nas meninas não expostas à música, há aumento do consumo deste alimento conforme o peso ao nascer diminui (B=-8,673, p<0.0001), sem efeito nas expostas (B=3,352, p=0,15) ou nos meninos (expostos B=2,870, p=0.44; não expostos B=3,706, p=0,236). Não foram encontrados efeitos na análise de outros alimentos como frutas ou gorduras, mostrando que o efeito é específico para o doce. Conclusões: Os dados sugerem que intervenção musical em bebês pode moderar os efeitos da RCIU sobre a preferência a alimentos palatáveis na infância em meninas. Acreditamos que a musicalização de bebês pode ser uma intervenção relevante em populações vulneráveis como a das crianças nascidas com RCIU. / Introduction: Perinatal events can have mid- to long-term effects on a person's health. Besides, the mother-baby relationship is related to the risk of psychopathologies during life, and also seems to influence the nutrition and growth of the child. Children born after intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), especially girls, present a higher intake of palatable foods in many stages of development, which increases the risk of obesity throughout life. Our group has demonstrated that alterations in the brain's rewarding system may be involved. The use of musical interventions has helped with a series of behavioral and physiological parameters, as well as with the acceptance of food in babies born with low birth weight. Recently, neuroimage studies have suggested that exposition to music activates the brain's rewarding system. However, the effects of a musical intervention in the beginning of life on these parameters are still unknown. Objectives: The objective is to evaluate the impact of an intervention in mother-baby pairs (exposed to music classes) on the outcomes related to the health of the child in the long term, associating it to the birth weight. Methodology: This is a controlled longitudinal study that evaluated 56 children, ages 5 to 9, regarding anthropometric, nutritional, behavioral and musical expression outcomes. The exposed group was recruited from a sample of children who participated in a structured musical intervention which happened from 2004 to 2007 at the Music for Babies Extension Course of the Art Institute of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. The nonexposed group was recruited from a populational communitarian age-matched sample, in the area encompassed by the Santa Cecília Public Hospital. A series of General Linear Models (GLMs) were performed, according to SES and maternal education. This was done to evaluate the interaction between exposure to music, birth weight and sex about the consumption of food through a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Fifty-six children were evaluated, and 28 were exposed. There was no significant difference between the exposed and the nonexposed group regarding sex (p=0.42). Statistically significant differences were not found regarding the instruments Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), family stability with Resources of Family Environment (RAF - Recursos de Ambiente Familiar), Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), Brazil's Socioeconomic Classification Criteria, and Food Frequency Questionnaire. There was no significant difference in the musical or the cortisol evaluation. However, regarding the education of the mother, the socioeconomic status, and the grasp of closeness processes with RAF, the data presented statistically significant differences (p<0,001). There was a marginal difference regarding the Fetal Growth Ratio (p=0.051), the children's age (p=0.003) and the connection between family-school evaluated in RAF (p=0.041). There is an interaction between birth weight and exposure to music on the intake of sugar during childhood (Wald=7.87, df=2, p=0.02). The analysis of the interaction shows that girls who were not exposed to music had an increased consumption of this food as the birth weight lowers (B=- 8.673, p<0.0001). There was no effect on the girls who were exposed (B=3.352, p=0.15) nor on the boys (exposed B=2.870, p=0.44; nonexposed B=3.706, p=0.236). This interaction was not found regarding other foods, such as fruits or fats, which shows this is specific to sweets. Conclusions: The data suggest that musical intervention for babies can control the effects of IUGR about the preferences for palatable foods during childhood in girls. We believe that the musicalization of babies can be a relevant intervention in vulnerable populations, such as children born after IUGR.

abstract: In the past decade, research has demonstrated the relationship between higher levels of self-compassion and lower levels of negative psychological outcomes. More recently, the concept of self-compassion has been explored within the context of various health behaviors. Very few studies have investigated the potential relationship between self-compassion and eating behaviors. Based on literature and the established relationship between negative self-evaluation and abnormal eating behaviors/eating disorders, the current study sought to examine correlations between self-compassion, eating behaviors, and stress in first time college freshmen. The study population consisted of 1478 participants; ages 18-22 years; females = 936 (63%), males = 541 (37%). Participants self-reported measures of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and the Self Compassion Scale (SCS). PSS score, the overall score and individual subscale scores of SCS, and the three subscale scores of the TFEQ (restraint, disinhibiton, hunger) were examined with Pearson correlations. Results of this study indicate significant (p = < .05) differences between males and females in PSS and all three negative SCS subscales. There was a strong and consistent correlation between the eating behavior of disinhibition and all three negative constructs of self-compassion (self-judgment, r = .29; isolation, r = .23; over-identification, r = .28) in females. The eating behavior of restraint was similarly correlated with SCS self-judgment in females (r = .26). More research is needed to understand differences in stress, self-compassion, and eating behaviors between males and females and to better comprehend the weak associations between eating behaviors and the positive psychological constructs of self-compassion (self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness) for males and females. Additionally, future research should focus on the three subscales of disinhibition as they relate to the negative constructs of self-compassion. The preliminary results of this study suggest it would be beneficial, particularly to female college freshmen, to more fully understand the dynamics of the relationship between eating behaviors and self-compassion; this knowledge may help to better structure appropriate coping strategies for the prevention of disordered eating behaviors. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Exercise and Wellness 2013

Introdução: Eventos perinatais podem afetar a saúde do indivíduo a médio e em longo prazo. Além disso, a relação mãe-bebê se relaciona com o risco para psicopatologias durante a vida, e também parece influenciar a nutrição e o crescimento da criança. Crianças nascidas com restrição de crescimento intrauterino (RCIU), especialmente as meninas, apresentam maior consumo de alimentos palatáveis em várias fases do desenvolvimento, o que aumenta o risco para obesidade ao longo da vida. Nosso grupo vem demonstrando que alterações no sistema de recompensa do cérebro possam estar envolvidas. O uso da intervenção musical tem demonstrado melhora em uma série de parâmetros comportamentais e fisiológicos, assim como a aceitação alimentar em bebês nascidos com baixo peso no início da vida. Recentemente, estudos de neuroimagem têm sugerido que a exposição à música ativa o sistema de recompensa do cérebro. Entretanto, ainda não se sabe os efeitos de uma intervenção musical no início da vida sobre estes desfechos em longo prazo. Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção em pares de mães e bebês (exposição a aulas de música) sobre desfechos relacionados à saúde da criança em longo prazo, buscando associálos com o peso ao nascer. Metodologia: Estudo longitudinal controlado que avaliou 56 crianças com idades entre 5 e 9 anos em desfechos antropométricos, nutricionais, comportamentais e de expressão musical. O grupo exposto foi recrutado de uma amostra de crianças que participou de uma intervenção musical estruturada de 2004 a 2007 no Curso de Extensão Música para Bebês do Departamento de Música do Instituto de Artes da UFRGS. O grupo não exposto foi recrutado de uma amostra de controles populacionais da mesma idade, na área de abrangência da Unidade Básica de Saúde Santa Cecília. Uma série de General Linear Model (GLMs) foram feitas, ajustadas para nível sócio-econômico e educação materna, para avaliar a interação entre a exposição à música, o peso ao nascer e sexo sobre o consumo de alimentos através de questionário de frequência alimentar. Resultados: Cinquenta e seis crianças foram avaliadas, sendo 28 expostas. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos exposto e não exposto na distribuição do sexo (p=0.42). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto aos instrumentos Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), domínio estabilidade familiar no Recursos do Ambiente Familiar (RAF), Questionário sobre o temperamento da criança (CBQ), Questionário sobre o comportamento alimentar da criança (CEBQ), Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil e Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA). Tampouco na avaliação musical ou nas medidas de cortisol. Entretanto, quanto à escolaridade do responsável, ao nível sócioeconômico e ao domínio processos proximais do RAF, os dados apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,001). Houve diferença marginal quanto à Razão de Crescimento Fetal (p=0,051), à idade das crianças (p=0,003) e ao domínio ligação famíliaescola do RAF (p=0,041). Há uma interação entre o peso ao nascer, sexo e exposição à música sobre o consumo de açúcares na infância (Wald=7,87, df=2, p=0.02). A análise da interação mostra que, nas meninas não expostas à música, há aumento do consumo deste alimento conforme o peso ao nascer diminui (B=-8,673, p<0.0001), sem efeito nas expostas (B=3,352, p=0,15) ou nos meninos (expostos B=2,870, p=0.44; não expostos B=3,706, p=0,236). Não foram encontrados efeitos na análise de outros alimentos como frutas ou gorduras, mostrando que o efeito é específico para o doce. Conclusões: Os dados sugerem que intervenção musical em bebês pode moderar os efeitos da RCIU sobre a preferência a alimentos palatáveis na infância em meninas. Acreditamos que a musicalização de bebês pode ser uma intervenção relevante em populações vulneráveis como a das crianças nascidas com RCIU. / Introduction: Perinatal events can have mid- to long-term effects on a person's health. Besides, the mother-baby relationship is related to the risk of psychopathologies during life, and also seems to influence the nutrition and growth of the child. Children born after intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), especially girls, present a higher intake of palatable foods in many stages of development, which increases the risk of obesity throughout life. Our group has demonstrated that alterations in the brain's rewarding system may be involved. The use of musical interventions has helped with a series of behavioral and physiological parameters, as well as with the acceptance of food in babies born with low birth weight. Recently, neuroimage studies have suggested that exposition to music activates the brain's rewarding system. However, the effects of a musical intervention in the beginning of life on these parameters are still unknown. Objectives: The objective is to evaluate the impact of an intervention in mother-baby pairs (exposed to music classes) on the outcomes related to the health of the child in the long term, associating it to the birth weight. Methodology: This is a controlled longitudinal study that evaluated 56 children, ages 5 to 9, regarding anthropometric, nutritional, behavioral and musical expression outcomes. The exposed group was recruited from a sample of children who participated in a structured musical intervention which happened from 2004 to 2007 at the Music for Babies Extension Course of the Art Institute of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. The nonexposed group was recruited from a populational communitarian age-matched sample, in the area encompassed by the Santa Cecília Public Hospital. A series of General Linear Models (GLMs) were performed, according to SES and maternal education. This was done to evaluate the interaction between exposure to music, birth weight and sex about the consumption of food through a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Fifty-six children were evaluated, and 28 were exposed. There was no significant difference between the exposed and the nonexposed group regarding sex (p=0.42). Statistically significant differences were not found regarding the instruments Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), family stability with Resources of Family Environment (RAF - Recursos de Ambiente Familiar), Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), Brazil's Socioeconomic Classification Criteria, and Food Frequency Questionnaire. There was no significant difference in the musical or the cortisol evaluation. However, regarding the education of the mother, the socioeconomic status, and the grasp of closeness processes with RAF, the data presented statistically significant differences (p<0,001). There was a marginal difference regarding the Fetal Growth Ratio (p=0.051), the children's age (p=0.003) and the connection between family-school evaluated in RAF (p=0.041). There is an interaction between birth weight and exposure to music on the intake of sugar during childhood (Wald=7.87, df=2, p=0.02). The analysis of the interaction shows that girls who were not exposed to music had an increased consumption of this food as the birth weight lowers (B=- 8.673, p<0.0001). There was no effect on the girls who were exposed (B=3.352, p=0.15) nor on the boys (exposed B=2.870, p=0.44; nonexposed B=3.706, p=0.236). This interaction was not found regarding other foods, such as fruits or fats, which shows this is specific to sweets. Conclusions: The data suggest that musical intervention for babies can control the effects of IUGR about the preferences for palatable foods during childhood in girls. We believe that the musicalization of babies can be a relevant intervention in vulnerable populations, such as children born after IUGR.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate factors that may influence horse and consumer preference of equine feed products. The first experiment was a two-phase study designed to investigate the impact of oil-based palatants on horse preference when topically applied to a pelleted diet. In Phase One, treatment diets containing six palatants (banana, anise, apple, peppermint, spearmint, and orange) were compared to a control diet (corn oil) in a paired preference test. Phase Two then compared three palatants (anise, apple, and peppermint) to each other. Preference testing was comprised of a 15 second olfaction period followed by a 3 minute consumption period and first diet sniffed, first diet consumed, first action, aversive behaviors, excessive salivation, amount consumed, and number of chews were recorded. Results from Phase One revealed that orange negatively impacted palatability indicated by less consumption when compared to the control (P = 0.02), though there was no impact on chews per gram. No difference between control and treatment diets for first sniff or first consumed was observed when analyzed individually in either Phase One or Two, though there was a moderate positive correlation (ф = 0.39, P = 0.04) between olfaction and consumption during the peppermint and anise comparison. Consumption as the first action was consistent across all trials (P < 0.05). Anise was preferred over apple and peppermint as indicated by higher total consumption (P < 0.05) in Phase Two. The second experiment was designed to compare horse and consumer preferences of two horse treats products. Horses were presented with two different treat products in a paired preference test comprised of separate olfaction and consumption periods. Additionally, consumers evaluated the two different horse treat products separately for purchase intent as well as consumer preference using a Hedonic ranking scale of the sensory attributes. Consumer data were analyzed by comparing 1) the preferences of horse owning participants to non-horse owning participants, and 2) horse owning participants preference for the two different treat products. No difference was observed for first product sniffed, consumed, or finished during the horse preference test. However, moderate positive correlations were observed between first product sniffed and consumed (P = 0.01, ф = 0.40) as well as first product consumed and finished (P < 0.01, ф = 0.48). Consumer testing revealed lower ratings for Product A in size (P = 0.01), texture (P = 0.02), and purchase intent (P = 0.02) from horses owners when compared to non-horse owners. Horse owners rated Product A lower in appearance (P < 0.01), texture (P < 0.01), size (P < 0.01), and purchase intent (P < 0.01) than Product B.The third project investigated the influence of packaging on shelf life stability and horse preference of treats. Three packaging treatments (control, poly, and paper) were examined at five time points over a 12-month period. Treatments were analyzed for moisture, water activity, mold, yeast, pH, and volatile organic acids. Horse preference testing evaluated first treatment sniffed, consumed, and finished as well as number of treats consumed. Moisture content and water activity increased in all treatments (P < 0.01) from month 0 to month 12, with paper packaging providing a greater fluctuation and containing visible mold at month 12 (P < 0.01). No difference was observed for first treatment sniffed, consumed, or finished during preference testing. However a trend (P = 0.09) for the period*treatment interaction was observed for number of treats consumed, with a poly increasing while paper decreased. These data indicate that 1) palatants and packaging material influence horse preference of feed products, and 2) both horse and consumer testing should be considered during product development to maximize acceptance.

No description available.

This study was an investigation of the similarities and differences between mothers' and daughters' self-reported eating and dieting behavior. Also investigated was actual eating behaviors of mothers and daughters after consuming a milk shake preload presented as containing the caloric equivalents of one average meal. Thirty-five mothers and their sixth-grade daughters completed a series of self-report instruments including the Bulimia Test-Revised, the Revised Dietary Restraint Scale, and the Anorexia-Bulimia Inventory. Subjects then individually completed a contrived ice cream taste test, which involved consuming a milk shake preload prior to tasting vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry ice cream. The relationship between mothers' and daughters' grams of ice cream consumed was negligible. However, several noteworthy relationships were found between mothers' and daughters' self-report indices. Results are discussed in terms of a modeling hypothesis for abnormal eating patterns.

Body image or satisfaction with physical appearance has been established as an important aspect of self-worth and mental health across the life span. It is related to self-esteem, sexuality, family relationships and identity. Given the fact that physical appearance is a multifaceted structural concept that depends, not only on inner-biological, but also a psychological and socio-cultural components, the purpose of this study was to examine variables that are related to and influenced by satisfaction with physical appearance. Body mass index (BMI), eating disturbances, attachment (to mother, to father and to peers), global self-worth, parental control, peer influence and pressure regarding eating and media influence were examined in relation satisfaction with physical appearance. College students in a large southeastern university (195 males and 340 females) completed two subscales of Harter's Self-Perception Scale for College Students. Each subject self-reported his/her weight and height and these were used calculate weight/height ratio known as the body mass index. Participants also reported on attachment (to mother, to father and to peers) using the Inventory of Parent and Peer attachment scales (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), Peer Influence Scale (Mukai, 1993) and the Media Influence scale which was developed for this project. Differences between male and female perceptions of physical appearance in relationship to BMI were found: Among women, higher BMIs were associated with lower scores on perceptions of physical appearance (r = -. 429, p £ .001), whereas for males BMIs were not related to satisfaction with physical appearance. For both males and females, satisfaction with physical appearance was significantly and negatively (r = -.258, p £ .01) associated with media influence. Media influence was related to higher scores on the EAT 26 scale that measured disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors (r = .307, p £ .01). Females were affected by this association more so than were males. However, males appeared to not to be immune to such influence. Peer influence and peer pressure was another influential factor for both gender groups and it was associated with high eating disturbance scores (r = .369, p £ .01 for peer influence, and r = .413, p £ .01 for peer pressure). Attachment variables were associated with satisfaction of physical appearance and global self-worth in a different manner for adolescent females and males. For males, satisfaction with physical appearance was positively related to attachment to mother (r = .135, p £ .05) and father (r = .170, p £ .05) and negatively associated with maternal control (r = -. 246, p £ . 001). For females, only attachment to mother (r = .082, p £ .05) was positively associated satisfaction with physical appearance. While there were many significant bivariate correlational findings, there were few significant coefficients in a regression analyses, presumably because of the high intercorrelations between the predictor variables. For females, BMI was the best predictor of satisfaction with physical appearance, whereas for males, the feeling of global self-worth was the strongest variable in predicting satisfaction with physical appearance. Satisfaction with physical appearance is an essential part of global self-worth and is constructed differently by males and females. For females, high BMI was negatively related to satisfaction with physical appearance as well as global self-worth. On the other hand, for males neither global self-worth nor perceptions of physical appearance were affected by high BMIs. More research is needed to understand the complexity of influences on satisfaction with physical appearance as well as construction of global self-worth and its domains for both sexes. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this inquiry was to develop substantive theory that describes the social process that influences the eating behavior of hospitalized older adults. Undernutrition or the inadequate intake of dietary nutrients necessary to maintain health, contributes to negative health outcomes such as increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized older adults. Inadequate dietary intake is a risk factor for undernutrition. Despite the availability of vast resources within the hospital environment, hospitalized older adults have inadequate dietary intake. Undernutrition has been studied from a dietary intake perspective; however, why dietary intake remains inadequate is unknown. Inquiry of eating behavior and the social process that influences eating behavior will provide insight into why dietary intake remains inadequate. The Quality Health Outcomes Model was the conceptual framework that guided this inquiry. A qualitative, grounded theory methodology was used to investigate this phenomenon. Participants included acutely ill, hospitalized older adults and their healthcare providers. Field work included observation, interview, and document review to better understand the actions, interactions and perceptions of participants as to the process that influenced hospitalized older adult eating behavior. Datum was compared, coded, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. The Theory of Compromised Eating Behavior was developed and describes the process of compromise older adults experience related to eating behavior while hospitalized. The Theory has four stages: self-indication, joint-action, negotiation, and action. Hospitalized older adults choose to compromise their health should they eat inadequately or alternatively compromise their acculturated foodways should they eat adequately. Additionally, healthcare providers compromise their beliefs when older adult patients do not eat adequately. Older adults are at risk for negative health outcomes due to inadequate dietary intake while hospitalized. The meaning of hospital food and mealtimes differs from traditional food and mealtimes for the older adult, resulting in compromise. Intervention which enhances the meaning of food and mealtimes for the older adult during hospitalization may improve dietary intake and nutritional outcomes.

No description available.

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is an internationally widely used instrument assessing different eating styles that may contribute to weight gain and overweight: emotional eating, external eating, and restraint. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 30-item German version of the DEBQ including its measurement invariance across gender, age, and BMI-status in a representative German population sample. Furthermore, we examined the distribution of eating styles in the general population and provide population-based norms for DEBQ scales. A representative sample of the German general population (N = 2513, age > 14 years) was assessed with the German version of the DEBQ along with information on sociodemographic characteristics and body weight and height. The German version of the DEQB demonstrates good item characteristics and reliability (restraint: α = .92, emotional eating: α = .94, external eating: α = .89). The 3-factor structure of the DEBQ could be replicated in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and results of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported its metric and scalar measurement invariance across gender, age, and BMI-status. External eating was the most prevalent eating style in the German general population. Women scored higher on emotional and restrained eating scales than men, and overweight individuals scored higher in all three eating styles compared to normal weight individuals. Small differences across age were found for external eating. Norms were provided according to gender, age, and BMI-status. Our findings suggest that the German version of the DEBQ has good reliability and construct validity, and is suitable to reliably measure eating styles across age, gender, and BMI-status. Furthermore, the results demonstrate a considerable variation of eating styles across gender and BMI-status.