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<p> American composer Charles Ives was first and foremost a bandsman. Having been raised in the band world by his father, his first works were for band. Though only four of Ives's original works for band survive, many of his other works have been transcribed or arranged for band. Among these <i>"Country Band" March</i> is unique. Originally written between 1904-05 for theater orchestra, this work chronicles the events, circumstances, and realities of Ives's experience in the "band world." Ives's use of polymeter, polytonal passages, and multiple layers of rhythm, pitch, texture, distinguishes it as among the first of Ives's instrumental works to do so. Additionally, these characteristics provide considerable performance challenges for conductors and their ensembles. This study provides an overview of <i>"Country Band" March </i> including historical context, stylistic considerations, and rehearsal strategies. An exploration of the historical context will allow the conductor and ensemble member to understand the 19th-century band and thus more accurately perform the nuances Ives uses to portray these "country bands." It will also inform the conductor's ability to make accurate stylistic choices. A discussion of significant performance challenges and possible solutions to these challenges allows a more diverse level of ensembles to perform the work. Thus,<i> "Country Band" March</i> will be appreciated by more conductors and ensembles as among the best works for band.</p>

<p>In Russia today women use traditional forms of birth control at unusually high rates, whereas, conversely their use of modern contraceptives is unusually low. During the Soviet period, women&rsquo;s access to modern contraceptive methods may have been limited. However, one would postulate that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the nature of the new reforms that developed would have lent itself to an increase in modern contraception usage on par with other countries. In Russia today there is not a lack of availability of modern contraceptives. Yet, women are still not using modern contraception at a rate that is congruent with an increase in availability. What then is influencing Russian women&rsquo;s decisions? The contraceptive acceptance of Russian women today is shaped by cultural legacies of the Soviet Union surrounding both contraceptives themselves and sex and sex education. </p>

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There is considerable anxiety about teaching Australian history in schools. In part, such concern reflects the so-called "History Wars", which have been played out in museums and national commemorations, as well as history syllabuses and textbooks. Such concern also reveals a professional and pedagogical debate over the state of the subject in schools. This thesis problematises history education as a site of contested collective memory and argues that concern over "teaching the nation" is intensified and augmented by an educational discourse of "the child" that shifts the debate over the past to the future.

PhD / When the problem of young people using illegal drugs for recreation emerged in New South Wales in the 1960s drug education was promoted by governments and experts as a humane alternative to policing. It developed during the 1970s and 1980s as the main hope for preventing drug problems amongst young people in the future. By the 1990s drug policy experts, like their temperance forbears, had become disillusioned with drug education, turning to legislative action for the prevention of alcohol and other drug problems. However, politicians and the community still believed that education was the best solution. Education Departments, reluctant to expose schools to public controversy, met minimal requirements. This thesis examines the ideas about drugs, education and youth that influenced the construction and implementation of policies about drug education in New South Wales between 1965 and 1999. It also explores the processes that resulted in the defining of drug problems and beliefs about solutions, identifying their contribution to policy and the way in which this policy was implemented. The thesis argues that the development of drug education over the last fifty years has been marked by three main cycles of moral panic about youth drug use. It finds that each panic was triggered by the discovery of the use of a new illegal substance by a youth subculture. Panics continued, however, because of the tension between two competing notions of young people’s drug use. In the traditional dominant view ‘drug’ meant illegal drugs, young people’s recreational drug use was considered to be qualitatively different to that of adults, and illegal drugs were the most serious and concerning problem. In the newer alternative ‘public health’ view which began developing in the 1960s, illicit drug use was constructed as part of normal experimentation, alcohol, tobacco and prescribed medicines were all drugs, and those who developed problems with their use were sick, not bad. These public health principles were formulated in policy documents on many occasions. The cycles of drug panic were often an expression of anxiety about the new approach and they had the effect of reasserting the dominant view. The thesis also finds that the most significant difference between the two discourses lies in the way that alcohol is defined, either as a relatively harmless beverage or as a drug that is a major cause of harm. Public health experts have concluded that alcohol poses a much greater threat to the health and safety of young people than illegal drugs. However, parents, many politicians and members of the general community have believed for the last fifty years that alcohol is relatively safe. Successive governments have been influenced by the economic power of the alcohol industry to support the latter view. Thus the role of alcohol and its importance to the economy in Australian society is a significant hindrance in reconciling opposing views of the drug problem and developing effective drug education. The thesis concludes that well justified drug education programs have not been implemented fully because the rational approaches to drug education developed by experts have not been supported by the dominant discourse about the drug problem. Politicians have used drug education as a populist strategy to placate fear but the actual programs that have been developed attempt to inform young people and the community about the harms and benefits of all drugs. When young people take up the use of a new mood altering drug, the rational approach developed by public health experts provokes intense anxiety in the community and the idea that legal substances such as alcohol, tobacco and prescribed drugs can cause serious harm to young people is rejected in favour of an approach that emphasizes the danger of illegal drug use.

<p> The purpose of this multi-case, Appreciative Inquiry, is to discover the strengths of Kansas Reward schools and compare them with practices included within the Turnaround Principles. Data, collected through focus groups, includes staff opinions regarding the Reward schools&rsquo; successes. This study comprises themes that participants believe have had an effect on school success and that align with the Turnaround Principles. Practical implications of this study suggest using Reward school practices to frame future statewide technical assistance improvements and opportunities for high-progress and high-performance schools, or other schools with distinguished practices and to use Reward schools to mentor lower-performing schools in order to demonstrate effective practices. </p><p> <i><b>Keywords:</b></i> school improvement, high-performance school, high-progress school, Reward school, Appreciative Inquiry, Turnaround Principles: (a) provide strong leadership, (b) enable effective educators, (c) maximize learning time, (d) ensure rigorous curriculum, (e) utilize data analysis, (f) establish safe environment, and (g) grow family and community engagement (KSDE, 2013).</p><p>

This dissertation is about refugees in Somalia, how they got there, where they came from, and why they stay. It discusses the community development program, the notion of self-reliance and the manipulation of these concepts to create a circumstance of regional dependency. The research puts refugee circumstances in Somalia into a global context of economic and military oppression. Dispelling the myths of poor farm management, drought, overpopulation, and backwardness, war is named as the primary cause of refugee origins worldwide. A major theme of the research is that we live in a corporate warfare/welfare world in which development aid pursues hearts and minds, as well as markets. Within this system, development workers must understand local political/social structures and put them into the context of global political/economic realities.