Includes bibliographic references. / The field of study below is that of the South African manufacturing industry in the period from the Second World War to the end of the nineteen-sixties. In relation to preceding developments, this period was unique in at least two respects. In the first place, the nature of the forms and dominant tendencies within manufacturing marked a distinct break from the pre-war period. Secondly, there was a qualitative change in the significance of manufacturing industry in its interrelation with the economy as a whole. This thesis examines the causes, forms and implications of the specific developments in the manufacturing industry during a definite, and thus the distinctive character of the forms and rhythm of development of changing and antagonistic social relations.

Depression is one of the most prevalent causes of disease burden in the world, with a particularly high prevalence in South Africa. Significant evidence exists for how depression affects employment, income and education, but there is little research on how it affects social decision making. This dissertation addresses the direct impact of depression on the prosocial behaviours that influence economic outcomes, specifically trust and trustworthiness, rather than the economic outcomes themselves. Using experimental and survey data from a randomised control trial, I show that depression reduces trust but, counter-intuitively, increases the trustworthiness of individuals. Additionally, I show that the Activate! programme reduces depression in men and increases trust in all participants. These results have significant implications for how we consider depression in economics, particularly on how it affects poverty by influencing prosocial.

Historically, there are many examples of countries that have had to deal with the unpleasant consequences of economic mismanagement. A recent example is Venezuela, which has imploded into hyperinflation. It is therefore important to consider the question of fiscal sustainability in the South African context. This study ultimately aimed to test the sustainability of South Africa’s fiscal policy and public debt, with fiscal policy defined as the satisfaction of the intertemporal budget constraint. The Augmented Dickey–Fuller test was used to assess the stationarity of national government revenue and national government expenditure – both expressed as percentages of GDP – while the Engle–Granger test was used to test the residuals of the regression between national government revenue and national government expenditure for a long-run relationship. A long-run relationship was found between these two variables, suggesting that fiscal policy and South Africa’s public debt are sustainable. However, due to weakened institutions, the South African government should remain aware that the country’s fiscal policy could easily move into unsustainable territory.

Since 2015, the South African National Treasury has experienced declines in tax-paid cigarette revenues. The declines have been attributed to upward spikes in the illicit tobacco trade. This dissertation explores the upward spike in the illicit tobacco trade, in order to assess whether or not a relationship exists between tobacco companies’ actions and the spike in illicit activity. The study analyses information gathered from semi-structured key informant interviews in order to derive expert insights into the spike. The results indicate that the tobacco industry as a whole is using a variety of tactics to protect their interests. This thesis suggests that the recent increase in the illicit tobacco trade is the result of an increase in under-declared cigarette production by the tobacco industry, which exploits a weak enforcement of antitobacco laws.

This paper examines whether other expenditure in Ghanaian households is crowded out by expenditure on tobacco over the period under study (2005/2006 and 2012/2013) and whether the magnitude of crowding-out over the period has been changed by the introduction of the tobacco control law in July, 2012. The paper uses household survey data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey in the years 2005/2006 and 2012/2013. A system of quadratic conditional Engel curves was estimated for a set of eleven groups of commodities for both periods. The results show a crowding-out of food, alcohol, clothing and transport and a crowding-in of furnishings, health and communication expenditure by tobacco. The magnitude of crowding-in and crowding-out declined over the period under study. The tobacco control law of 2012 was positively associated with a reduction in the prevalence rate of tobacco use among households, and a reduction in household budget share allocation to tobacco.

This thesis explores the relationship between rural struggles and popular organisation in the Cape between 1928 and 1933. It focuses on the attempts by militants in the ANC(Western Province) and later the Independent ANC to organise in the rural areas during a period of crisis for agriculture. In the first chapter the history and trends in the nationalist movement before 1930 is discussed. It is argued that the conservative petty bourgeoisie dominated the organisation for much of the time, but that more militant positions were adopted on a few rare occasions. The second chapter endeavours to show that the transition to capitalist agriculture had been completed in the Western Cape. ·It then examines the specificity of the crisis in agriculture during the Depression: a crisis which was manifested in the form of an acute labour shortage on the farms, combined with unemployment in the towns. This, it is argued, provided a fertile ground for organisation The third chapter examines the rural struggles in the Western Cape. It analyses the alliance in the ANC(WP) between the moderate Garveyists and the militants linked to the Communist Party, and the reasons for the subsequent breakdown of this alliance. It discusses both the success of the organisation in coping with violent repression, and its failure to cope with the state's more subtle strategies. The militants were eventually expelled from the ANC. Most rural branches then broke away to form the Independent ANC. Chapter 4 discusses the formation of the IANC and raises some questions about the nature of its political programme. It then proceeds to focus on organisation in the Southern Cape where all the branches had joined the IANC. The fifth chapter discusses the organisation in the Midlands area of the Eastern Cape. It attempts to explain the lack of success in Graaff-Reinett. It then proceeds to examine the organisation in Middelburg where is appears that it had learnt to cope with at least some of the problems experienced in the Western Cape. The sixth chapter analyses in some detail the issues that were taken up by the IANC in the Midlands, and how these were reflected in its discourse. Among the issues raised are unemployment, resistance to passes and local control measures, the problem of women's participation and the struggle that was waged against the conservative petty bourgeoisie in the ANC. The seventh chapter first discusses organisation in Cradock. It then proceeds to describe how the struggle in the Midlands built up to a climax at the end of 1931, until massive repression smashed the organisation. Thereafter the organisation continued only at a low level. The conclusion attempts to draw together some of the themes raised above. First, it discusses the relationship between the petty bourgeoisie and the militants. Second, it argues that the organisation's approach was essentially "agitational", and that this accounts partly for its effectiveness, as well as many of its weaknesses. Lastly an attempt is made to evaluate the significance of the organisation.

Botswana is known as Africa's growth miracle, having transformed from one of the poorest countries in the world at independence, into a middle-income economy in a short period of time. The country's success has been reliant on high revenues accrued from its diamond mining industry, however, government expects diamond production to decline rapidly in the next 10 - 15 years. Diamond depletion presents a threat to Botswana's economic growth, development and macroeconomic stability, which has created the urgent need for economic diversification to be realised in the near future. This dissertation explores the concept and theory behind economic diversification for resource abundant countries. Country cases are reviewed alongside the literature on economic diversification, in order to build an analytical framework on economic diversification for mineral-rich economies. The drivers of diversification are classified under three themes: the enabling environment approach, the interventionist approach and the sector-driven approach. Botswana's efforts to diversify are evaluated against these themes, highlighting the prospects and barriers to success. The dissertation concludes that the quest for economic diversification is not an easy one, particularly in countries such as Botswana with single-resource dependence. Moreover, in order for Botswana to succeed, it will require a policy mix incorporating aspects of the three themes. The government of Botswana (GoB) must ensure that they develop an enabling environment to incentivise increased export development; they should invest in physical and human capital in order to facilitate private sector growth, and they should set policies and targets to support sectors that show potential to become internationally competitive.

This dissertation interrogates the debate on socioeconomic change in Africa post 1912. It examines the leading currents of thought on what is now popularly termed as development, starting with New Institutional Economics (NIE). Focusing on NIE, it contrasts recent policy implications maintained in the work of Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson (AJR) with that of earlier dependency and modernization perspectives. At the same time it sets these intellectual traditions against what is defined as the Pan-Africanist ideal of self-determination. The rationale behind such a reverse chronological presentation is to enable the reader to travel back in time, and see how socioeconomic thinking about Africa has undoubtedly changed, but, also retained some theoretical misconceptions about the continent and its people. The ideal of self-determination is described as the intellectual tradition of insisting that Africans should ensure that they cultivate the capacity to formulate autonomous ideas, first and foremost, on the type of values and ethics, institutional framework, and notion of progress best suited to their socioeconomic needs and environment. By means of this contrast of ideas, the dissertation suggests that even though more contemporary perspectives such as those embodied in NIE can be seen as an attempt to converge divergent streams of thought from the earlier dependency and modernization traditions, some of its most popular policy implications, such as the transference of good colonial property rights institutions to regions that have suffered a ‘reversal of fortune’ stand in stark opposition to the Pan-Africanist ideal of self-determination.

The effect of announcing future institutional change is investigated in three different contexts: a gains frame, a loss frame, and a loss frame with risk. The institutional change is the transition from a normal public goods game into a threshold public goods game. Announcements may change subject behaviour, through influencing their expectations, before the implementation of the new institution (adjustment effect) and/or after the implementation (adaptation effect).We find that announcements in the gains frame cause zero adjustment effects and negative adaptation effects; while announcements in the loss frame cause positive adjustment and adaptation effects. However, including risk into the threshold phase of the loss frame causes the announcements to have zero effects. These results have important implications for the climate change debate.

In undertaking this work, the object has been to present a picture of Namaqualand and its mines. This picture is by no means complete, but it is hoped that the pages which follow will in a small way contribute something to the history of Namaqualand. The first chapter deals with the early explorations. Not all of the early travellers to Namaqualand have been mentioned, since not all have had anything of significance to say on the development of the copper mines. Nothing is said of Le Vaillant and John Barrow, to name but two. What we have attempted to show is that, from the very earliest times of European settlement at the Cape, the existence of copper in Namaqualand was known, but that the difficulties of transport prohibited the development of these mines. The second chapter deals with the story of the South African Mining Company. This company was the first mining concern actually to commence operations in Namaqualand, and the first public mining company in South African history. It is for these reasons that its development has been dealt with so extensively. The third chapter deals with the copper mining mania of the 1850's. All too often, the very existence of such a boom is forgotten. Its importance lies in the fact that it was the first purely speculative boom of any extent in the history of South Africa. It marked South Africa's emergence into one of the typical features of a modern economy. The fourth chapter is concerned with the question of leases. The reason for devoting special attention to this is that the final settlement of the lease questions involving the vesting of mineral rights to the mission ground in the state, has been a factor contributing to the present state of conditions existing in these stations. It is a matter of interest, but also of regret, that the development of Namaqualand's mineral wealth was in many respects disastrous for the original inhabitants of the territory. The fifth chapter deals with the transport problem from 1852 until 1876, when the Cape Copper Mining Company constructed its railway. Transport was, and still is, the most important obstacle to the exploitation of Namaqualand's mineral wealth. The first part of the sixth chapter deals with the development of the industry from the commencement of the Cape Copper Company's railway, until 1937, when the O'okiep Copper Company commenced operations. This is rather a long period, and one about which not much is known. An absence of company records has made this section rather impressionistic. The second part of this chapter deals with the history of the O'okiep Copper Company, a company which is still in existence, and which has at present production rates, a life of some ten years. Like its predecessors, the Cape Copper Company and the Namaqua Copper Company, a foreign based organization, its role in the development of Namaqualand is uncertain.