The goal of this thesis is to give an insight in the legislation of the organic farming in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into four main parts. The first part presents an introduction to the topic, defines basic concepts such as sustainable agriculture, organic farming, organic farm or organic product. It outlines the historical development of organic farming, its basic principles and objectives, it also deals with genetic engineering and the reasons why they are not used in organic farming, and finally the relationship between organic farming and the protection of individual components of the environment. The second part describes the international regulation of organic agriculture, emphasis is placed on the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements and Codex Alimentarius. The aim is to outline activities of the most important organizations, which were at the beginning of the development of organic agriculture in the world and in the Czech Republic, and which significantly contributed to designing the guidelines and the first laws governing organic farming and they are, in my opinion, up to the present day in a position where they not only can continue to intervene in the rulemaking but also given the gained experince they are supposed and...

The thesis focuses on the survey of consumer perception of organic food and their brands. The work characterizes ecological agriculture, organic food and the process of their control and labeling. The aim is to find out what consumer behavior is with regard to age and gender. Another important output of this work is to find out whether consumers find organic food better than conventional food and whether consumers perceive organic food when they buy. The subject of the thesis is research and data were obtained by questionnaire survey.

The aim of my diploma thesis is comparison and evaluation of reproduction of goats on an eco-farm and on a conventional farm. Measures of reproduction of observed herds were assessed in the years of 2009 and 2010 on an eco-farm Hana Langová and on a conventional farm Bára Schneedorferová. On an eco-farm, a herd of 20 does was observed. Crossbreeds of White shorthaired goat, Brown shorthair goat, Boer goat and Anglo-Nubian goat; all bred with a White shorthaired buck and a Boer buck. On a conventional farm, a herd of 24 White shorthaired does and two crossbred does of White and Brown shorthaired goat was observed in 2009. In 2010, only 18 does were observed. In both years the does were bred with two Brown shorthair bucks. The measured results were compared with milk efficiency results between the two years and also between the farms. In both years, higher fertility was discovered on an eco-farm. On a conventional farm, very low fertility was observed in 2009 (116 %). On the other hand, fertilization was higher than on an eco-farm in both years. Very big difference was also observed in the ratio of male kids, which was in both years higher on a conventional farm, where all the bred animals (apart from one) are hornless. Reproduction is to a high extent influenced by external environmental factors and to a very small extent by genetics. A whole range of possible effects was omitted from the observations, however, the main ones were noted. Of all the observed measures of reproduction, the only one which could be substantially influenced by the breeding method is fertility.

Produzir novidades conjuga inúmeros processos de aprendizagens, envolvendo cognições diversas, além de dinâmicas identificáveis como processos de construção de conhecimento. Este trabalho, à luz da Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator e da Perspectiva Multinível identifica novos sentidos dados às práticas cotidianas por agricultores familiares e outros atores sociais do rural; que abrem espaço para a emergência de processos inovadores relacionados à agricultura de base ecológica. A interface dessas duas perspectivas aponta um conjunto analítico que sugere que as transformações tecnológicas são, acima de tudo, transformações sociais.As limitações do modelo de desenvolvimento linear e homogêneo, proposto a partir da década de 1950,implicaram numa série de crises de cunho social e ambiental, amplamente percebidos nas comunidades rurais do mundo e do Brasil. Acerca deste cenário, tais problemáticas foram identificas nas encostas e vales de morros do Litoral Norte, mais precisamente pelas restrições de uso do bioma Mata Atlântica, a partir dos anos 1990, através do estabelecimento de Unidades de Conservação (UC) na região. Este controle efetivo dos órgãos ambientais corroborou para o processo de evasão das zonas de encostas pelos agricultores. Concomitantemente a isso, neste período, também, que se acirram as críticas acerca dos impactos do modelo de desenvolvimento produtivista moderno. Assim, a preservação como o uso da floresta faz parte do discurso das entidades ambientalistas presentes na região do Litoral Norte. Essa discussão leva a pensar que ações para conservação ambiental implicam necessariamente em incluir as comunidades locais. Os grupos que não se adequaram ao processo desenvolvimentista e/ou às normas ambientais passaram a se sentir desamparados e, de certa forma, iniciaram uma busca de formas para a superação da crise. O estudo de caso formado por quatro famílias inseridas no Vale de Três Forquilhas no Litoral Norte do RS, juntamente com a observação prévia em um período de pesquisa exploratória, que identificou aproximadamente 30 famílias de agricultores ecológicos, compreenderam o recorte empírico da pesquisa realizada a partir de metodologias qualitativas com viés etnográfico. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de compreender como a ação e a interação social contribuem para os processos de aprendizagem relacionados à emergência de novidades na agricultura de base ecológica no Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Nesse sentido, foi identificado que a emergência de novidades está relacionada à articulação entre técnicos das ONGs, da extensão rural e agricultores; e que existe um processo de aprendizagem e de mudanças de comportamento associado a dinâmicas de internalização, recombinação,socialização e externalização do conhecimento. Portanto, a agricultura de base ecológica no Litoral Norte, entendida com uma novidade, uma vez que rompe com os padrões do regime dominante (a agricultura convencional), gera uma série de novidades decorrentes. Duas delas foram evidenciadas, sendo a introdução dos Sistemas Agroflorestais e o estabelecimento do OPAC – Litoral Norte como resultado de ações em rede. Tais novidades estão intimamente relacionadas à contextualização local do conhecimento. Uma análise crítica levanta a necessidade de ampliar o compromisso de organizações de P&D com processos contextualizados localmente para a geração de conhecimento e, assim, também com o desenvolvimento rural. / Producing news conjugates many learning processes, involving much cognition, in addition to the identifiable dynamics such as the knowledge construction processes. This study, lightning the Oriented Perspective to the Actor and the Multilevel Perspective that gives support to the approach of the News Production in agriculture, identifies new meanings to the everyday practical of family farmers and other social actors, that open space to the emergency of innovating processes related to the based ecological agriculture. The interface of these two perspectives points out an analytical set which suggests that technological emergencies are, above all, social transformations and occur from the emergency of news. The limitations of the model of the linear and homogeneous development proposed from the 1950’s implicate in a series of social and environmental crises, largely percepted in the rural communities in the world and in Brazil. Concerning this scenery, these problematical were identified in the slopes and valleys in the hills of North Seashore, more specifically by the restrictions of the Atlantic Forest, from the 1990’s, through the establishment of the Conservation Unities (UC) in the region.This effective control of the environmental organs corroborated to the evasion process of the slope zones by the farmers. Concomitantly, at this moment, the criticism around the impact of the modern productivity development model is strained. So, the preservation as the use of the forest is part of a discourse of the environmental entities located in the North Seashore. This discussion brings the idea that actions to environmental preservation implies mostly in including the local communities. The groups which have been not adequated to the developing process or to the environmental rules started to feel helpless and, somewhat, started to search for new ways of overcoming the crisis. The case study is constituted of four families inserted at Três Forquilhas Valley, North Seashore at Rio Grande do Sul, along with the previous observation in a period of exploratory research, that identified approximately 30 families of ecological farmers, perceiving the empirical profile of the research held from qualitative methodologies with an ethnographic bias. This study has the objective of comprehending how social action and organization contribute to the learning processes related to the emergency of news in the agriculture based on ecology in the North Seashore of Rio Grande do Sul. This way, it was identified that the emergency of news is related to the articulation between the technicians of the ONGs, from rural extension and farmers and that exists a learning process and changes in the behavior related to the internal dynamic, recombination, socialization and knowledge externalization. Therefore, the ecological based on the North Shore, understood as new, once it breaks the patterns of the dominant regime (the conventional agriculture), generating an idea of arising news. Two of them were evidenced, the introduction of Agroflorestal Systems and the establishment of OPAC – North Shore as a result of actions in a network. Such news are deeply related to the contextualization of local knowledge. A critical analysis brings up the necessity of amplifying the commitment of P&D institutions with contextualized processes located to the generation of knowledge and, this way, with the rural development.

This Thesis, focused on an evaluation of possible utilization of selected variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum dicoccum Schrank) in organic farming in the light of possible expansion of agrobiodiverzity on an arable land, is connected with the Bachelor´s Thesis. The starting point of the process was a choice of twelve varieties based on previous screening. Small parcel of land experiments (2007 {--} 2008) with six genetic resources of emmer wheat and six varieties of sown wheat (4 old and land races, 2 modern check control varieties) have been grown on an experimental field of University of South Bohemian and Gene bank at Research Institute of Crop Production (VURV) Prague and subsequent evaluation of morphological, biological, economical and qualitative parameters as well. The results show, that genetic resources of wheat have lots of positive and negative features as well. A speed of growth, a height of plant or a tuft shape positively makes for an increment of a competition ability to weed. On the other hand, farming features e.g. a harvest index, a productivity of spike or a total yield is high variable by single kinds and compared to modern control varieties on a lowered level. Emmer wheat yields qualitative grain (high content of protein) in low imput farming. That is much better for other purposes than typical baker´s work (low swell of proteins expressed by Zeleny´s sedimentation analysis). This type of grown is suitable for organic farming and its growing currently contributes to expansion agrobiodiverzity on an arable land.

Produzir novidades conjuga inúmeros processos de aprendizagens, envolvendo cognições diversas, além de dinâmicas identificáveis como processos de construção de conhecimento. Este trabalho, à luz da Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator e da Perspectiva Multinível identifica novos sentidos dados às práticas cotidianas por agricultores familiares e outros atores sociais do rural; que abrem espaço para a emergência de processos inovadores relacionados à agricultura de base ecológica. A interface dessas duas perspectivas aponta um conjunto analítico que sugere que as transformações tecnológicas são, acima de tudo, transformações sociais.As limitações do modelo de desenvolvimento linear e homogêneo, proposto a partir da década de 1950,implicaram numa série de crises de cunho social e ambiental, amplamente percebidos nas comunidades rurais do mundo e do Brasil. Acerca deste cenário, tais problemáticas foram identificas nas encostas e vales de morros do Litoral Norte, mais precisamente pelas restrições de uso do bioma Mata Atlântica, a partir dos anos 1990, através do estabelecimento de Unidades de Conservação (UC) na região. Este controle efetivo dos órgãos ambientais corroborou para o processo de evasão das zonas de encostas pelos agricultores. Concomitantemente a isso, neste período, também, que se acirram as críticas acerca dos impactos do modelo de desenvolvimento produtivista moderno. Assim, a preservação como o uso da floresta faz parte do discurso das entidades ambientalistas presentes na região do Litoral Norte. Essa discussão leva a pensar que ações para conservação ambiental implicam necessariamente em incluir as comunidades locais. Os grupos que não se adequaram ao processo desenvolvimentista e/ou às normas ambientais passaram a se sentir desamparados e, de certa forma, iniciaram uma busca de formas para a superação da crise. O estudo de caso formado por quatro famílias inseridas no Vale de Três Forquilhas no Litoral Norte do RS, juntamente com a observação prévia em um período de pesquisa exploratória, que identificou aproximadamente 30 famílias de agricultores ecológicos, compreenderam o recorte empírico da pesquisa realizada a partir de metodologias qualitativas com viés etnográfico. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de compreender como a ação e a interação social contribuem para os processos de aprendizagem relacionados à emergência de novidades na agricultura de base ecológica no Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Nesse sentido, foi identificado que a emergência de novidades está relacionada à articulação entre técnicos das ONGs, da extensão rural e agricultores; e que existe um processo de aprendizagem e de mudanças de comportamento associado a dinâmicas de internalização, recombinação,socialização e externalização do conhecimento. Portanto, a agricultura de base ecológica no Litoral Norte, entendida com uma novidade, uma vez que rompe com os padrões do regime dominante (a agricultura convencional), gera uma série de novidades decorrentes. Duas delas foram evidenciadas, sendo a introdução dos Sistemas Agroflorestais e o estabelecimento do OPAC – Litoral Norte como resultado de ações em rede. Tais novidades estão intimamente relacionadas à contextualização local do conhecimento. Uma análise crítica levanta a necessidade de ampliar o compromisso de organizações de P&D com processos contextualizados localmente para a geração de conhecimento e, assim, também com o desenvolvimento rural. / Producing news conjugates many learning processes, involving much cognition, in addition to the identifiable dynamics such as the knowledge construction processes. This study, lightning the Oriented Perspective to the Actor and the Multilevel Perspective that gives support to the approach of the News Production in agriculture, identifies new meanings to the everyday practical of family farmers and other social actors, that open space to the emergency of innovating processes related to the based ecological agriculture. The interface of these two perspectives points out an analytical set which suggests that technological emergencies are, above all, social transformations and occur from the emergency of news. The limitations of the model of the linear and homogeneous development proposed from the 1950’s implicate in a series of social and environmental crises, largely percepted in the rural communities in the world and in Brazil. Concerning this scenery, these problematical were identified in the slopes and valleys in the hills of North Seashore, more specifically by the restrictions of the Atlantic Forest, from the 1990’s, through the establishment of the Conservation Unities (UC) in the region.This effective control of the environmental organs corroborated to the evasion process of the slope zones by the farmers. Concomitantly, at this moment, the criticism around the impact of the modern productivity development model is strained. So, the preservation as the use of the forest is part of a discourse of the environmental entities located in the North Seashore. This discussion brings the idea that actions to environmental preservation implies mostly in including the local communities. The groups which have been not adequated to the developing process or to the environmental rules started to feel helpless and, somewhat, started to search for new ways of overcoming the crisis. The case study is constituted of four families inserted at Três Forquilhas Valley, North Seashore at Rio Grande do Sul, along with the previous observation in a period of exploratory research, that identified approximately 30 families of ecological farmers, perceiving the empirical profile of the research held from qualitative methodologies with an ethnographic bias. This study has the objective of comprehending how social action and organization contribute to the learning processes related to the emergency of news in the agriculture based on ecology in the North Seashore of Rio Grande do Sul. This way, it was identified that the emergency of news is related to the articulation between the technicians of the ONGs, from rural extension and farmers and that exists a learning process and changes in the behavior related to the internal dynamic, recombination, socialization and knowledge externalization. Therefore, the ecological based on the North Shore, understood as new, once it breaks the patterns of the dominant regime (the conventional agriculture), generating an idea of arising news. Two of them were evidenced, the introduction of Agroflorestal Systems and the establishment of OPAC – North Shore as a result of actions in a network. Such news are deeply related to the contextualization of local knowledge. A critical analysis brings up the necessity of amplifying the commitment of P&D institutions with contextualized processes located to the generation of knowledge and, this way, with the rural development.

Produzir novidades conjuga inúmeros processos de aprendizagens, envolvendo cognições diversas, além de dinâmicas identificáveis como processos de construção de conhecimento. Este trabalho, à luz da Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator e da Perspectiva Multinível identifica novos sentidos dados às práticas cotidianas por agricultores familiares e outros atores sociais do rural; que abrem espaço para a emergência de processos inovadores relacionados à agricultura de base ecológica. A interface dessas duas perspectivas aponta um conjunto analítico que sugere que as transformações tecnológicas são, acima de tudo, transformações sociais.As limitações do modelo de desenvolvimento linear e homogêneo, proposto a partir da década de 1950,implicaram numa série de crises de cunho social e ambiental, amplamente percebidos nas comunidades rurais do mundo e do Brasil. Acerca deste cenário, tais problemáticas foram identificas nas encostas e vales de morros do Litoral Norte, mais precisamente pelas restrições de uso do bioma Mata Atlântica, a partir dos anos 1990, através do estabelecimento de Unidades de Conservação (UC) na região. Este controle efetivo dos órgãos ambientais corroborou para o processo de evasão das zonas de encostas pelos agricultores. Concomitantemente a isso, neste período, também, que se acirram as críticas acerca dos impactos do modelo de desenvolvimento produtivista moderno. Assim, a preservação como o uso da floresta faz parte do discurso das entidades ambientalistas presentes na região do Litoral Norte. Essa discussão leva a pensar que ações para conservação ambiental implicam necessariamente em incluir as comunidades locais. Os grupos que não se adequaram ao processo desenvolvimentista e/ou às normas ambientais passaram a se sentir desamparados e, de certa forma, iniciaram uma busca de formas para a superação da crise. O estudo de caso formado por quatro famílias inseridas no Vale de Três Forquilhas no Litoral Norte do RS, juntamente com a observação prévia em um período de pesquisa exploratória, que identificou aproximadamente 30 famílias de agricultores ecológicos, compreenderam o recorte empírico da pesquisa realizada a partir de metodologias qualitativas com viés etnográfico. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de compreender como a ação e a interação social contribuem para os processos de aprendizagem relacionados à emergência de novidades na agricultura de base ecológica no Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Nesse sentido, foi identificado que a emergência de novidades está relacionada à articulação entre técnicos das ONGs, da extensão rural e agricultores; e que existe um processo de aprendizagem e de mudanças de comportamento associado a dinâmicas de internalização, recombinação,socialização e externalização do conhecimento. Portanto, a agricultura de base ecológica no Litoral Norte, entendida com uma novidade, uma vez que rompe com os padrões do regime dominante (a agricultura convencional), gera uma série de novidades decorrentes. Duas delas foram evidenciadas, sendo a introdução dos Sistemas Agroflorestais e o estabelecimento do OPAC – Litoral Norte como resultado de ações em rede. Tais novidades estão intimamente relacionadas à contextualização local do conhecimento. Uma análise crítica levanta a necessidade de ampliar o compromisso de organizações de P&D com processos contextualizados localmente para a geração de conhecimento e, assim, também com o desenvolvimento rural. / Producing news conjugates many learning processes, involving much cognition, in addition to the identifiable dynamics such as the knowledge construction processes. This study, lightning the Oriented Perspective to the Actor and the Multilevel Perspective that gives support to the approach of the News Production in agriculture, identifies new meanings to the everyday practical of family farmers and other social actors, that open space to the emergency of innovating processes related to the based ecological agriculture. The interface of these two perspectives points out an analytical set which suggests that technological emergencies are, above all, social transformations and occur from the emergency of news. The limitations of the model of the linear and homogeneous development proposed from the 1950’s implicate in a series of social and environmental crises, largely percepted in the rural communities in the world and in Brazil. Concerning this scenery, these problematical were identified in the slopes and valleys in the hills of North Seashore, more specifically by the restrictions of the Atlantic Forest, from the 1990’s, through the establishment of the Conservation Unities (UC) in the region.This effective control of the environmental organs corroborated to the evasion process of the slope zones by the farmers. Concomitantly, at this moment, the criticism around the impact of the modern productivity development model is strained. So, the preservation as the use of the forest is part of a discourse of the environmental entities located in the North Seashore. This discussion brings the idea that actions to environmental preservation implies mostly in including the local communities. The groups which have been not adequated to the developing process or to the environmental rules started to feel helpless and, somewhat, started to search for new ways of overcoming the crisis. The case study is constituted of four families inserted at Três Forquilhas Valley, North Seashore at Rio Grande do Sul, along with the previous observation in a period of exploratory research, that identified approximately 30 families of ecological farmers, perceiving the empirical profile of the research held from qualitative methodologies with an ethnographic bias. This study has the objective of comprehending how social action and organization contribute to the learning processes related to the emergency of news in the agriculture based on ecology in the North Seashore of Rio Grande do Sul. This way, it was identified that the emergency of news is related to the articulation between the technicians of the ONGs, from rural extension and farmers and that exists a learning process and changes in the behavior related to the internal dynamic, recombination, socialization and knowledge externalization. Therefore, the ecological based on the North Shore, understood as new, once it breaks the patterns of the dominant regime (the conventional agriculture), generating an idea of arising news. Two of them were evidenced, the introduction of Agroflorestal Systems and the establishment of OPAC – North Shore as a result of actions in a network. Such news are deeply related to the contextualization of local knowledge. A critical analysis brings up the necessity of amplifying the commitment of P&D institutions with contextualized processes located to the generation of knowledge and, this way, with the rural development.

This diploma thesis introduces the positive influence of ecological agriculture on the quality of environment as well as human health. Support of organic farming depends both on state support, but also on each individual consumer, through his demand for organic food. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the demand for the organic production of the mountain farm Abertamy and to suggest appropriate marketing strategy. The analysis is realized by marketing minds research of consumers in the Karlovy Vary region. For this purpose, the interviewing technique is used. Finally, based on the given hypothesis and SWOT analysis of companys data, acquired by own investigation, the marketing strategy and its implementation are proposed to the farm.

This thesis deals with the topic of ecological agriculture, which started to be spread in the world already during the 20th century. In the Czech Republic it got into awareness finally after year 1990. Actually it's a form of economy but there's no chemical fertilizers and it tries to take care about the environment and human health. The target of the following thesis is analysing of extension of ecological agriculture in European Union and refering of the differences in the share of ecological soil and in the quantity of farms in the specific states. Another target is the effort to clarify what had the biggest influence in the expansion of ecological agriculture in EU and I tried to analyse the status of the Czech Republic in this discipline in EU in details. The other target is distinguishing of differences in enlargement of ecological agriculture between single regions in the area of the Czech Republic and then the explaining of this decomposition. I focused on the system of sales of the ecological products and the reasons why the "ecofarmers" decided for this type of economy. In the first part the thesis deals with development and extension of ecological agriculture in the states of EU and there's the analysis of contemporary status in EU. In the sequent part there is described the ecological...

The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the causes of low returns on chosen cereals (oat, wheat, rye, and spelled) in ecological agriculture based on evaluating information on growing procedures obtained via the method of questionnaires. Gradually, 21 ecologically farming companies controlled by the Abcert AB a Biokont CZ, s.r.o. organizations were chosen. Based on the analysis of growing procedures, the most frequent mistakes made by farmers were identified. Companies with lower returns apply mainly an inappropriate structure of crops grown, a high representation of cereals, and they do not respect crop rotation principles. Especially in favourble conditions, some farms are run without livestock production. Leguminosae representation is low in most companies, intercrops are used very seldom. In case of straw plow, the C:N ratio is not maintained using manure. Mineral manure is not used at all, liming very seldom. Vegetation is usually not fertilized during vegetation period. Cereal weed regulation is carried out, but not sufficiently. Using farm seed is quite frequent, which increases the growth of weed. Comparing returns on cereal among better and worse companies, it is obvious that respecting given principles may increase return on seed in 1.0 to 1.9 t/ha.