This research asks whether the patterns of women's economic contribution and marginalization that previously have been identified apply to the emerging metropolitan fringe areas. I argue that women in metropolitan fringe communities are more marginalized than men in terms of type of employment, location of employment, hours of employment, and remuneration. Women contribute different amounts and proportions of time and income to the family than men and their contributions, productive and reproductive, significantly add to the household resources and are necessary for household survival. The research identifies women's economic contributions to the household and how they vary by household type and composition. This study uses data collected by Browder et al (1992) from a sample of families in Bangkok's metropolitan fringe to explore employment patterns and gender roles. Results show that women and men have different employment patterns~ with women much more likely to be involved with informal, self-employed work. Women make significant contributions to household incomes, but they do so while being economically marginalized. Even in a lower-middle to middle class area, residents--particularly women--rely on informal sector employment. An important conclusion, which was overlooked in a previous analysis, is that self employment is crucial to women's work patterns. Finally, all women significantly contribute to household income; unlike non-head males, non-head and non-spouse females contribute as much as female heads and spouses. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

The current study examined the social factors that have influenced the rising female incarceration rates in Japan between 1970 and 2011, based on two theoretical explanations: Women's behavioral change thesis (women's liberation thesis and economic marginalization thesis), and policy change thesis (arrest and prosecutorial effect). Based on the secondary data obtained from the Japanese government's statistics, time series analysis was conducted. The results didn't support liberation thesis, whereas economic marginalization thesis and policy change thesis (prosecutorial effect) were supported to explain the rising female incarceration rate for special law crimes in Japan. On the other hand, two general indicators of ecoomic and political conditions in Japan had strong impact on the female incarceration rate for both penal code and special law crimes. Implications were discussed, basing on the cultural backgrounds of gender stratification, criminal justice processing and the broader economic and political conditions in Japan.

<p>  </p> <p>The field of psychology is working to rectify decades of silence on issues of economic marginalization in psychotherapy research, practice, and training. Increasing attention to economic marginalization led the APA to publish the first <em>Guidelines for Psychological Practice for People with Low-Income and Economic Marginalization</em> in 2019. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of two studies that developed and validated the Clinical Practice Competencies for LIEM (CPC-LIEM), a scale based on these guidelines that measures psychologists’ clinical competence working with low-income and economically marginalized communities. In Study 1, I developed the initial scale through expert review and identified the scale factor structure using exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2, I gathered a second sample of psychologists to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis and validate the CPC-LIEM. The CPC-LIEM was associated with general multicultural counseling competence and clinician self-report of therapy processes with clients from low-income economically marginalized backgrounds, but not with class-related attitudes or general multicultural awareness. The final 14-item five-factor CPC-LIEM represents a novel way to measure and increase attention to LIEM-related clinical competencies for clinicians, supervisors, and researchers. </p>