Orientador: Gilmar Barreto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jardim_SergioRoberto_M.pdf: 9870075 bytes, checksum: c5f55e90bf99f7a76b7e8e1a7387db6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A gestão e a conservação de energia são temas atuais e de grande importância. Aliar ao ambiente acadêmico o aspecto prático, buscar soluções para a economia de energia através do debate de soluções, proporcionar que os assuntos conservação de energia e eficiência energética sejam discutidos e tratados com relevância serão fundamentais para o desenvolvimento do país nos próximos anos. Novas oportunidades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento tanto no setor energético quanto no setor produtivo surgem e nos trazem a possibilidade que avanços tecnológicos ocorram. O entendimento da legislação e dos problemas relacionados ao consumo inadequado da energia propicia a criação de parâmetros básicos bem como a formação de políticas industriais de conservação e eficiência energética que venham a promover o melhor aproveitamento dos recursos disponíveis a menores custos. O estudo desta dissertação baseia-se em verificar quais os impactos a Lei 10.295 trouxe sobre a Matriz Energética brasileira e se houveram ganhos efetivos após a obrigatoriedade do atendimento da referida Lei. Cita os desafios para se aumentar ainda mais o rendimento dos motores elétricos sem aumentar seus tamanhos nem seus custos de fabricação e reafirma o esforço na busca por melhores materiais e por projetos que venham a melhorar a eficiência dos mesmos. Apresenta a evolução tecnológica dos motores elétricos e as vantagens da utilização dos motores de indução, devido os baixos custos de fabricação, a facilidade de transporte, a robustez mecânica, além da grande versatilidade de adaptação às cargas e de melhores rendimentos. Analisa o setor energético brasileiro, a geração e o consumo de energia no país, ressaltando a participação da indústria no consumo de energia elétrica no Brasil. Avalia os dados colhidos no Balanço Energético Nacional - BEN de 2010 e segmenta o consumo de energia elétrica da Indústria brasileira somente para a utilização de motores elétricos. Mostra-nos a evolução da legislação brasileira de eficiência em motores elétricos de indução trifásicos, o programa brasileiro de etiquetagem e o futuro da conservação de energia na indústria brasileira, com uma breve apresentação da norma ISO 50001 Diante dos dados e resultados deste estudo, concluímos que o atendimento da Lei trará, em um curto espaço de tempo, índices significativos de redução do consumo de energia elétrica e de eficiência energética no Brasil / Abstract: The management and conservation of energy are current topics of great importance. To add practicality to the academic scenario, find energy saving solutions through discussion, provide that the issues of energy conservation and energy efficiency are discussed and treated with relevance are key aspects to the country's development in coming years. New opportunities for research and development both in the energy and the productive sectors arise and offer the possibility of technological advances. Understanding the legislation and the problems related to inadequate consumption of energy enables the creation of basic parameters as well as the formation of industrial policies of energy conservation and efficiency which may come to promote a better use of available resources at lower cost. The study of this dissertation were a basis to check what the impacts that the Act has brought on the 10,295 Brazilian Energy Matrix and if there were effective gains after the obligation of attendance of the Act. Mentions challenges to further increase the efficiency of electric motors without increasing its sizes or its costs manufacturing and reaffirms the effort in the search for better materials and projects that will improve its efficiency. Presents the technological evolution of the electric motors and the advantages of the use of induction motors, because the low cost manufacturing, ease of transportation, mechanical robustness, and the versatility to adapt to loads and higher efficiency. Analyzes the Brazilian energy sector, the generation and consumption of energy in this country, highlighting the industry participation in the electricity consumption in Brazil. Evaluates the data collected in the National Energy Balance - BEN 2010 and segments the energy consumption of the Brazilian industry only for the use of electric motors. Present the evolution of Brazilian legislation of efficiency three-phase induction motors, the Brazilian labeling program and the future of energy conservation in the Brazilian industry, with a brief introduction of the ISO 50001 standard. In conclusion, given the data and results of this study, that the attendance of Law will, in a short time, significant reduction indices of energy consumption and energy efficiency in Brazil / Mestrado / Automação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

<p>Na regionalnom planu evidentne su potrebe za visokim energetskim performansama, promenom strukture izvora energije i modernizacijom energetske infrastrukture, što zahteva novi i inoviran razvojni put praćen korenitim promenama i sistemskim pristupom a u skladu sa novim društvenim, ekonomskim i tehnološkim prilikama. Takav razvojni put bi učinio regionalne energetske sisteme efikasnim i održivim i predstavlja energetsku tranziciju. Disertacija kombinuje različite tehnike i pristupe za analizu mnogih aspekata razvoja regionalnih energetskih sistema od kojih su najvažniji povećanje energetske efikasnosti u sistemima proizvodnje energije, diversifikaciju izvora energije (kombinovanje obnovljivih i neobnovljivih izvora energije) i poboljšanja u energetskoj infrastrukturi (nova i savremena tehnološka rešenja).</p> / <p>At the regional level, there are evident needs for a high energy performance, change the structure of energy sources and modernization of the energy infrastructure, which requires a new and innovative development path, followed by fundamental changes and systemic approach in accordance with the new social, economic and technological conditions. Such a development path would make regional energy systems efficient and sustainable and represents the energy transition.<br />The thesis combines a variety of techniques and approaches for the analysis of many aspects of the development of regional energy systems, but especially increasing of energy efficiency in energy production systems, diversification of energy sources (a combination of renewable and non-renewable energy sources) and improvements in energy infrastructure (new and modern technological solutions).</p>

Over the last twenty-five years, fuel poverty in England has successfully transitioned from niche academic interest to mandated concern of the state. More recently still, government have opted to charge energy suppliers with primary delivery responsibility for fuel poverty programmes. The original contribution to knowledge made by this thesis is in offering a novel comparative analysis of the potential for the state and energy suppliers to effectively support fuel poor households. This research offers one of the first academic assessments of the new suite of policies championed by the coalition government formed in 2010. It is also amongst the first pieces of work to apply and critically assess the new official metric for fuel poverty, the Low Income, High Costs definition. By assessing delivery choices against the tenets of neoliberalism identified as guiding recent UK governments, the work further takes into account the motivations of policymakers. A diverse methodological approach is applied, incorporating policy evaluation, quantitative analysis, synthesis of existing literature, and professional engagement. This research establishes that in passing the Warm Homes and Energy Conservation Act 2000, politicians did not appreciate the demands of the commitment to eradicate fuel poverty by 2016. Subsequently, supplier obligations initially intended as a means of mitigating climate change have become the primary policy tool for tackling fuel poverty. The evidence presented here suggests, however, that suppliers are inherently poorly suited to this task for a variety of reasons: their access to the data required to successfully identify fuel poor households is limited; they fund activity in a manner that is unavoidably regressive; and the extent to which they are able to deliver programmes more efficiently than the state is, particularly for economic interventions, subject to question. It is consequently argued that, whilst supplier obligations are likely to appeal to an austerity-driven, neoliberal government as an expedient means of keeping expenditure away from the public purse and of limiting the role of the state, this work demonstrates that increased government involvement and greater political ambition will be required if fuel poverty policies are to be successful.

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plants have been considered as one of the best options for energy production in an environmental friendly manner. IGCC power plants are demonstrating better results, both in terms of plant performance and economics, when compared to a Pulverised Coal (PC) power plant with CO2 capture. The additional components required for an IGCC power plant when it is desired to operate in CO2 capture mode, give research potential with respect to an improved IGCC power plant performance. The IGCC power plant design framework studied and developed was based in DOE/NETL report and is presented. The conventional and CO2 capture IGCC power plants have been benchmarked in rigorous process flow diagrams developed using the commercial software Honeywell UniSim Design R400. As an essential part of the Innovative Gas Separations for Carbon Capture project (IGSCC EPSRC – EP/G062129/1) predictive simulation tools were produced to investigate the IGCC performance. The case studies considered include different gasification options for non-capture and carbon capture IGCCs, with a two stage Selexol process for the CO2 capture cases. Particular effort has been made to produce an accurate simulation component to describe the behaviour of the syngas in the Selexol solvent. The two stage Selexol configuration was investigated in detail and novel schemes are presented. No similar approaches have been reported in the literature, in terms of the proposed configuration and the capture efficiency. Moreover, innovative CO2 capture schemes incorporating combined units of physical absorption and membranes have been examined with respect to the power plant’s performance. In this thesis, contrary to other studies, all simulations cases have been conducted in unified flow diagrams. The results presented include overall investigations and can be a helpful tool for engineers and stakeholders in the decision making process.

Soft body armour is usually constructed by layering numerous layers of the same fabric. Such a construction, however, may not be the most efficient in providing the required protection due to different ballistic resistant efficiency of each layer. This research aims to optimise the construction of the panels for soft body armour by hybridisation in order to achieve the improvement of ballistic performance and reductions in weight. Twaron woven fabrics with different weave structures and Dyneema uni-directional (UD) laminates were used as components for the hybrid design of panels. Two complementary research approaches were employed in this study, namely the empirical method and the Finite Element (FE) analysis. The first part of this research systematically revealed the different ballistic characteristics of each layer in different positions of an armour panel and the way of energy absorption in the panel. The fabric layers in the front, middle and back of the panel exhibited different extent of transverse deformation and stress distribution. The energy absorption increases from front layer and reaches to the maximum value in the last perforated layer and then decreases gradually in the following back layers. Such pattern of energy absorption was not affected by either the striking velocity or the total number of layers in the panel, but the position, in the thickness, of the peak value in energy absorption was shifted more towards the back of the panel when the striking velocity increases. Such findings contribute to the understanding of different ballistic responses in different positions of an armour panel under ballistic impact. The second part of this research put forward a new hybrid design concept. According to above theoretical understandings of different ballistic characteristics in different positions of an armour panel, the fabric layers in the panel were discretely divided into three groups. In addition to the performance of different components for the panel and the influences of the laying sequence, a procedure for constructing hybrid armour panels has been established. The first group was composed of the first few layers on the striking face. The heavyweight fabrics as heat resistant layers were used in this group to resist the heat generated on the striking face. The second group contained some middle layers close to the last perforated layers. The lightweight fabric was combined in this group due to the higher energy absorption capacity. All back layers were classified into the third group. Dyneema UD laminates were placed in this group to constrain the large transverse deflection of the lightweight fabric and to minimize BFS of the panel. Two hybrid panels were designed and evaluated. In the perforation ballistic tests, the hybrid panel was more likely to stop the projectile compared to Twaron woven panels with the same areal density. In the non-perforation ballistic tests, the hybrid panel exhibited significantly lower BFS and achieved the reductions in weight. Such hybrid design makes best use of different available materials to achieve the improvement of ballistic performance and lightweight of a panel. It has a practical significance for the soft armour panel design.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the technologies for next generation communication system. Unlike traditional cellular network, D2D allows proximity users to communicate directly with each other without routing the data through a base station. The main aim of this study is to improve the overall energy efficiency (EE) of D2D communications overlaying cellular system. To reduce the complexity of joint EE optimization, we decompose the main EE problem into two subproblems; resource efficiency (RE) optimization in the first stage and EE optimization for D2D pairs in the second stage. Firstly, we propose an alternative two-stage RE-EE scheme for a single cellular user equipment (CUE) and a D2D pair utilizing uplink spectrum. Later, we extend this work for multiple CUEs and D2D pairs by considering the downlink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). By exploiting a range of optimization tools including the Bisection method, interior point algorithm, fractional programming, Dinkelbach approach, Lagrange dual decomposition, difference of convex functions, and concave-convex procedure, the original non-convex problems are solved and we present iterative two-stage RE-EE solutions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed two-stage scheme for uplink scenario outperforms the cellular mode and dedicated mode of communications and the performance is close to the global optimal solution. The results also show that the proposed schemes for downlink resource sharing provide improved system EE performance with significant gain on EE for D2D users compared to a two-stage EE-EE solution, which is obtained numerically. Furthermore, the RE and EE optimization for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are considered to study the effect of users' access to the whole spectrum. The results indicate that the proposed RE scheme for NOMA with D2D communications achieves higher system EE compared to the OFDMA based schemes.

This master thesis is looking into problems of financing of energy saving arrangements in residential buildings. The paper concentrates on an analysis of all available sources of financing. After a brief characteristic of basic ways of financing, including Czech and foreign models, it introduces closer only a selection of the available programs, grant titles and commercial products. Then the attention is paid to more specific programs and products from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Germany. This paper applies their program parameters to a model object of the residential building and assesses each and every option, using selected economical standards. Based on these parameters, it appraises an economical effectiveness of the investment in individual variations of financing from the point of view of an investor and a state, expressed with the price of a unit saved CO2 emission. By combining both preferential variations of an investor and a state, an optimal variation of financing for the model object is found.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, 1995. / Summary in Dutch. Material type: Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 283-291).

The purpose of this thesis is to assess and compare the energy consumption and carbon footprints of two, online and offline, major movie rental services in Canada. The thesis is divided into two parts that represent two papers that are being published. The comprehensive literature survey provides the state-of-the-art in E-Commerce carbon footprinting with a new categorization framework. The model development and application compares the energy consumption and carbon footprints of the two business models via a systems approach and the Economic Input Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) model and evaluates environmental performances. The portions of the logistics chains that were different in the two business models were analyzed and processes that were common were excluded. Regarding findings, the analyses conclude that the online movie rental service has lower carbon footprint than the offline one. We suggest practical implications for policy makers, government, businesses, and customers in movie rental industry. / This thesis contains two papers, recently presented at international conferences and accepted for publication in recognized journals.

The aim of this thesis is to suggest the ways of promoting energy efficiency in Turkey in the light of best practices at the level of European Union and most energy efficient Member States, Denmark and Gremany. This thesis provides a critical evaluation of Turkish energy efficiency policies in transmission, distribution and consumption stages of energy by pointing out their weaknesses. The evaluations highlight the fact that Turkey has substantial energy saving potential in electricity distribution grids and end-use sectors. The EU, Danish and German experiences demonstrate that the greatest energy efficiency improvement could be achieved in industry sector. By taking these experiences and the problems of Turkey into consideration, this thesis recommends possible measures. It is concluded that, when the energy efficiency potential is evaluated, primarily attention could be paid to industry sector.